Amino acids in swine nutrition

Swine Nutrition, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2000, Pages 131-150

  Lewis, Austin J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85056050703     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420041842     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Adeola, O., and R. O. Ball. 1992. Hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and meat quality in stressed pigs offered excess dietary tryptophan and tyrosine, J. Anim. Sci., 70: 1888.
2. Adeola, O., R. O. Ball, J. D. House, and P. J. O’Brien. 1993. Regional brain neurotransmitter concentrations in stress-susceptible pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 71: 968.
3. Allee, G. L., and D. H. Baker. 1970. Limiting nitrogenous factors in corn protein for adult female swine, J. Anim. Sci., 30: 748.
4. Allen, N. K., and D. H. Baker. 1974. Quantitative evaluation of nonspecific nitrogen sources for the growing chick, Poult. Sci., 53: 258.
5. Anderson, L. C., A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr., and J. D. Crenshaw. 1984a. Effect of various dietary arginine: lysine ratios on performance, carcass composition and plasma amino acid concentrations of growing-finishing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 58: 362.
6. Anderson, L. C., A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr., and J. D. Crenshaw. 1984b. Effects of excess arginine with and without supplemental lysine on performance, plasma amino acid concentrations and nitrogen balance of young swine, J. Anim. Sci., 58: 369.
7. Angulo, E., and D. Cubilo. 1998. Effect of different dietary concentrations of spray-dried porcine plasma and a modified soyprotein product on the growth performance of piglets weaned at 6 kg body weight, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 72: 71.
8. AOAC. 1999. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th Rev., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
9. ARC. 1981. The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs, 2nd ed., Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England.
10. Arentson, B. E., and D. R. Zimmerman. 1985. Nutritive value of D-tryptophan for the growing pig, J. Anim. Sci., 60: 474.
11. Austic, R. E., and R. L. Scott. 1975. Involvement of food intake in the lysine-arginine antagonism in chicks, J. Nutr., 105: 1122.
12. Baker, D. H. 1977. Sulfur in Nonruminant Nutrition, National Feed Ingredients Association, West Des Moines, IA.
13. Baker, D. H. 1997. Ideal Amino Acid Profiles for Swine and Poultry and Their Applications in Feed Formulation, BioKyowa Technical Review 9, NutriQuest, Chesterfield, MO.
14. Baker, D. H., and V. C. Speer. 1983. Protein-amino nutrition of nonruminant animals with emphasis on the pig: past, present and future, J. Anim. Sci., 57(Suppl. 2): 284.
15. Baker, D. H., N. K. Allen, J. Boomgaardt, G. Graber, and H. W. Horton. 1971. Quantitative aspects of D- and L-tryptophan utilization by the young pig, J. Anim. Sci., 33: 42.
16. Baker, D. H., D. E. Becker, H. W. Norton, A. H. Jensen, and B. G. Harmon. 1966. Some qualitative amino acid needs of adult swine for maintenance, J. Nutr., 88: 382.
17. Baker, D. H., D. E. Becker, H. W. Norton, A. H. Jensen, and B. G. Harmon. 1969a. Lysine imbalance of corn protein in the growing pig, J. Anim. Sci., 28: 23.
18. Baker, D. H., W. W. Clausing, B. G. Harmon, A. H. Jensen, and D. E. Becker. 1969b. Replacement value of cystine for methionine for the young pig, J. Anim. Sci., 29: 581.
19. Ball, R. O., J. L. Atkinson, and H. S. Bayley. 1986. Proline as an essential amino acid for the young pig, J. Nutr., 55: 659.
20. Batterham, E. S. 1970. A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 6. Amino acid and mineral-vitamin-antibiotic supplements for maize-meat meal diets, Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb., 10: 534.
21. Batterham, E. S. 1984. Utilisation of free lysine by pigs, Pig News Info., 5: 85.
22. Becker, D. E., A. H. Jensen, S. W. Terrill, and H. W. Norton. 1955. The methionine need of the young pig, J. Anim. Sci., 14: 1086.
23. Becker, D. E., I. D. Smith, S. W. Terrill, A. H. Jensen, and H. W. Norton. 1963. Isoleucine need of swine at two stages of development, J. Anim. Sci., 22: 1093.
