You must not add anything to what i command you: Paradoxes of canon and authorship in ancient Israel

Numen

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-51

  Levinson, Bernard M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85064488337     PISSN: 00295973     EISSN: 15685276     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/156852703321103238     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. A.D.H. Mayes, Deuteronomy (New Century Bible Commentary), London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott 1979, 248.
2. As noted by Jonathan Z. Smith, "Canons, Catalogues and Classics," in Canonization and Decanonization:Papers Presented to the International Conference of the Leiden Institute for the Study of Religions (LISOR), Held at Leiden, 9-10 January 1997 (Numen Studies in the History of Religions 82), ed. A. van der Kooij and K. van der Toorn, Leiden: Brill 1998, 295-311 (at 295-96).
3. See Midrash and Literature, ed. Geoffrey H. Hartman and Sanford Budick, New Haven: Yale University Press 1986.
4. See Daniel Boyarin, Intertextuality and the Reading of Midrash, Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1990, 35-38;
5. David Stern, "Literary Criticism or Literary Homilies? Susan Handelman and the Contemporary Study of Midrash," Prooftexts 5 (1985) 96-103;
6. id., "Midrash and Hermeneutics: Polysemy vs. Indeterminacy," in id., Midrash and Theory: Ancient Jewish Exegesis and Contemporary Literary Studies, Evanston: Northwestern University Press 1996, 15-38;
7. and Azzan Yadin, "The Hammer on the Rock: Polysemy and the School of Rabbi Ishmael" (forthcoming).
8. That gap is preserved in the otherwise valuable collection, Rethinking Scripture: Essays from a Comparative Perspective, ed. Miriam Levering, Albany: State University of New York Press 1989.
9. "The Bride of Israel: The Ontological Status of Scripture in the Rabbinic and Kabbalistic Traditions," in Rethinking Scripture, 180-261
10. Holdredge, Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture, Albany: State University of New York Press 1996.
11. Thus the French writer and traveler, Mme Anne Louise de Stael (1766-1817), in her in uential, De l'Allemagne (1810).
12. For the discipline's struggles with this legacy, see Rethinking "Germanistik": Canon and Culture, ed. R. Bledsoe et al., New York: Peter Lang 1991.
13. Herbert N. Schneidau, Sacred Discontent: The Bible and Western Tradition, Berkeley: University of California Press 1977;
14. Brayton Polka, The Dialectic of Biblical Critique: Interpretation and Existence, New York and London: St. Martin's 1986;
15. and id., Truth and Interpretation:An Essay in Thinking, New York: St. Martin's; London: Macmillan 1990.
16. Adducing comparative material, see Johannes Leipoldt and Siegfried Morenz, Heilige Schriften: Betrachtungenzur Religionsgeschichteder antiken Mittelmeerwelt, Leipzig: Harrassowitz 1953, 53-65
17. Nahum M. Sarna, "Psalm 89: A Study in Inner Biblical Exegesis," in Biblical and Other Studies, ed. A. Altmann (Brandeis University Studies and Texts 1), Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1963, 29-34
18. Studies in Biblical Interpretation, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society 2000, 377-94 (stressing precedents in cuneiform literature);
19. Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School, Oxford: Clarendon 1972, 261-65 (with a wide range of Near Eastern and Egyptian parallels);
20. Michael Fishbane, "Varia Deuteronomica," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlicheWissenschaft 84 (1972) 349-52;
21. Eleonore Reuter, "'Nimm nichts davon weg und füge nichts hinzu': Dtn 13, 1, seine alttestamentlichen Parallelen und seine altorientalischenVorbilder," BiblischeNotizen 47 (1989) 107-14;
22. Christoph Dohmen and Manfred Oeming, Biblischer Kanon: Warum und Wozu? Eine Kanontheologie (Quaestiones disputatae 137), Freiburg: Herder 1992, 68-89;
23. Choon-Leong Seow, Ecclesiastes (Anchor Bible 18C), New York: Doubleday 1997, 388, 394.
24. See Bernard M. Levinson, "The Neo-Assyrian Origins of Deuteronomy's 'Canon Formula, "' (forthcoming).
25. See Michael Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel, Oxford: Clarendon 1985, 79, 263;
26. and Bernard M. Levinson, Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press 1997, 48.
