Correction: Distribution and determinants of pneumonia diagnosis using integrated management of childhood illness guidelines: A nationally representative study in Malawi (BMJ Global Health (2018) 3 (e000506) DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000506);Distribution and determinants of pneumonia diagnosis using Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines: A nationally representative study in Malawi

BMJ Global Health

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2018, Pages

  Uwemedimo, Omolara T ^a   Lewis, Todd P ^b   Essien, Elsie A ^c   Chan, Grace J ^b   Nsona, Humphreys ^d   Kruk, Margaret E ^b   Leslie, Hannah H ^b  

^a DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c Northwell Health   (United States)

^d MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Malawi)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85055616981     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20597908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000506corr1     Document Type: Erratum

References (66)

1. Victora CG, Requejo JH, Barros AJ, et al. Countdown to 2015: a decade of tracking progress for maternal, newborn, and child survival. Lancet 2016;387:2049-59.
2. World Health Organization. Towards a grand convergence for child survival and health: a strategic review of options for the future building on lessons learnt from IMNCI. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2016.
3. World Health Organization. The United Nations Children's Fund. Ending preventable child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhea by 2025: the integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2013.
4. Kallander K, Burgess DH, Qazi SA. Early identification and treatment of pneumonia: a call to action. Lancet Glob Health 2016;4:e12-3.
5. Bjornstad E, Preidis GA, Lufesi N, et al. Determining the quality of IMCI pneumonia care in Malawian children. Paediatr Int Child Health 2014;34:29-36.
6. Rambaud-Althaus C, Althaus F, Genton B, et al. Clinical features for diagnosis of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:439-50.
7. Kanyuka M, Ndawala J, Mleme T, et al. Malawi and Millennium Development Goal 4: a Countdown to 2015 country case study. Lancet Glob Health 2016;4:e201-14.
8. Nsona H, Mtimuni A, Daelmans B, et al. Scaling up integrated community case management of childhood illness: update from Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012;87:54-60.
9. Malawi Ministry of Health. Malawi Child Health Strategy for Survival and Health Development of Under-five Children in Malawi 2014-2020. Lilongwe, Malawi: Malawi Ministry of Health, 2013. (accessed 18 Dec 2013).
10. El Arifeen S, Blum LS, Hoque DM, et al. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Bangladesh: early findings from a cluster-randomised study. Lancet 2004;364:1595-602.
11. Gove S. Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:7-24.
12. Kalu N, Lufesi N, Havens D, et al. Implementation of World Health Organization Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) Guidelines for the Assessment of Pneumonia in the Under 5s in Rural Malawi. PLoS One 2016;11:e0155830.
13. Armstrong Schellenberg J, Bryce J, de Savigny D, et al. The effect of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness on observed quality of care of under-fives in rural Tanzania. Health Policy Plan 2004;19:1-10.
14. Victora CG, Huicho L, Amaral JJ, et al. Are health interventions implemented where they are most needed? District uptake of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy in Brazil, Peru and the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 2006;84:792-801.
15. Gouws E, Bryce J, Habicht JP, et al. Improving antimicrobial use among health workers in first-level facilities: results from the multi-country evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82:509-15.
16. Amaral J, Gouws E, Bryce J, et al. Effect of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on health worker performance in Northeast-Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2004;20:S209-19.
17. Bryce J, Gouws E, Adam T, et al. Improving quality and efficiency of facility-based child health care through Integrated Management of Childhood Illness in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan 2005;20:i69-i76.
18. Bryce J, Victora CG, Habicht JP, et al. Programmatic pathways to child survival: results of a multi-country evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Health Policy Plan 2005;20:i5-17.