24. Beeson, W. M., E. T. Mertz, and D. C. Shelton. 1948. The amino acid requirements of swine. I. Tryptophan, Science, 107: 599.
25. Beeson, W. M., E. T. Mertz, and D. C. Shelton. 1949. Effect of tryptophan deficiency on the pig, J. Anim. Sci., 8: 532.
26. Beeson, W. M., E. T. Mertz, and H. D. Jackson. 1951. Effect of arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine on the growth of weanling pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 10: 1037 (Abstr.).
27. Beeson, W. M., H. D. Jackson, and E. T. Mertz. 1953. Quantitative threonine requirement of the weanling pig, J. Anim. Sci., 12: 870.
28. Bell, J. M., H. H. Williams, J. K. Loosli, and L. A. Maynard. 1950. The effect of methionine supplementation of a soybean oil meal-purified ration for growing pigs, J. Nutr., 40: 551.
29. Benevenga, N. J., and A. E. Harper. 1967. Alleviation of methionine and homocystine toxicity in the rat, J. Nutr., 93: 44.
30. Berry, T. H., D. E. Becker, O. G. Rasmussen, A. H. Jensen, and H. W. Norton. 1962. The limiting amino acids in soybean protein, J. Anim. Sci., 21: 558.
31. Berry, T. H., G. E. Combs, H. D. Wallace, and R. C. Robbins. 1966. Responses of the growing pig to alterations in the amino acid pattern of isolated soybean protein, J. Anim. Sci., 25: 722.
32. Bock, H.-D. 1986. Utilization of urea in pigs, Arch. Anim. Nutr., 36: 285.
33. Brinegar, M. J., J. K. Loosli, L. A. Maynard, and H. H. Williams. 1950a. The isoleucine requirement for the growth of swine, J. Nutr., 42: 619.
34. Brinegar, M. J., H. H. Williams, F. H. Ferris, J. K. Loosli, and L. A. Maynard. 1950b. The lysine requirement for the growth of swine, J. Nutr., 42: 129.
35. Brudevold, A. B., and L. L. Southern. 1994. Low-protein, crystalline amino acid-supplemented, sorghumsoybean meal diets for the 10- to 20-kilogram pig, J. Anim. Sci., 72: 638.
36. Brumm, M. C., and P. S. Miller. 1996. Response of pigs to space allocation and diets varying in nutrient density, J. Anim. Sci., 74: 2730.
37. Burrin, D. G., R. J. Shulman, M. C. Storm, and P. J. Reeds. 1991. Glutamine or glutamic acid effects on intestinal growth and disaccharidase activity in infant piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr., 15: 262.
38. Chiba, L. I., A. J. Lewis, and E. R. Peo, Jr. 1991a. Amino acid and energy interrelationships in pigs weighing 20 to 50 kg. I. Rate and efficiency of weight gain, J. Anim. Sci., 69: 694.
39. Chiba, L. I., A. J. Lewis, and E. R. Peo, Jr. 1991b. Amino acid and energy interrelationships in pigs weighing 20 to 50 kg. II. Rate and efficiency of protein and fat deposition, J. Anim. Sci., 69: 708.
40. Chiba, L. I., H. W. Ivey, K. A. Cummins, and B. E. Gamble. 1995. Effects of urea as a source of extra dietary nitrogen on growth performance and carcass traits of finisher pigs, Nutr. Res., 15: 1029.
41. Chung, T. K., and D. H. Baker. 1991. A chemically defined diet for maximal growth of pigs, J. Nutr., 121: 979.
42. Chung, T. K., and D. H. Baker. 1992. Utilization of methionine analogs and isomers by pigs, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 72: 185.
43. Chung, T. K., and D. H. Baker. 1993. A note on the dispensability of proline for weanling pigs, Anim. Prod., 56: 407.
44. Clawson, A. J., and W. D. Armstrong. 1981. Ammonium polyphosphate as a source of phosphorus and nonprotein nitrogen for monogastrics in corn-soybean meal diets for growing rats and growing-finishing (G-F) pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 52: 1.
45. Clawson, A. J., T. N. Blumer, W. W. G. Smart, Jr., and E. R. Barrick. 1962. Influence of energy-protein ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of swine, J. Anim. Sci., 21: 62.
46. Cohen, R. S., and T. D. Tanksley, Jr. 1976. Limiting amino acids in sorghum for growing and finishing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 43: 1028.