27. See James A. Sanders, "'Adaptable for Life': The Nature and Function of Canon," in Magnalia Dei: The Mighty Acts of God. Essays on the Bible and Archaeology in Memory of G. Ernest Wright, ed. F.M. Cross, W.E. Lemke, and P.D. Miller, Jr.; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday& Co. 1976, 531-60;
28. James A. Sanders, From Sacred Story to Sacred Text: Canon as Paradigm, Philadelphia: Fortress 1987, 9-39.
29. see Levinson, Deuteronomy, 13-15.
30. See Jonathan Z. Smith, "Sacred Persistence: Toward a Redescription of Canon," in id., Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism), Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press 1982, 36- 52
31. See Gershom Scholem, "Revelation and Tradition as Religious Categories in Judaism," in id., The Messianic Idea in Judaism, New York: Schocken 1971, 282- 303.
32. Smith, "Sacred Persistence," 48.
33. see id., "Legal Change in Unchangeable Law: The Talmudical Pattern," in Legal Change: Essays in Honour of Julius Stone, ed. A.R. Blackshield, Sydney: Butterworths 1983, 10-33.
34. Hebrew Bible (Hermeneutics: Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer [Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy], Evanston: Northwestern University Press 1969, 23-24).
35. Text and Interpretationas Categories of Theological Thinking, New York: Crossroad 1988.
36. Brayton Polka, Truth and Interpretation:An Essay in Thinking, New York: St. Martin's 1990.
37. See Michael Fishbane, Biblical Interpretationin Ancient Israel, Oxford: Clarendon 1985;
38. James L. Kugel, "Early Interpretation: The Common Background of Late Forms of Biblical Exegesis," in Early Biblical Interpretation, ed. J.L. Kugel and R. Greer, Philadelphia: Westminster 1986, 9-106;
39. and id., Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era, Cambridge: Har vard University Press 1998.
40. Jacob Weingreen, From Bible to Mishna: The Continuity of Tradition, Manchester: Manchester University Press 1976.
41. Yair Zakovitch, An Introduction to Inner-Biblical Interpretation, Even Yehudah: Rekhes 1992 (Hebrew);
42. Eckart Otto, "Innerbiblische Exegese im Heiligkeitsgesetz Levitikus 17-26," in Levitikus als Buch (Bonner biblische Beiträge 119), ed. H.-J. Fabry and H.-W. Jüngling, Berlin: Philo 1999, 125-96.
43. "The Bible's Earliest Interpreters," Prooftexts 7 (1987) 269-83.
44. Nahum M. Sarna, "Abraham Geiger and Biblical Scholarship" [1975], reprinted in id., Studies in Biblical Interpretation, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society 2000, 161-72 (at 163).
45. On the academic nature of the legal collection, see Benno Landsberger, "Die Eigenbegrif ichkeit der babylonischen Welt," Islamica 2 (1926) 355-72, at 370- 71;
46. F.R. Kraus, "Ein zentrales Problem des altmesopotamischen Rechts: Was ist der Codex Hammurabi," Genava 8 (1960) 283-96 (at 288, 293);
47. R. Westbrook, "Biblical and Cuneiform Law Codes," Revue biblique 92 (1985) 247-64;
48. and, especially, Jean Bottéro, Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1992, 156-84.
49. Moshe Greenberg, "Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law," in Yehezkel Kaufmann Jubilee Volume, ed. M. Haran, Jerusalem: Magnes 1960, 5-28;
50. reprinted in id., Studies in the Bible and Jewish Thought, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society 1995, 25-50.
51. Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor (Society of Biblical Literature: Writings from the Ancient World 6), 2nd ed., Atlanta: Scholars Press 1997, 71-142 (at 134-36).
52. William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of King Lear, ed. G.B. Harrison, Middlesex: Penguin 1964, 112.
53. S.N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations, Albany: State University of New York Press 1986.
54. For a summary of the critical issues involved, see J. Alberto Soggin, Introduction to the Old Testament (Old Testament Library), 3rd ed., Louisville:Westminster/John Knox Press 1989, 445-47, 462-64.
55. For a valuable survey of Hittite civilization, see O.R. Gurney, The Hittites, 2nd rev. ed., Harmondsworth: Penguin 1981.
56. G. Ries, Prolog und Epilog in Gesetzen des Altertums (Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und Antiken Rechtsgeschichte 76)
57. J.H. Tigay, "The Stylistic Criterion of Source Criticism in the Light of Ancient Near Eastern and Postbiblical Literature," in EmpiricalModels for Biblical Criticism, ed. J.H. Tigay, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1985, 155- 58;
58. Victor Avigdor Hurowitz, "Inu Anums. õrum": Literary Structures in the Non Juridical Sections of Codex Hammurabi (Philadelphia:Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 15), 1994, 90-103.