19. Naimoli JF, Rowe AK, Lyaghfouri A, et al. Effect of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy on health care quality in Morocco. Int J Qual Health Care 2006;18:134-44.
20. Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Adam T, Mshinda H, et al. Effectiveness and cost of facility-based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Tanzania. Lancet 2004;364:1583-94.
21. Arifeen SE, Bryce J, Gouws E, et al. Quality of care for under-fives in first-level health facilities in one district of Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:260-7.
22. Ahmed HM, Mitchell M, Hedt B. National implementation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): policy constraints and strategies. Health Policy 2010;96:128-33.
23. Pariyo GW, Gouws E, Bryce J, et al. Improving facility-based care for sick children in Uganda: training is not enough. Health Policy Plan 2005;20:i58-68.
24. Horwood C, Vermaak K, Rollins N, et al. An evaluation of the quality of IMCI assessments among IMCI trained health workers in South Africa. PLoS One 2009;4:e5937.
25. Lange S, Mwisongo A, Mæstad O. Why don't clinicians adhere more consistently to guidelines for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)? Soc Sci Med 2014;104:56-63.
26. Baiden F, Owusu-Agyei S, Bawah J, et al. An evaluation of the clinical assessments of under-five febrile children presenting to primary health facilities in rural Ghana. PLoS One 2011;6:e28944.
27. Druetz T, Siekmans K, Goossens S, et al. The community case management of pneumonia in Africa: a review of the evidence. Health Policy Plan 2015;30:253-66.
28. Gilroy KE, Callaghan-Koru JA, Cardemil CV, et al. Quality of sick child care delivered by Health Surveillance Assistants in Malawi. Health Policy Plan 2013;28:573-85.
29. Johansson EW, Selling KE, Nsona H, et al. Integrated paediatric fever management and antibiotic over-treatment in Malawi health facilities: data mining a national facility census. Malar J 2016;15:396.
30. Johansson EW, Nsona H, Carvajal-Aguirre L, et al. Determinants of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) non-severe pneumonia classification and care in Malawi health facilities: Analysis of a national facility census. J Glob Health 2017;7:020408.
31. McCollum ED, King C, Deula R, et al. Pulse oximetry for children with pneumonia treated as outpatients in rural Malawi. Bull World Health Organ 2016;94:893-902.
32. World Health Organization. Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) Reference Manual. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2013.
33. .World Health Organization. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: chart booklet. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2014.
34. Zou G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:702-6.
35. Ministry of Health (MoH) [Malawi], ICF International. Malawi Service Provision Assessment (MSPA) 2013-2014. Lilongwe, Malawi and Rockville, Maryland: MoH and ICF International, 2014.
36. Steinhardt LC, Onikpo F, Kouamé J, et al. Predictors of health worker performance after Integrated Management of Childhood Illness training in Benin: a cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2015;15:276.
37. le Roux DM, Myer L, Nicol MP, et al. Incidence and severity of childhood pneumonia in the first year of life in a South African birth cohort: the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Lancet Glob Health 2015;3:e95-103.
38. World Health Organization. Revised WHO classification and treatment of childhood pneumonia at health facilities: evidence summaries. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2014.
39. Anyangwe SC, Mtonga C. Inequities in the global health workforce: the greatest impediment to health in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2007;4:93-100.
40. Manafa O, McAuliffe E, Maseko F, et al. Retention of health workers in Malawi: perspectives of health workers and district management. Hum Resour Health 2009;7:65.
41. Fulton BD, Scheffler RM, Sparkes SP, et al. Health workforce skill mix and task shifting in low income countries: a review of recent evidence. Hum Resour Health 2011;9:1.
42. Chimwaza W, Chipeta E, Ngwira A, et al. What makes staff consider leaving the health service in Malawi? Hum Resour Health 2014;12:17.
43. Lunze K, Biemba G, Lawrence JJ, et al. Clinical management of children with fever: a cross-sectional study of quality of care in rural Zambia. Bull World Health Organ 2017;95:333-42.
