The human unconscious: The development of the right brain and its role in early emotional life

Emotional Development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience: Creating Connections

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 23-52

  Schore, Allan N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85068861070     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203420362-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (149)

1. Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Cooper, G. and Damasio, A.R. (2000). A role for somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by threedimensional lesion mapping. Journal of Neuroscience 20:2683-2690.
2. Amini, F., Lewis, T., Lannon, R. et al. (1996). Affect, attachment, memory: contributions toward psychobiologic integration. Psychiatry 59:213-239.
3. Andreasen, N.C. (2001). Brave New Brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Basch, M.F. (1976). The concept of affect: a re-examination. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 24:759-777.
5. Basch, M.F. (1983). The perception of reality and the disavowal of meaning. Annual of Psychoanalysis 11:125-154.
6. Beebe, B. and Lachman, F.M. (1988). Mother-infant mutual influence and precursors of psychic structure. In Goldberg, A. (ed.), Progress in Self Psychology, Vol. 3, 3-25. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
7. Beebe, B. and Lachmann, F.M. (1994). Representations and internalization in infancy: three principles of salience. Psychoanalytic Psychology 11:127-165.
8. Beeman, M.J. and Bowden, E.M. (2000). The right hemisphere maintains solution-related activation for yet-to-be-solved problems. Memory & Cognition 28:1231-1241.
9. Bergman, A. (1999). Ours, Yours, Mine: Mutuality and the Emergence of the Separate Self. Northvale, NJ:Analytic Press.
10. Blonder, L.X., Bowers, D. and Heilman, K.M. (1991). The role of the right hemisphere in emotional communication. Brain 114:1115-1127.
11. Borod, J., Cicero, B.A., Obler, L.K., Welkowitz, J., Erhan, H.M., Santschi, C., Grunwald, I.S., Agosti, R.M. and Whalen J.R. (1998). Right hemisphere emotional perception: evidence across multiple channels. Neuropsychology 12:446-458.
12. Bowers, D., Bauer, R.M. and Heilman, K.M. (1993). The nonverbal affect lexicon: theoretical perspectives from neuropsychological studies of affect perception. Neuropsychology 7:433-444.
13. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
14. Brenner, C. (1980). A psychoanalytic theory of affects. In Plutchik, R. and Kellerman, H. (Eds), Emotion: Theory, Research and Experience, Vol. l. New York: Academic Press.
15. Brenner, C. (1982). The Mind in Conflict. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
16. Brown, D. (1993). Affective development, psychopathology, and adaptation. In Ablon, S. L., Brown, D., Khantzian, E.J., Mack J.E. (eds), Human Feelings: Explorations in Affect Development and Meaning, 5-66. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
17. Buck, R. (1994). The neuropsychology of communication: spontaneous and symbolic aspects. Journal of Pragmatics 22:265-278.
18. Cavada, C. and Schultz, W. (2000). The mysterious orbitofrontal cortex. Foreword. Cerebral Cortex 10:205.
19. Chiron, C., Jambaque, I., Nabbout, R., Lounes, R., Syrota, A. and Dulac, O. (1997). The right brain hemisphere is dominant in human infants. Brain 720:1057-1065.
20. Cicchetti, D. and Tucker, D. (1994). Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind. Development and Psychopathology 6:533-549.
21. Coghill, R.C., Gilron, I. and ladorola, M.J. (2001). Hemispheric lateralization of somatosensory processing. Journal of Neurophysiology 85:2602-2612.
22. Cole, J. (1998). About Face. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Connelly, K.J., and Prechtl, H.F. R. (1981). Maturation and Development: Biological and Psychological Perspectives. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
24. Cooper, A.M. (1987). Changes in psychoanalytic ideas: transference interpretation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 35:77-98.
25. Damasio, A.R. (1994). Descartes’ Error. New York: Grosset/Putnam.
26. Devinsky, O. (2000). Right cerebral hemisphere dominance for a sense of corporeal and emotional self. Epilepsy & Behavior 1:60-73.