47. Cole, D. J. A., and T. A. Van Lunen. 1994. Ideal amino acid patterns. In Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition, D’Mello, J. P. F., Ed., CAB International, Wallingford, U.K., chap. 5.
48. Cole, D. J. A., J. E. Duckworth, and W. Holmes. 1967. Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs. I. The effect of digestible energy content of the diet on the intake of castrated male pigs housed in holding pens and in metabolism crates, Anim. Prod., 9: 141.
49. Cook, H., G. R. Frank, D. W. Giesting, and R. A. Easter. 1983. The influence of meal frequency and lysine supplementation of a low-protein diet on nitrogen retention of young pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 57(Suppl. 1): 240 (Abstr.).
50. Cook, H., D. W. Giesting, and R. A. Easter. 1985. The influence of feeding frequency and crystalline lysine supplementation on performance of finisher pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 61(Suppl. 1): 319 (Abstr.).
51. Corley, J. R., and R. A. Easter. 1980. Lysine and tryptophan supplementation of low-protein diets for growing and finishing pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 51(Suppl. 1): 191 (Abstr.).
52. Curtin, L. V., J. K. Loosli, J. Abraham, H. H. Williams, and L. A. Maynard. 1952. The methionine requirement for the lean growth of swine, J. Nutr., 48: 499.
53. Darcy-Vrillon, B., L. Posho, M. T. Morel, F. Bernard, F. Blachier, J. C. Meslin, and P. H. Duee. 1994. Glucose, galactose, and glutamine metabolism in pig isolated enterocytes during development, Ped. Res., 36: 175.
54. Deguchi, E., and S. Namioka. 1989. Synthesis ability of amino acids and protein from non-protein nitrogen and role of intestinal flora on this utilization in pigs, Bifidobacteria Microflora, 8: 1.
55. 15N-diammonium citrate into tissue proteins in pigs, J. Nutr., 108: 1572.
56. 15N] diammonium citrate into amino acids of liver and muscle proteins in germfree and specificpathogen- free neonatal pigs, Am. J. Vet. Res., 41: 212.
57. D’Mello, J. P. F. 1993. Amino acid supplementation of cereal-based diets for non-ruminants, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 45: 1.
58. Easter, R. A., and D. H. Baker. 1976. Nitrogen metabolism and reproductive response of gravid swine fed an arginine-free diet during the last 84 days of gestation, J. Nutr., 106: 636.
59. Easter, R. A., and D. H. Baker. 1977. Nitrogen metabolism, tissue carnosine concentration and blood chemistry of gravid swine fed graded levels of histidine, J. Nutr., 107: 120.
60. Easter, R. A., R. S. Katz, and D. H. Baker. 1974. Arginine: a dispensable amino acid for postpubertal growth and pregnancy of swine, J. Anim. Sci., 39: 1123.
61. Edmonds, M. S., and D. H. Baker. 1987a. Amino acid excesses for young pigs: effects of excess methionine, tryptophan, threonine or leucine, J. Anim. Sci., 64: 1664.
62. Edmonds, M. S., and D. H. Baker. 1987b. Failure of excess dietary lysine to antagonize arginine in young pigs, J. Nutr., 117: 1396.
63. Edmonds, M. S., H. W. Gonyou, and D. H. Baker. 1987. Effect of excess levels of methionine, tryptophan, arginine, lysine or threonine on growth and dietary choice in the pig, J. Anim. Sci., 65: 179.
64. Edwards, A. C., and R. G. Campbell. 1993. Energy - protein interactions in pigs. In Recent Developments in Pig Nutrition 2, Cole, D. J. A., W. Haresign, and P. C. Garnsworthy, Eds., Nottingham University Press, Loughborough, U.K., chap 4.
65. Eggert, R. G., H. H. Williams, B. E. Sheffy, E. G. Sprague, J. K. Loosli, and L. A. Maynard. 1954. The quantitative leucine requirement of the suckling pig, J. Nutr., 53: 177.
66. Eggert, R. G., L. A. Maynard, B. E. Sheffy, and H. H. Williams. 1955. Histidine - an essential nutrient for growth of pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 14: 556.
67. Ermer, P. M., P. S. Miller, and A. J. Lewis. 1994. Diet preference and meal patterns of weanling pigs offered diets containing either spray-dried porcine plasma or dried skim milk, J. Anim. Sci., 72: 1548.