59. On this issue, see E. Neufeld, The Hittite Laws, London: Luzac & Co. 1951, 95-101;
60. V. Korošec, "Le Problème de la Codification dans le Domaine du Droit Hittite," Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquité 4 (1957) 93-105;
61. Eckart Otto ("Aspects of Legal Reforms and Reformulations in Ancient Cuneiform and Israelite Law") in Theory and Method in Biblical and Cuneiform Law: Revision, Interpolation and Development (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplements 181), ed. Bernard M. Levinson, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press 1994, 22-28, 62-72, 175-82.
62. Henry Angier Hoffner, Jr., The Laws of the Hittites: A Critical Edition (Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 23), Leiden: Brill 1997, 21.
63. Martin S. Jaffee, "The Taqqanah in Tannaitic Literature: Jurisprudence and the Construction of Rabbinic Memory," Journal of Jewish Studies 41 (1990) 204-25.
64. see id., Die Keilschriftlichen Rechtssammlungen in Deutscher Fassung, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1979, 67-91.
65. A. Goetze, tr., "The Hittite Laws," in Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, ed. J.B. Pritchard, 3rd ed., Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press 1969, 188-97;
66. Hoffner, Laws of the Hittites, 221.
67. Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation, 98-102.
68. See Jean-LucVesco, "La Date du Livre de Ruth," Revue biblique 74 (1967) 245- 47.
69. Jack M. Sasson, Ruth: A New Translation with a Philological Commentary and a Formalist-Folklorist Interpretation, 2nd ed., Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press 1989, 240-52.
70. Christian Frevel, Das Buch Ruth (Neuer Stuttgarter Kommentar: Altes Testament 6), Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk 1992, 34. Advocating a Hellenistic setting, see Erich Zenger, Das Buch Ruth (Zürcher Bibelkommentare: Altes Testament 8), 2nd ed., Zürich: TheologischerVerlag 1992, 28.
71. See Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation, 114-29.
72. Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation, 138-43;
73. Joachim Schaper, "Re-reading the Law: Inner-biblical Exegesis and Divine Oracles," in Recht und Ethik im Alten Testament: Studies in German and English in Honor of Gerhard von Rad (Altes Testament und Moderne 16), ed. Bernard M. Levinson and Eckart Otto, Münster/London: LIT 2002, forthcoming.
74. For the role of the elders in the administration of justice, see Moshe Weinfeld, "Elders," Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1972, 6:578-80;
75. Leslie J. Hoppe, The Origins of Deuteronomy, Ann Arbor: University Micro. lms 1978;
76. id., "Elders and Deuteronomy," Église et Théologie 14 (1983) 259-72;
77. Joachim Buchholz, Die Ältesten Israels im Deuteronomium (Göttinger Theologische Arbeiten 36), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1988);
78. Jan Christian Gertz, Die Gerichtsorganisation Israels im deuteronomischen Gesetz (Forschungen zur Religion des Alten und Neuen Testaments 165);
79. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1994, 173- 225;
80. Hanoch Reviv, The Elders in Ancient Israel: A Study of a Biblical Institution, Jerusalem: Magnes 1989, 61-70
81. and Levinson, Deuteronomy, 124-26.
82. Victor H. Matthews, "EntranceWays and Threshing Floors: Legally Signi. cant Sites in the Ancient Near East, "Fides et Historia 19 (1987) 25-40;
83. Eckart Otto," Ša'ar," Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament, Stuttgart:Kohlhammer 1995, 8:358-403.
84. Raymond Westbrook, Property and the Family in Biblical Law (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplements 113), Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press 1991, 65-67.
85. Establishing the "exilic/post-exilic" date of the editorial insertion by means of careful linguistic analysis, see Avi Hurvitz, "On the Term in Ruth 4:7," bibin Shnaton I: An Annual for Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, ed. Jonas C. Greenfield and Moshe Weinfeld, Jerusalem: Israel Bible Company, Tel Aviv: M. Newnan 1975, 45-49
86. E.F. Campbell, Jr., Ruth (Anchor Bible 7), Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 1975, 147-48.
87. see Moshe Weinfeld, "Jeremiah and the Spiritual Metamorphosis of Israel," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlicheWissenschaft 88 (1976) 17-55.