27. Dimberg, U. and Petterson, M. (2000). Facial reactions to happy and angry facial expressions:evidence for right hemsphere dominance. Psychophysiology 37:693-696.
28. Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M. and Elmehed, K. (2000). Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychological Science 11:86-89.
29. Dobbing, J. and Sands, J. (1973). Quantitative growth and development of human brain. Archives of Diseases of Childhood 48:757-767.
30. Edelman, G. (1989). The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books.
31. Elliott, R., Dolan, R.J. and Frith, C.D. (2000). Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortox 10:308-317.
32. Emde, R.N. (1983). The pre-representational self and its affective core. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 38:165-192.
33. Emde, R.N. (1990). Mobilizing fundamental modes of development: empathic availability and therapeutic action. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 38: 881-913.
34. Epstein H.T. (2001). An outline of the role of brain in human cognitive development. Brain and Cognition 45:44-51.
35. Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: W.W.Norton.
36. Feldman, R., Greenbaum, C.W. and Yirmiya, N. (1999). Mother-infant affect synchrony as an antecedent of the emergence of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 35: 223-231.
37. Field, T. and Fogel, A. (1982). Emotion and Early Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
38. Fink, G.R., Markowitsch, H.J., Reinkemeier, M., Bruckbauer, T., Kessler, J. and Heiss, W.-D. (1996). Cerebral representation of one’s own past: neural networks involved in autobiographical memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 16:4275-4282.
39. Fox, N.A., Calkins, S.D. and Bell, M.A. (1994). Neural plasticity and development in the first two years of life: evidence from cognitive and socioemotional domains of research. Development and Psychopathology 6:677-696.
40. Freud, A. (1965). Normality and Pathology in Childhood. New York: International Universities Press.
41. Gedo, J.E. (1979). Beyond Interpretation. New York: International Universities Press.
42. George. M.S., Parekh, P.I., Rosinsky, N., Ketter, T.A., Kimbrell, T.A., Heilman, K.M., Herscovitch, P. and Post, R.M. (1996). Understanding emotional prosody activates right hemispheric regions. Archives of Neurology 53:665-670.
43. Gibbons, A. (1998). Solving the brain’s energy crisis. Science 280:1345-1347.
44. Henry, J.P. (1993). Psychological and physiological responses to stress: the right hemisphere and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, an inquiry into problems of human bonding. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 28:369-387.
45. Hobson, R.P. (1993). Through feeling and sight to self and symbol. In Neisser, U. (ed.), The Perceived Self: Ecological and Interpersonal Sources of Self-Knowledge, 254-279. New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Hofer, M.A. (1990). Early symbiotic processes: hard evidence from a soft place. In Glick, R.A. and Bone, S. (eds), Pleasure Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 55-78. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
47. Hugdahl, K. (1995). Classical conditioning and implicit learning: the right hemisphere hypothesis. In Davidson, R.J. and Hugdahl, K. (eds), Brain Asymmetry, 235-267. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
48. Hurry, A. (1998). Psychoanalysis and developmental therapy. In Hurry, A. (ed.), Psychoanalysis and Developmental Therapy, 32-73. London: Karnac.
49. Joseph, R. (1992). The Right Brain and the Unconscious: Discovering the Stranger Within. New York:Plenum Press.
50. Joseph, R. (1996). Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Clinical Neuroscience, 2nd edn. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins.
51. Keenan, J.P., Nelson, A., O’Connor, M. and Pacual-Leone, A. (2001). Self-recognition and the right hemisphere. Nature 409:305.
52. Kingstone, A., Friesen, C.K. and Gazzaniga, M.S. (2000). Reflexive joint attention depends on lateral and cortical connections. Psychological Science 11:159-166.
53. Kinsley, C.H., Madonia, L., Gifford, G.W., Tureski, K., Griffin, G.R., Lowry, C., Williams, J., Collins, J., McLearie, H. and Lambert, K.G. (1999). Motherhood improves learning and memory. Nature 402:137.
54. Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
55. Kohut, H. (1977). The Restoration of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
56. Kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
57. Lang, P.J. (1995). The emotion probe: studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist 50:372-385.
58. Lee, D.H., Severin, K., Yokobayashi, Y. and Reza Ghadiri, M. (1997). Emergence of symbiosis in peptide self-replication through a hypercyclic network. Nature, 390: 591-594.
59. Lester, B.M., Hoffman, J. and Brazelton, T.B. (1985). The rhythmic structure of mother-infant interaction in term and preterm infants. Child Development, 56:15-27.
60. Levin, F. (1991). Mapping the Mind. Mahweh, NJ: Analytic Press.
61. Lieberman, A.S. (1996). Aggression and sexuality in relation to toddler attachment: implications for the caregiving system. Infant Mental Health Journal 17:276-292.
62. Liegeois, F., Bentejac, L. and de Schonen, S. (2000). When does inter-hemispheric integration of visual events emerge in infancy? A developmental study on 19- to 28month-old infants. Neuropsychologia 38:1382-1389.
63. Locke, J.L. (1997). A theory of neurolinguistic development. Brain and Cognition 58: 265-326.
64. Mahler, M.S. (1968). On Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation, Vol. 1: Infantile Psychosis. New York: International Universities Press.
65. Mahler, M., Pine, F. and Bergman, A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York:Basic Books.
66. Manning, J.T., Trivers, R.L., Thornhill, R., Singh, D., Denman, J., Eklo, M.H. and Anderton, R. H. (1997). Ear asymmetry and left-side cradling. Evolution and Human Behavior 18:327-340.
67. Matsuzawa, J., Matsui, M., Konishi, T., Noguchi, K., Gur, R.C., Bilker, W. and Miyawaki, T. (2001). Age-related changes of brain gray and white matter in healthy infants and children. Cerebral Cortex 11:335-342.
68. Mesulam, M.-M. (1998). From sensation to cognition. Brain 121:1013-1052.
69. Ornstein, R. (1997). The Right Mind: Making Sense of the Hemispheres. New York: Harcourt Brace.
70. Nakamura, K., Kawashima, R., Ito, K., Sato, N., Nakamura, A., Sugiura, M., Kato, T., Hatano, K., Ito, K., Fukuda, H., Schorman, T. and Zilles, K. (2000). Functional delineation of the human occipito-temporal areas related to face and scene processing: a PET study. Brain 123:1903-1912.
71. Papousek, H. and Papousek, M. (1997). Fragile aspects of early social integration. In Murray, L. and Cooper, P.J. (eds), Postpartum Depression and Child Development, 35-53. New York: Guilford Press.
72. Papousek, H., Papousek, M., Suomi, S.J. and Rahn, C.W. (1991). Preverbal communica tion and attachment: comparative views. In Gewirtz, J.L. and Kurtines, W.M. (eds), Intersections with attachment, 97-122. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
73. Phelps, J.L., Belsky, J. and Crnic, K. (1998). Earned security, daily stress, and parenting: a comparison of five alternative models. Development and Psychopathology 10:21- 38.
74. Pizzagalli, D., Regard, M. and Lehmann, D. (1999). Rapid emotional face processing in the human right and left brain hemispheres: an ERP study. NeuroReport 10:2691-2698.
75. Polan, H.J. and Hofer, M.A. (1999). Psychobiological origins of infant attachment and separation responses. In Cassidy, J. and Shaver, P.R. (eds), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, 162-180. New York: Guilford Press.
76. Robertson, D.A. and Gernsbacher, M.A. (2001). A common network of brain supporting narrative comprehension. Paper presented at Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, New York, March 2001.
77. Rotenberg, V.S. (1995). Right hemisphere insufficiency and illness in the context of search activity concept. Dynamic Psychiatry 150/151:54-63.
78. Ryan, R.M., Kuhl, J. and Deci, E.L. (1997). Nature and autonomy: an organizational view of social and neurobiological aspects of self-regulation in behavior and development. Development and Psychopathology 9: 701-728.