68. Evans, D. F., and J. Leibholz. 1979a. Meat meal in the diet of the early-weaned pig. I. A comparison of meat meal and soya bean meal, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 4: 33.
69. Evans, D. F., and J. Leibholz. 1979b. Meat meal in the diet of the early-weaned pig. II. Amino acid supplementation, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 4: 43.
70. Frost, D. V., and H. R. Sandy. 1951. Utilization of non-specific nitrogen sources by the adult protein-depleted rat, J. Biol. Chem., 189: 249.
71. Fuller, M. F., R. M. Livingston, B. A. Baird, and T. Atkinson. 1979. The optimal amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig. 1. Response of nitrogen metabolism to progressive supplementation, Br. J. Nutr., 41: 321.
72. Fuller, M. F., and P. J. Reeds. 1998. Nitrogen cycling in the gut, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 18: 385.
73. Fuller, M. F., and T. C. Wang. 1990. Digestible ideal protein - a measure of dietary protein value, Pig News Info., 11: 353.
74. Gallo, J. T., and W. G. Pond. 1968. Amino acid supplementation to all-corn diets for pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 27: 73.
75. Grimson, R. E., and J. P. Bowland. 1971. Urea as a nitrogen source for pigs fed diets supplemented with lysine and methionine, J. Anim. Sci., 33: 58.
76. Grimson, R. E., J. P. Bowland, and L. P. Milligan. 1971. Use of nitrogen-15 labelled urea to study urea utilization by pigs, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 51: 103.
77. Grosbach, D. A., A. J. Lewis, and E. R. Peo, Jr. 1985. An evaluation of threonine and isoleucine as the third and fourth limiting amino acids in corn for growing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 60: 487.
78. Hagemeier, D. L., G. W. Libal, and R. C. Wahlstrom. 1983. Effects of excess arginine on swine growth and plasma amino acid levels, J. Anim. Sci., 57: 99.
79. Hanson, L. E., and E. F. Ferrin. 1955. The value of urea in a low protein ration for weanling pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 14: 43.
80. Harmon, B. G. 1980. The role of amino acid balance in practical swine rations. In Proceedings of the 41st Minnesota Nutrition Conference, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 132.
81. Harper, A. E., N. J. Benevenga, and R. M. Wohlhueter. 1970. Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids, Physiol. Rev., 50: 428.
82. Hays, V. W., G. C. Ashton, C. H. Liu, V. C. Speer, and D. V. Catron. 1957. Studies on the utilization of urea by growing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 16: 44.
83. Henry, Y., P. H. Duée, and A. Rérat. 1976. Isoleucine requirement of the growing pig and leucine-isoleucine interrelationship, J. Anim. Sci., 42: 357.
84. Henry, Y., B. Sève, Y. Colléaux, P. Ganier, C. Saligaut, and P. Jégo. 1992. Interactive effects of dietary levels of tryptophan and protein on voluntary feed intake and growth performance in pigs, in relation to plasma free amino acids and hypothalamic serotonin, J. Anim. Sci., 70: 1873.
85. Henry, Y., B. Sève, A. Mounier, and P. Ganier. 1996. Growth performance and brain neurotransmitters in pigs as affected by tryptophan, protein, and sex, J. Anim. Sci., 74: 2700.
86. House, J. D., P. B. Pencharz, and R. O. Ball. 1994. Glutamine supplementation to total parenteral nutrition promotes extracellular fluid expansion in piglets, J. Nutr., 124: 396.
87. INRA. 1984. L’alimentation des Animaux Monogastriques: Porc, Lapin, Volailles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris.
88. Jackson, H. D., E. T. Mertz, and W. M. Beeson. 1953. Quantitative valine requirement of the weanling pig, J. Nutr., 51: 109.
89. Kats, L. J., J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, J. A. Hansen, and J. L. Laurin. 1994. The effect of spray-dried porcine plasma on growth performance in the early-weaned pig, J. Anim. Sci., 72: 2075.
90. Kelly, K. A., T. D. Tanksley, Jr., D. A. Knabe, and K. D. Haydon. 1983. Effect of amino acid excess on growing pig performance, J. Anim. Sci., 57(Suppl. 1): 252 (Abstr.).