88. See Moshe Weinfeld, "The Decalogue: Its Signi. cance, Uniqueness, and Place in Israel's Tradition," in Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives, ed. E.W. Firmage, B.G. Weiss, and J.W. Welch, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns 1990, 3-47.
89. Christoph Dohmen, "Der Sinaibund als Neuer Bund nach Ex 19-34," in Der Neue Bund im Alten: Studien zur Bundestheologie der beiden Testamente (Quaestiones disputatae 146), ed. Erich Zenger, Freiburg: Herder 1993, 51-83;
90. Erich Zenger, "Wie und wozu die Tora zum Sinai kam: Literarische und theologische Beobachtungen zu Exodus 19-34," in Studies in the Book of Exodus: Redaction-Reception-Interpretation (Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium126), ed. Marc Vervenne, Leuven: University Press/Peeters Press 1996, 265-88.
91. see Frank Moore Cross, Jr., "The Cave Inscriptions from Khirbet Beit Lei," in Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Honor of Nelson Glueck, ed. James A. Sanders, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 1970, 299-306.
92. Patrick D. Miller, Jr., "Psalms and Inscriptions," in Congress Volume, Vienna, 1980 (Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 32), ed. J.A. Emerton, Leiden: E.J. Brill 1981, 328-31.
93. Walther Zimmerli, "Das zweite Gebot" [1950] in id., Gottes Offenbarung: Gesammelte Aufsätze zum Alten Testament (TheologischeBücherei 19), Munich: Chr. Kaiser 1969, 234-48 (at 236-38).
94. 48William L. Moran, "The Ancient Near Eastern Background of the Love of God in Deuteronomy," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 25 (1963) 77-87;
95. Weinfeld, Deuteronomy, 81-91.
96. See Lothar Perlitt, Bundestheologie im Alten Testament (Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament 36), Neukirchen Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag 1969.
97. Ernest W. Nicholson, God and His People: Covenant and Theology in the Old Testament, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1986.
98. D.R. Hillers, Covenant: The History of a Biblical Idea, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press 1969.
99. Note the thorough study by MeirWeiss, "Some Problems in the Biblical Doctrine of Retribution, "Tarbiz 31 (1961-62) 236-63; 32 (1962-63) 1-18 (Hebrew);
100. reprinted in Likkutei Tarbiz:A Biblical Studies Reader, ed. MosheWeinfeld, Jerusalem:Magnes 1979, 71-98, 99-116
101. Simo Parpola and Kazuko Watanabe, eds., Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths (State Archives of Assyria 2), Helsinki: Helsinki University Press 1988, 50 (§57, lines 507-12);
102. Erica Reiner, tr., "The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon," in Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, ed. J.B. Pritchard, 3rd ed., Princeton: Princeton University Press 1969, 539.
103. see Yochanan Muffs, Love & Joy: Law, Language and Religion in Ancient Israel, New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America 1992, 19 (on Exod. 32:34.
104. Benjamin D. Sommer, "Exegesis, Allusion and Intertextualityin the Hebrew Bible: A Response to Lyle Eslinger," Vetus Testamentum 46 (1996) 479- 89;
105. and id., A Prophet Reads Scripture: Allusion in Isaiah 40-66, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998, 6-72.
106. See Michael Fishbane, "Torah and Tradition," in Tradition and Theology in the Old Testament, ed. Douglas A. Knight, Philadelphia:Fortress Press 1977, 275-82;
107. This translation is indebted to Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society 1988;
108. and Moshe Greenberg, Ezekiel, 1-20 (Anchor Bible 22), Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 1983, 325.
109. Greenberg, Ezekiel, 333;
110. and Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation, 337-41.
111. Georg Braulik, "Ezechiel und Deuteronomium: Die 'Sippenhaftung' in Ezechiel 18, 20
112. id., Studien zum Deuteronomium und seiner Nachgeschichte (Stuttgarter Biblische Aufsatzbände 33), Stuttgart: Katholi sches Bibelwerk 2001, 171-201.
113. Baruch J. Schwartz, "Repentance and Determinism in Ezekiel," Proceedings of the Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies: The Bible and Its World, Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies 1994, 123-30.
114. see Paul M. Joyce, "Individual Responsibility in Ezekiel 18?," in Studia biblica 1978: Sixth International Congress on Biblical Studies, Oxford, 3-7 April 1978, ed. E.A. Livingstone, Sheffield: University of Sheffield 1979, 185-96;
115. Gordon H. Matties, Ezekiel 18 and the Rhetoric of Moral Discourse in the Book of Ezekiel (Society for Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 126), Atlanta: Scholars Press 1990, 113-58.