79. Sander, L. (1991). Recognition process: specificity and organization in early human development. Paper presented at University of Massachussetts conference, The Psychic Life of the Infant.
80. Sander, L. (2000). Where are we going in the field of infant mental health? Infant Mental Health Journal 21:5-20.
81. Savage, C.R., Deckersbach, T., Heckers, S., Wagner, A.D., Schacter, D.L., Alpert, N.M., Fischman, A.J. and Rauch, S.L. (2001). Prefrontal regions supporting spontaneous and directed application of verbal learning strategies: evidence from PET. Brain 124: 219-231.
82. Schore, A.N. (1991). Early super-ego development: The emergence of shame and narcissistic affect regulation in the practicing period. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 14: 187-250.
83. Schore, A.N. (1994). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
84. Schore, A.N. (1996). The experience-dependent maturation of a regulatory system in the orbital prefrontal cortex and the origin of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 8:59-87.
85. Schore, A.N. (1997a). Early organization of the nonlinear right brain and development of a predisposition to psychiatric disorders. Development and Psychopathology 9:595-631.
86. Schore, A.N. (1997b). Interdisciplinary developmental research as a source of clinical models. In Moskowitz, M., Monk, C., Kaye, C. and Ellman, S. (eds), The Neurobiological and Developmental Basis for Psychotherapeutic Intervention, 1-71. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
87. Schore, A.N. (1997c). A century after Freud’s project: is a rapprochement between psychoanalysis and neurobiology at hand? Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 45:841-867.
88. Schore, A.N. (1998a). The experience-dependent maturation of an evaluative system in the cortex. In Pribram, K. (ed.), Brain and Values: Is a Biological Science of Values Possiblel 337-358. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
89. Schore, A.N. (1998b). Early shame experiences and infant brain development. In Gilbert P. and Andrews, B. (eds), Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology, and Culture, 57-77. New York:Oxford University Press.
90. Schore, A.N. (1998c). Affect regulation: a fundamental process of psychobiological development, brain organization, and psychotherapy. Unpublished address, Tavistock Clinic, London, July 1998.
91. Schore, A.N. (1998d). The relevance of recent research on the infant brain to pediatrics. Unpublished address, Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Scientific Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Section Program, Translating neuroscience: early brain development and pediatric practice, San Francisco, CA, October 1998.
92. Schore, A.N. (1999a). Commentary on emotions: neuro-psychoanalytic views. NeuroPsychoanalysis, 1:49-55.
93. Schore, A.N. (1999b). Parent-infant communications and the neurobiology of emotional development. Unpublished address, Zero to Three 14th Annual Training Conference, Anaheim, CA, December 1999.
94. Schore, A.N. (1999c). Psychoanalysis and the development of the right brain. Unpublished address, First North American International Psychoanalytic Association Regional Research Conference, ‘Neuroscience, Development and Psychoanalysis’. Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, December 1999.
95. Schore, A.N. (1999d). The right brain, the right mind, and psychoanalysis. On-line at the website for Neuro-Psychoanalysis: http://www.neuro-psa.com/schore.htm
96. Schore, A.N. (2000a). Foreword to the reissue of Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment by Bowlby, J. New York: Basic Books.
97. Schore, A.N. (2000b). Attachment and the regulation of the right brain. Attachment & Human Development 2:23-47.
98. Schore, A.N. (2000c). The self-organization of the right brain and the neurobiology of emotional development. In Lewis, M.D. and Granic, I. (eds), Emotion, Development, and Self-Organization, 155-185. New York: Cambridge University Press.
99. Schore, A.N. (2000d). Healthy childhood and the development of the human brain. Unpublished keynote address, Healthy Children Foundation Conference, Luxembourg and World Health Organization, Luxembourg, November 2000.