91. Kerr, B. J., and R. A. Easter. 1995. Effect of feeding reduced protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen and energy balance in grower pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 73: 3000.
92. Kim, K. I., and H. S. Bayley. 1983. Amino acid oxidation by young pigs receiving diets with varying levels of sulphur amino acids, Br. J. Nutr., 50: 383.
93. Kirchgessner, M., and F. X. Roth. 1985. Biologische Wirksamkeit von DL-Tryptophan bei Mastschweinen, Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernähr. Futtermittelkd., 54: 135.
94. Kirchgessner, M., J. Fickler, and F. X. Roth. 1995. Effect of dietary proline supply on N-balance of piglets. 3. Communication on the importance of non-essential amino acids for protein retention, J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 73: 57.
95. Knowles, T. A., L. L. Southern, T. D. Bidner, B. J. Kerr, and K. G. Friesen. 1998. Effect of dietary fiber or fat in low-crude protein, crystalline amino acid-supplemented diets for finishing pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 76: 2818.
96. Kornegay, E. T. 1972. Supplementation of lysine, ammonium polyphosphate and urea in diets for growingfinishing pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 34: 55.
97. Kornegay, E. T., E. R. Miller, D. E. Ullrey, B. H. Vincent, and J. A. Hoefer. 1965. Influence of dietary urea on performance, antibody production and hematology of growing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 24: 951.
98. Kornegay, E. T., V. Mosanghini, and R. D. Snee. 1970. Urea and amino acid supplementation of swine diets, J. Nutr., 100: 330.
99. Kyriazakis, I., G. C. Emmans, and R. McDaniel. 1993. Whole body amino acid composition of the growing pig, J. Sci. Food Agric., 62: 29.
100. Lacey, J. M., and D. W. Wilmore. 1990. Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid? Nutr. Rev., 48: 297.
101. Lenis, N. P., H. T. M. van Diepen, P. Bikker, A. W. Jongbloed, and J. van der Meulen. 1999. Effect of the ratio between essential and nonessential amino acids in the diet on utilization of nitrogen and amino acids by growing pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 77: 1777.
102. Lewis, A. J. 1985. Use of synthetic amino acids in practical rations. In Proceedings of the Carolina Swine Nutrition Conference, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 32.
103. Lewis, A. J. 1995. Ideal protein for swine: fact, fantasy, and the future. In Proceedings of the Carolina Swine Nutrition Conference, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 69.
104. Lewis, A. J., and D. H. Baker. 1995. Bioavailability of D-amino acids and DL-hydroxy methionine. In Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals: Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins, Ammerman, C. B., D. H. Baker, and A. J. Lewis, Eds., Academic Press, New York, chap. 3.
105. Lewis, A. J., and H. S. Bayley. 1995. Amino acid bioavailability. In Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals: Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins, Ammerman, C. B., D. H. Baker, and A. J. Lewis, Eds., Academic Press, New York, chap. 2.
106. Lewis, A. J., and N. Nishimura. 1995. Valine requirement of the finishing pig, J. Anim. Sci., 73: 2315.
107. Lewis, A. J., E. R. Peo, Jr., P. J. Cunningham, and B. D. Moser. 1977. Determination of the optimum dietary proportions of lysine and tryptophan for growing pigs based on growth, food intake and plasma metabolites, J. Nutr., 107: 1369.
108. Lewis, A. J., E. R. Peo, Jr., B. D. Moser, and T. D. Crenshaw. 1979. Additions of lysine, tryptophan, methionine and isoleucine to all-corn diets for finishing swine, Nutr. Rep. Int., 19: 533.
109. Lewis, A. J., E. R. Peo, Jr., and J. D. Hancock. 1986. Effect of lysine additions in excess of the requirement on the performance of weanling pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 63(Suppl. 1): 271 (Abstr.).
110. Liu, C. H., V. W. Hays, H. J. Svec, D. V. Catron, G. C. Ashton, and V. C. Speer. 1955. The fate of urea in growing pigs, J. Nutr., 57: 241.
111. Luce, W. G., E. R. Peo, Jr., and D. B. Hudman. 1964. Effect of amino acid supplementation of rations containing meat and bone scraps on rate of gain, feed conversion and digestibility of certain ration components for growing-finishing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 23: 521.