116. id., "Ezekiel and Individual Responsibility," in Ezekiel and His Book (Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 74), ed. J. Lust, Leuven: Peeters Press 1986, 317-32.
117. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. Norman Kemp Smith, unabridged edition, New York: St. Martin's, Toronto: Macmillan 1965, 478 (A556/B584).
118. M. Seidel, "Parallels between Isaiah and Psalms," Sinai 38 (1955-56) 149-72, 229-40, 272-80, 335-55 (150);
119. reprinted, id., Hiqrei Miqra, Jerusalem: Rav Kook Institute 1978, 1-97
120. Shemaryahu Talmon, "The Textual Study of the Bible-A New Outlook," in Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text, ed. F.M. Cross and S. Talmon, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1975, 362-63;
121. P. Beentjes, "InvertedQuotations in the Bible: A Neglected Stylistic Pattern," Biblica 63 (1982) 506-23;
122. Marc Z. Brettler, "Jud 1, 1- 2, 10: From Appendix to Prologue," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlicheWissenschaft 101 (1989) 434;
123. Sommer, A Prophet Reads Scripture, 35 and 219 nn. 11-12.
124. On this and related editorial markers, see Levinson, Deuteronomy, 17-20.
125. see J. Scharbert, "Formgeschichte und Exegese von Ex. 34, 6 f und seiner Parallelen," Biblica 38 (1957) 130-50 (at 145-47).
126. H. Louis Ginsberg, The Israelian Heritage of Judaism, New York: Jewish Theological Seminary 1982, 62-66;
127. Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation, 194-97;
128. William Johnstone, "Reactivating the Chronicles Analogy in Pentateuchal Studies, with Special Reference to the Sinai Pericope in Exodus," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 99 (1987) 16-37;
129. Erik Aurelius, Der Fürbitter Israels: Eine Studie zum Mosebild im Alten Testament (Coniectanea Biblica: Old Testament series 27), Stockholm: Almqvist&Wiksell 1988, 116-26;
130. Erhard Blum, "Das sog. «Privilegrecht» in Exodus 34, 11-26: Ein Fixpunkt der Komposition des Exodusbuches?" in Studies in the Book of Exodus: Redaction-Reception-Interpretation (Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 126), ed. Marc Vervenne, Leuven: University Press/Peeters Press 1996, 347-66;
131. Shimon Bar-On, "The Festival Calendars in Exodus XXIII 14-19 and XXXIV 18-26," Vetus Testamentum 48 (1998) 161-95;
132. Eckart Otto, "Die Nachpriesterschriftliche Pentateuchredaktion im Buch Exodus," in Studies in the Book of Exodus, ed. Vervenne, 62-111;
133. David M. Carr, "Method in Determination of Direction of Dependence: An Empirical Test of Criteria Applied to Exodus 34, 11-26 and its Parallels," in Gottes Volk am Sinai (Veröffentlichungender Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft für Theologie 18), ed. M. Köckert, Gütersloh: GütersloherVerlag, 2001, 107-40;
134. Bernard M. Levinson, "Goethe's Analysis of Exodus 34 and Its In uence on JuliusWellhausen: The Pfropfung of the Documentary Hypothesis," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 114 (2002) 212-23;
135. and id., "The Revelation of Redaction: Exod 34:10-26 as a Challenge to the Standard Documentary Hypothesis" (forthcoming).
136. see Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society 1988, 286.
137. Arnold B. Ehrlich, Mikra ki-Pheschuto, 3 vols., Berlin: M. Poppelauer 1899-1901, 1:323.
138. so, Israel Drazin, Targum Onkelos to Deuteron omy: An English Translation of the Text with Analysis and Commentary (Based on A. Sperber's Edition), Hoboken, N.J.: Ktav 1982, 115.
139. Michael L. Klein, The Fragment-Targums of the Pentateuch According to their Extant Sources (Analecta Biblica 76), 2 vols., Rome: Biblical Institute Press 1980, 1:213, 2:171.