100. Schore, A.N. (2001a). The effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22:7-66
101. Schore, A.N. (2001b). The effects of relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal 22:201-269.
102. Schore, A.N. (2001c). The Seventh John Bowlby Memorial Lecture, ‘Attachment, the selforganizing brain, and developmentally oriented psychoanalytic psychotherapy’. British Journal of Psychotherapy 17:299-328.
103. Schore, A.N. (2001d). Plenary Address: Parent-infant emotional communication and the neurobiology of emotional development. In Proceedings ofHead Start’s Fifth National Research Conference, Developmental and Contextual Transitions of Children and Families: Implications for Research, Policy, andPractice, 49-73.
104. Schore, A.N. (2001e). Regulation of the right brain: a fundamental mechanism of attachment, trauma, dissociation, and psychotherapy, Parts 1 and 2. Unpublished addresses, conference, ‘Attachment, Trauma, and Dissociation: Developmental, Neuropsychological, Clinical, and Forensic Considerations’, University College of London Attachment Research Unit and Clinic for the Study of Dissociative Disorders, London, June 2001.
105. Schore, A.N. (2002a). The right brain as the neurobiological substratum of Freud’s dynamic unconscious. In Scharff, D. and Scharff, J. (eds), The Psychoanalytic Century: Freud’s Legacyfor the Future. 61-88 New York: Other Press.
106. Schore, A.N. (2002b). Clinical implications of a psychoneurobiological model of projective identification. In Alhanati, S. (ed.), Primitive Mental States, Vol. lll: Pre-and Peri-natal Influences on Personality Development, 1-65 London: Karnac.
107. Schore, A.N. (2002c). Dysregulation of the right brain: a fundamental mechanism of traumatic attachment and the psychopathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36:9-30.
108. Schore, A.N. (2002d). Neurobiology and psychoanalysis: convergent findings on the subject of projective identification. In Edwards, J. (ed.), Being Alive: Building on the Work of Anne Alvarez, 57-74. London: Brunner-Routledge.
109. Schore, A.N. (2003a). Affect Dysregulation and Disorders of the Self. New York: W.W. Norton.
110. Schore, A.N. (2003b). Affect Regulation and the Repair of the Self. New York: W.W. Norton.
111. Schumann, J.H. (1997). The Neurobiology of Affect in Language. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
112. Seligman, S. and Shahmoon-Shanok, R. (1995). Subjectivity, complexity, and the social world:Erikson’s identity concept and contemporary relational theories. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 5:537-565.
113. Semrud-Clikeman, M. and Hynd, G.W. (1990). Right hemisphere dysfunction in nonverbal learning disabilities: social, academic, and adaptive functioning in adults and children. Psychological Bullet in 107:196-209.
114. Shammi, P. and Stuss D.T. (1999). Humour appreciation: a role of the right frontal lobe. Brain 122:657-666.
115. Siegel, D.J. (1999). The Developing Mind: Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience. New York:Guilford Press.
116. Smith, C.G. (1981). Serial Dissection of the Human Brain. Baltimore/Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg.
117. Snow, D. (2000). The emotional basis of linguistic and nonlinguistic intonation: implications for hemispheric specialization. Developmental Neuropsychology 17:1-28.
118. Spear, L.P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24:417-463.
119. Spence, S., Shapiro, D. and Zaidel, E. (1996). The role of the right hemisphere in the physiological and cognitive components of emotional processing. Psychophysiology 33: 112-122.
120. Spezzano, C. (1993). Affect in Psychoanalysis: A Clinical Synthesis. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
121. Sroufe, L.A. (1996). Emotional Development: The Organization of Emotional Life in the Early Years. New York: Cambridge Universty Press.
122. Stern, D.N. (1983). Early transmission of affect: Some research issues. In Call, J., Galenson, E. and Tyson, R. (eds), Frontiers of Infant Psychiatry, 52-69. New York: Basic Books.
123. Stern, D.N. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant. New York: Basic Books.
124. Stolorow, R.D. and Lachmann, F.M. (1980). Psychoanalysis of Developmental Arrests. New York:International Universities Press.