112. Mahan, D. C., and R. G. Shields, Jr. 1998. Essential and nonessential amino acid composition of pigs from birth to 145 kilograms of body weight, and comparison to other studies, J. Anim. Sci., 76: 513.
113. Markert, W., M. Kirchgessner, and F. X. Roth. 1993. Balance studies with growing pigs to reduce N excretion. I. Optimal supply with essential amino acids, J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 70: 159.
114. Mertz, E. T., D. C. Shelton, and W. M. Beeson. 1949. The amino acid requirements of swine, lysine, J. Anim. Sci., 8: 524.
115. Mertz, E. T., W. M. Beeson, and H. D. Jackson. 1952. Classification of essential amino acids for the weanling pig, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 38: 121.
116. Mertz, E. T., J. N. Henson, and W. M. Beeson. 1954. Quantitative phenylalanine requirement of the weanling pig, J. Anim. Sci., 13: 927.
117. Meunier-Salaün, M. C., M. Monnier, Y. Colléaux, B. Sève, and Y. Henry. 1991. Impact of dietary tryptophan and behavioral type on behavior, plasma cortisol, and brain metabolites of young pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 69: 3689.
118. Miller, E. R., J. Skomial, and P. K. Ku. 1981a. Nitrogen and energy balance of pigs fed corn-soy or balanced amino acid diets, J. Anim. Sci., 53(Suppl. 1): 255 (Abstr.).
119. Miller, E. R., J. Skomial, P. K. Ku, and M. G. Hogberg. 1981b. An evaluation of improving dietary amino acid balance of growing-finishing pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 53(Suppl. 1): 93 (Abstr.).
120. Mitchell, J. R., Jr., D. E. Becker, B. G. Harmon, H. W. Norton, and A. H. Jensen. 1968. Some amino acid needs of the young pig fed a semisynthetic diet, J. Anim. Sci., 27: 1322.
121. Mosenthin, R., H. Henkel, T. Mauritz-Boeck, W. C. Sauer, and L. Ozimek. 1986. Effect of microbial fermentation on nitrogen metabolism in growing pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 63(Suppl. 1): 281 (Abstr.).
122. Murch, S. J., R. L. Wilson, J. M. Murphy, and R. O. Ball. 1996. Proline is synthesized from intravenously infused arginine by piglets consuming low proline diets, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 76: 435.
123. Murphy, J. M. 1992. Effects of Nutrition and Development on Proline Metabolism in the Neonatal Piglet. M.Sc. thesis. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
124. Murphy, J. M., S. J. Murch, and R. O. Ball. 1996. Proline is synthesized from glutamate during intragastric infusion but not during intravenous infusion in neonatal pigs, J. Nutr., 126: 878.
125. NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th ed., National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
126. Obrock, H. C., P. S. Miller, and A. J. Lewis. 1997. The effects of reducing dietary crude protein concentration on odor in swine facilities. Univ. Nebraska Swine Rep., p. 14.
127. Oestemer, G. A., L. E. Hanson, and R. J. Meade. 1973. Leucine-isoleucine interrelationship in the young pig, J. Anim. Sci., 36: 674.
128. Partridge, I. G., A. G. Low, and H. D. Keal. 1985. A note on the effect of feeding frequency on nitrogen use in growing boars given diets with varying levels of free lysine, Anim. Prod., 40: 375.
129. Platter, P. D., E. R. Peo, Jr., P. E. Vipperman, and P. J. Cunningham. 1973. Effect of amino acids on nonprotein nitrogen utilization by G-F swine, J. Anim. Sci., 37: 514.
130. Pond, W. G. 1973. Influence of maternal protein and energy nutrition during gestation on progeny performance in swine, J. Anim. Sci., 36: 175.
131. Posho, L., B. Darcy-Vrillon, F. Blachier, and P. H. Duee. 1994. The contribution of glucose and glutamine to energy metabolism in newborn pig enterocytes, J. Nutr Biochem., 5: 284.
132. Purser, K. W., and T. D. Tanksley, Jr. 1976. Third and fourth limiting amino acids in sorghum for growing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 43: 257 (Abstr.).
133. Rechcigl, M., Jr., J. K. Loosli, D. J. Horsvath, and H. H. Williams. 1956. Histidine requirement of baby pigs, J. Nutr., 60: 619.