44. Kruk ME, Chukwuma A, Mbaruku G, et al. Variation in quality of primary-care services in Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 2017;95:408-18.
45. Nguyen DT, Leung KK, McIntyre L, et al. Does Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) training improve the skills of health workers? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8:e66030.
46. Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Holloway KA, et al. Does shortening the training on Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines reduce its effectiveness? A systematic review. Health Policy Plan 2012;27:179-93.
47. Leslie HH, Gage A, Nsona H, et al. Training and supervision did not meaningfully improve quality of care for pregnant women or sick children in sub-Saharan Africa. Health Aff 2016;35:1716-24.
48. Bosch-Capblanch X, Liaqat S, Garner P. Managerial supervision to improve primary health care in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;9:CD006413.
49. Rowe AK, de Savigny D, Lanata CF, et al. How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings? Lancet 2005;366:1026-35.
50. Rowe AK, Onikpo F, Lama M, et al. The rise and fall of supervision in a project designed to strengthen supervision of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness in Benin. Health Policy Plan 2010;25:125-34.
51. Freund T, Everett C, Griffiths P, et al. Skill mix, roles and remuneration in the primary care workforce: who are the healthcare professionals in the primary care teams across the world? Int J Nurs Stud 2015;52:727-43.
52. Anatole M, Magge H, Redditt V, et al. Nurse mentorship to improve the quality of health care delivery in rural Rwanda. Nurs Outlook 2013;61:137-44.
53. Magge H, Anatole M, Cyamatare FR, et al. Mentoring and quality improvement strengthen integrated management of childhood illness implementation in rural Rwanda. Arch Dis Child 2015;100:565-70.
54. Rakha MA, Abdelmoneim AN, Farhoud S, et al. Does implementation of the IMCI strategy have an impact on child mortality? A retrospective analysis of routine data from Egypt. BMJ Open 2013;3:e001852.
55. Bailey C, Blake C, Schriver M, et al. A systematic review of supportive supervision as a strategy to improve primary healthcare services in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016;132:117-25.
56. Mboya D, Mshana C, Kessy F, et al. Embedding systematic quality assessments in supportive supervision at primary healthcare level: application of an electronic tool to improve quality of healthcare in Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res 2016;16:578.
57. Agha S. The impact of a quality-improvement package on reproductive health services delivered by private providers in Uganda. Stud Fam Plann 2010;41:205-15.
58. Bradley J, Igras S. Improving the quality of child health services: participatory action by providers. Int J Qual Health Care 2005;17:391-9.
59. Suh S, Moreira P, Ly M. Improving quality of reproductive health care in Senegal through formative supervision: results from four districts. Hum Resour Health 2007;5:26.
60. Mohanan M, Vera-Hernández M, Das V, et al. The know-do gap in quality of health care for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia in rural India. JAMA Pediatr 2015;169:349-57.
61. Ginsburg AS, Van Cleve WC, Thompson MI, et al. Oxygen and pulse oximetry in childhood pneumonia: a survey of healthcare providers in resource-limited settings. J Trop Pediatr 2012;58:389-93.
62. Ginsburg AS, Delarosa J, Brunette W, et al. mPneumonia: development of an innovative mhealth application for diagnosing and treating childhood pneumonia and other childhood illnesses in low-resource settings. PLoS One 2015;10:e0139625.
63. Enoch AJ, English M, Shepperd S. Does pulse oximeter use impact health outcomes? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2016;101:694-700.
64. Emdin CA, Mir F, Sultana S, et al. Utility and feasibility of integrating pulse oximetry into the routine assessment of young infants at primary care clinics in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2015;15:141.
65. Ginsburg AS, Tawiah Agyemang C, Ambler G, et al. mpneumonia, an innovation for diagnosing and treating childhood pneumonia in low-resource settings: a feasibility, usability and acceptability study in Ghana. PLoS One 2016;11:e0165201.
66. Aston SJ. The role of rapid diagnostic tests in managing adults with pneumonia in low-resource settings. Pneumonia 2014;5:8-17.