125. Stone, V.E., Baron-Cohen, S. and Knight, R.T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:640-656.
126. Teasdale, J.D., Howard, R.J., Cox, S.G., Ha, Y., Brammer, M.J., Williams, S.C.R. and Checkley, S.A. (1999). Functional MRI study of the cognitive generation of affect. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:209-215.
127. Thatcher, R.W. (1994). Cyclical cortical reorganization: origins of human cognitive development. In Dawson, G. and Fischer, K.W. (eds), Human Behavior and the Developing Brain 232-266. New York: Guilford Press.
128. Thomas, D.G., Whitaker, E., Crow, C.D., Little, V., Love, L., Lykins, M.S. and Lettermman, M. (1997). Event-related potential variability as a measure of information storage in infant development. Developmental Neuropsychology 13:205-232.
129. Thompson, R.A. (1990). Emotion and self-regulation. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 367-467. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
130. Tomkins, S. (1984). Afffect theory. In Ekman, P. (ed.), Approaches to Emotion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
131. Trevarthen, C. (1990). Growth and education of the hemispheres. In Trevarthen, C. (ed.), Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind, 334-363. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
132. Trevarthen, C. (1993). The self born in intersubjectivity: The psychology of an infant communicating. In Neisser, U. (ed.), The Perceived Self: Ecological and Interpersonal Sources of Self-Knowledge, 121-173. New York: Cambridge University Press.
133. Tronick, E.Z. and Weinberg, M.K. (1997). Depressed mothers and infants: failure to form dyadic states of consciousness. In Murray, L. and Cooper, P.J. (eds), Postpartum Depression in ChildDevelopment, 54-81. New York: Guilford Press.
134. Tronick, E.Z., Bruschweilwe-Stern, N., Harrison, A.M, Lyons-Ruth, K., Morgan, A.C., Nahum, J.P., Sander, L. and Stern, D.N. (1998). Dyadically expanded states of consciousness and the process of therapeutic change. Infant Mental Health Journal 19: 290-299.
135. Van Lancker, D. (1991). Personal relevance and the human right hemisphere. Brain and Cognition, 17:64-92.
136. Van Lancker, D. and Cummings, J.L. (1999). Expletives: neurolingusitic and neurobehavioral perspectives on swearing. Brain Research Reviews 31:83-104.
137. Vitz, P.C. (1990). The use of stories in moral development. American Psychologist 45: 709-720.
138. Watt, D. (1990). Higher cortical functions and the ego: explorations of the boundary between behavioral neurology, neuropsychology, and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology 7:487-527.
139. Watt, D. (2000). The dialogue between psychoanalysis and neuroscience: alienation and reparation. Neuro-Psychoanalysis 2:183-192.
140. Wang, S. (1997). Traumatic stress and attachment. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Supplement 640:164-169.
141. Weil, A.P. (1985). Thoughts about early pathology. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 33:335-352.
142. Wexler, B.E., Warrenburg, S., Schwartz, G.E. and Janer, L.D. (1992). EEG and EMG responses to emotion-evoking stimuli processed without conscious awareness. Neuropsychologia 30:1065-1079.
143. Wheeler, M.A., Stuss, D.T. and Tulving, E. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: the frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychological Bulletin 121:331-354.
144. Winnicott, D. (1971). Playing and Reality. New York: Basic Books.
145. Winnicott, D. (1986). Home is Where We Start From. New York: W.W.Norton.
146. Winson, J. (1990). The meaning of dreams. Scientific American, November: 86-96.
147. Wittling, W. (1997). The right hemisphere and the human stress response. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Supplement 640:55-59.
148. Wittling, W. and Schweiger, E. (1993). Neuroendocrine brain asymmetry and physical complaints. Neuropsychologia 31:591-608.
149. Yamada, H., Sadato, N., Konishi, Y., Muramoto, S., Kimura, K., Tanaka, M., Yonekura, Y., Ishii, Y. and Itoh, H. (2000). A milestone for normal development of the infantile brain detected by functional MRI. Neurology 55:218-223.