134. Reifsnyder, D. H., C. T. Young, and E. E. Jones. 1984. The use of low protein liquid diets to determine the methionine requirement and the efficacy of methionine hydroxy analogue for the three-week-old pig, J. Nutr., 114: 1705.
135. Robbins, K. R., and D. H. Baker. 1977. Phenylalanine requirement of the weanling pig and its relationship to tyrosine, J. Anim. Sci., 45: 113.
136. Roth, F. X., and M. Kirchgessner. 1989. Influence of the methionine: cystine relationship in the feed on the performance of growing pigs, J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 61: 265.
137. Roth, F. X., W. Markert, and M. Kirchgessner. 1993. Optimal supply of alpha-amino nitrogen for growing pigs. 2. Communication on balance studies to reduce N excretion, J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 70: 196.
138. Roth, F. X., J. Fickler, and M. Kirchgessner. 1994. N-balance of piglets as related to the omission of individual non-essential amino acids from the diet. 2. Communication on the importance of non-essential amino acids for protein retention, J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 72: 215.
139. Russell, L. E., G. L. Cromwell, and T. S. Stahly. 1983. Tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine and methionine supplementation of a 12% protein, lysine-supplemented, corn-soybean meal diet for growing pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 56: 1115.
140. Russell, L. E., R. A. Easter, V. Gomez-Rojas, and G. L. Cromwell. 1986. A note on the supplementation of low-protein, maize-soya-bean meal diets with lysine, tryptophan, threonine and methionine for growing pigs, Anim. Prod., 42: 291.
141. Russell, L. E., B. J. Kerr, and R. A. Easter. 1987. Limiting amino acids in an 11% crude protein corn-soybean meal diet for growing pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 65: 1266.
142. Samuels, S. E., H. L. M. Aarts, and R. O. Ball. 1989a. Effects of dietary proline on proline metabolism in the neonatal pig, J. Nutr., 119: 1900.
143. Samuels, S. E., K. S. Acton, and R. O. Ball. 1989b. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline oxidase activity in the neonatal pig, J. Nutr., 119: 1999.
144. Sauer, W. C., and L. Ozimek. 1986. Digestibility of amino acids in swine: results and their practical applications, a review, Livest. Prod. Sci., 15: 367.
145. Sawadogo, M. L., A. Piva, A. Panciroli, E. Meola, A. Mordenti, and B. Sève. 1997. Marginal efficiency of free or protected crystalline L-tryptophan for tryptophan and protein accretion in early-weaned pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 75: 1561.
146. SCA. 1987. Feeding Standards for Australian Livestock. Pigs. Standing Committee on Agriculture, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
147. Schutte, J. B., E. J. Van Weerden, and F. Koch. 1988. Utilization of DL- and L-tryptophan in young pigs, Anim. Prod., 46: 447.
148. Sève, B., M. C. Meunier-Salaün, M. Monnier, Y. Colléaux, and Y. Henry. 1991. Impact of dietary tryptophan and behavioral type on growth performance and plasma amino acids of young pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 69: 3679.
149. Sewell, R. F., J. K. Loosli, L. A. Maynard, H. H. Williams, and B. E. Sheffy. 1953. The quantitative threonine requirement of the suckling pig, J. Nutr., 49: 435.
150. Sharda, D. P., D. C. Mahan, and R. F. Wilson. 1976. Limiting amino acids in low-protein corn-soybean meal diets for growing-finishing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 42: 1175.
151. Shelton, D. C., W. M. Beeson, and E. T. Mertz. 1950. Growth of weanling pigs on a diet containing ten purified amino acids, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 29: 446.
152. Shelton, D. C., W. M. Beeson, and E. T. Mertz. 1951a. Quantitative DL-tryptophan requirement of the weanling pig, J. Anim. Sci., 10: 73.
153. Shelton, D. C., W. M. Beeson, and E. T. Mertz. 1951b. Quantitative L-lysine requirement of the weanling pig, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 30: 1.
154. Shelton, D. C., W. M. Beeson, and E. T. Mertz. 1951c. The effect of methionine and cystine on the growth of weanling pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 10: 57.
155. Sibbald, I. R. 1987. Estimation of bioavailable amino acids in feedingstuffs for poultry and pigs: a review with emphasis on balance experiments, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 67: 221.