140. Avigdor Shinan, The Aggadah in the Aramaic Targums to the Pentateuch, 2 vols., Jerusalem: Makor 1979, 2:301
141. Charles Ber Chavel, ed., Perushe Rashi 'al ha-Torah, 3rd ed., Jerusalem: Rav Kook Institute 1985-86, 532
142. Abraham ibn Ezra, Commentary on the Torah, ed. A. Weiser, 3 vols., Jerusalem: Rav Kook Institute 1977, 3:238
143. Michael Fishbane, "Use, Authority, and Interpretation of Mikra at Qumran," in Mikra: Text, Translation, and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity (Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum 2:3), ed. Martin J. Mulder, Assen/ Maastricht:Van Gorcum; Philadelphia: Fortress 1988, 339-77.
144. See H. Gregory Snyder, Teachers and Texts in the Ancient World: Philosophers, Jews and Christians, London and New York: Routledge 2000, 75-82.
145. "Schriftauslegungund Schriftwerdung transim alten Israel: Eine vergleichende Exegese von Ex 20.24-26 und Dtn 12.13-19," Zeitschrift für Altorientalischeund Biblische Rechtsgeschichte5 [1999] 111-32.
146. Levinson, Deuteronomy, 46-48.
147. See the stimulating analysis of Morton Smith, "Pseudepigraphy in the Israelite Literary Tradition," in Pseudepigrapha I: Pseudopythagorica-Lettres de Platon- Littérature pseudépigraphique juive (Fondation Hardt: Entretiens sur l'antiquité classique 18), ed. Kurt von Fritz, Geneva: Vandoeuvres 1971, 191-215
148. Moshe J. Bernstein, "Pseudepigraphy in the Qumran Scrolls: Categories and Functions," in Pseudepigraphic Perspectives: The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 31), ed. Esther G. Chazon and Michael Stone, Leiden: Brill 1999, 1-26.
149. David G. Meade, Pseudonymity and Canon: An Investigation into the Relationship of Authorship and Authority in Jewish and Earliest Christian Tradition (WissenschaftlicheUntersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 39), Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr-Siebeck 1986.
150. Martin S. Jaffee, Torah in the Mouth: Writing and Tradition in Palestinian Judaism, 200 BCE-400 CE, New York: Oxford University Press 2001, 23-25.
151. Eckart Otto, "Von der Gerichtsordnung zum Verfassungsentwurf: Deuteronomische Gestaltung und deuteronomistische Interpretation im»Ämtergesetz«Dtn 16, 18-18, 22," in»Wer ist wie du, HERR, unter den Göttern?«Studien zur Theologie und ReligionsgeschichteIsraels für Otto Kaiser, ed. Ingo Kottsieper et al., Göttingen:Vandenhoeck& Ruprecht 1995, 142-55;
152. 74Weinfeld, Deuteronomy, 158-78, 244-319.
153. A.D.H. Mayes, Deuteronomy (New Century Bible Commentary), London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott 1979, 181, 186.
154. See Emanuel Tov, "The Septuagint," and Philip S. Alexander, "Jewish Aramaic Translations of Hebrew Scriptures," in Mikra, 161-88, 217-54
155. John W. Bowker, The Targums and Rabbinic Literature:An Introductionto Jewish Interpretationsof Scripture, London: Cambridge University Press 1969.
156. see A. Sperber, The Bible in Aramaic Based on Old Manuscripts and Printed Texts: The Pentateuch According to TargumOnkelos, 5 vols., Leiden: Brill, 1959-73, 1:122 (my translation).
157. See Bernard M. Levinson, "The Hermeneutics of Tradition in Deuteronomy," Journal of Biblical Literature 119 (2000) 269-86 (at 283-86).
158. Boyarin, Intertextuality, 35
159. Martin S. Jaffee, "The Pretext of Interpretation: Rabbinic Oral Torah and the Charisma of Revelation, "in God in Language, ed. Robert P. Scharlemann and Gilbert E.M. Ogutu, New York: Paragon House 1987, 73-89.
160. See Joseph A. Fitzmyer's discussion of "accommodated texts" in "The Use of Explicit Old Testament Quotations in Qumran Literature and in the New Testament" [1960-61], reprinted in id., The Semitic Background of the New Testament, Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans;
161. Livonia, Mich.: Dove 1997, 3-58 (at 33-45);
162. Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell, Qumran Cave 4, V: Miqs. at Ma'aśe ha-Torah (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 10), Oxford: Clarendon 1994, 51
163. Voice in Divine Revelation: The Problem of Authority in Biblical Law," in Innovation in Religious Traditions (Religion and Society 31), ed. Michael A. Williams, Collett Cox, and Martin S. Jaffee, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter 1992, 35-71.