156. Sokol, L., R. L. Harrold, and C. H. Haugse. 1979. Utilization of ammonium salts by growing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 49(Suppl. 1): 95 (Abstr.).
157. Southern, L. L. 1991. Digestible Amino Acids and Digestible Amino Acid Requirements for Swine, BioKyowa Technical Review 2, Nutri-Quest, Chesterfield, MO.
158. Southern, L. L., and D. H. Baker. 1982. Performance and concentration of amino acids in plasma and urine of young pigs fed diets with excesses of either arginine or lysine, J. Anim. Sci., 55: 857.
159. Southern, L. L., and D. H. Baker. 1983. Arginine requirement of the young pig, J. Anim. Sci., 57: 402.
160. Stables, N. H. J., and J. R. Carr. 1976. Growth and nitrogen balance studies with growing pigs fed on diets containing normal or opaque-2 maize, meat and bone meal, and synthetic amino acids, N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 19: 311.
161. Stockland, W. L., R. J. Meade, and J. W. Nordstrom. 1971. Lysine, methionine and tryptophan supplementation of a corn-meal and bone meal diet for growing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 32: 262.
162. Stucki, W. P., and A. E. Harper. 1961. Importance of dispensable amino acids for normal growth of chicks, J. Nutr., 74: 377.
163. Susenbeth, A. 1995. Factors affecting lysine utilization in growing pigs: an analysis of literature data, Livest. Prod. Sci., 43: 193.
164. Tanksley, T. D., Jr., and D. A. Knabe. 1984. Ileal digestibilities of amino acids in pig feeds and their use in formulating diets. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition-1984, Haresign, W., and D. J. A. Cole, Eds., Butterworths, London.
165. Thacker, P. A., J. P. Bowland, L. P. Milligan, and E. Weltzien. 1982. Effects of graded dietary protein levels on urea recycling in the pig, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 62: 1193.
166. Thacker, P. A., W. C. Sauer, and H. Jørgensen. 1984. Amino acid availability and urea recycling in finishing swine fed barley-based diets supplemented with soybean meal or sunflower meal, J. Anim. Sci., 59: 409.
167. Van Soest, P. J., and C. J. Sniffen. 1984. Nitrogen fractions in NDF and ADF. In Proceedings of the Distillers Feed Conference, 39: 73, Cincinnati, OH.
168. Wahlstrom, R. C., and G. W. Libal. 1974. Gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of swine fed supplemental lysine and methionine in corn-soybean meal diets during the growing and finishing periods, J. Anim. Sci., 38: 1261.
169. Wang, T. C., and M. F. Fuller. 1989. The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 1. Experiments by amino acid deletion, Br. J. Nutr., 62: 77.
170. Ward, T. L., and L. L. Southern. 1995. Sorghum amino acid-supplemented diets for the 50- to 100-kilogram pig, J. Anim. Sci., 73: 1746.
171. Wehrbein, G. F., P. E. Vipperman, Jr., E. R. Peo, Jr., and P. J. Cunningham. 1970. Diammonium citrate and diammonium phosphate as sources of dietary nitrogen for growing-finishing swine, J. Anim. Sci., 31: 327.
172. West, H. D., and H. E. Carter. 1938. Synthesis of α-amino-β-hydroxy-n-butyric acids. VI. Preparation of d- and l-allothreonine and nutritive value of the four isomers, J. Biol. Chem., 122: 611.
173. Wu, G., A. G. Borbolla, and D. A. Knabe. 1994. The uptake and release of arginine, citrulline and proline by the small intestine of developing pigs, J. Nutr., 124: 2437.
174. Wu, G., and D. A. Knabe. 1995. Arginine synthesis in enterocytes of neonatal pigs, Am. J. Physiol., 269: R261.
175. Wu, G., D. A. Knabe, W. Yan, and N. E. Flynn. 1995. Glutamine and glucose metabolism in enterocytes of the neonatal pig, Am. J. Physiol., 268: R334.
176. Wu, G. Y., S. A. Meier, and D. A. Knabe. 1996. Dietary glutamine supplementation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs, J. Nutr., 126: 2578.
177. Yoo, S. S., C. J. Field, and M. I. Burney. 1997. Glutamine supplementation maintains intramuscular glutamine concentrations and normalizes lymphocyte function in infected early weaned pigs, J. Nutr., 127: 2253.