Toxic responses of the skin

Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts: Organs

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 151-223

  McKim, James M ^a   Lien, Gregory J ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85053958086     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781315109244     Document Type: Chapter

References (262)

1. Agrawal, S.K., Ral, A.K., Banerjee, T.K. and Mittal, A.K. 1979. Histophysiology of the epidermal mucous cells in relation to salinity in a freshwater teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) (Heteropneustidae, Pisces). Zoologische Beitraege 25: 403-410.
2. Ali, S.A., Schoonen, W.G.E.J., Lambert, J.G.D., Van den Hurk, R. and Van Oordt, P.G.W.J. 1987. General and Comparative Endocrinology 66: 415-424.
3. Allen, A. 1978. Structure of gastrointestinal mucous glycoproteins and the viscous and gel forming properties of mucous. In Chemical Aspects of Mucus. Clamp, J.R., Allen, A., Gibbons, R.A. and Roberts, G.P. (eds). British Medical Bulletin 34: 28-33.
4. Asakawa, M. 1974. Sialic acid containing glycoprotein in the external mucus of eel, Anguilla japonica Temminck et Shlegel-II carbohydrate and amino acid composition. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 40: 303-308.
5. Banerjee, T.K. 1993. Response of fish skin to certain ambient toxicants. In Advances in Fish Research, Vol. I. Singh, B.R (ed.), pp. 185-192. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi.
6. Barber, M.C., Suarez, L.A. and Lassiter, R.R. 1988. Modeling bioconcentration of nonpolar organic pollutants by fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7: 545-558.
7. Barron, M.G., Tarr, B.D. and Hayton, W.L. 1987. Temperature-dependence of cardiac output and regional blood flow in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson). Journal of Fish Biology 31: 735-744.
8. Baumann, P.C. and Whittle, D.M. 1988. The status of selected organics in the Laurentian Great Lakes: An overview of DDT, PCB, dioxins, furans, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aquatic Toxicology 11: 241-257.
9. Baumann, P.C., Smith, W.D. and Parland, W.K. 1987. Tumor frequencies and contaminant concentrations in brown bullheads from an industrialized river and a recreational lake. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116: 79-86.
10. Baumann, PC., Smith, I.R. and Metcalfe, C.D. 1996. Linkages between chemical contaminants and tumors in benthic great lakes fish. Great Lakes Research 22: 131-152.
11. Bereiter-Hahn, J. and Zylberberg, L. 1993. Regeneration of teleost fish scale. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 105A: 625-641.
12. Berghahn, R., Bullock, A.M. and Karakiri, M. 1993. Effects of solar radiation on the population dynamics of juvenile flatfish in the shallows of the Wadden Sea. Journal of Fish Biology 42: 329-345.
13. Bemadsky, G., Sar, N. and Rosenberg, E. 1993. Drag reduction of fish skin mucus: Relationship to mode of swimming and size. Journal of Fish Biology 42: 797-800.
14. Bertelsen, S.L., Hoffman, A.D., Gallinat, C.A., Elonen, C.M. and Nichols, J.W. 1998. Evaluation of log Kow and tissue lipid content as predictors of chemical partitioning to fish tissues. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 1447-1455.
15. Black, J.J. 1982. Epidermal hyperplasia and neoplasia in brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) in response to repeated applications of a PAH containing extract of polluted river sediment. In Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Formation, Metabolism, and Measurement. Cooke, M.W. and Dennis, A.J. (eds), pp. 149-211. Batelle Press, Columbus, OH.
16. Black, J.J. 1983. Field and laboratory studies of environmental carcinogenesis in Niagara River fish. Journal of Great Lakes Research 9: 326-334.
17. Black J.J. and Baumann, P.C. 1991. Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes. Environmental Health Perspectives 90: 27-33.
18. Black, M.C. and McCarthy, J.F. 1988. Dissolved organic macromolecules reduce the uptake of hydrophobic organic contaminants by the gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1: 593-600.
19. Black, J., Fox, H., Black, P. and Bock, F. 1985. Carcinogenic effects of river sediment extracts in fish and mice. In Water Chlorination: Chemistry, Environmental Impact, and Health Effects, Vol. 5. Jolley, R.L., Condie, L.W., Johnson, J.D., Katz, S., Minear, R.A., Mattice, J.S. and Jacobs, V.A. (eds), Ch. 33. CRC Press, New York.
20. Black, M.C., Millsap, D.S. and McCarthy, J.F. 1991. Effects of acute temperature change on respiration and toxicant uptake by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson). Physiological Zoology 64: 145-168.
21. Boddington, M.J., Mackenzie, B.A. and DeFreitas, A.S.W. 1979. A respirometer to measure the uptake efficiency of waterborne contaminants in fish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 3: 383-393.
22. Bradshaw, C.M., Richard, A.S. and Sigel, M.M. 1971. Igm antibodies in fish mucus. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 136: 1122.
23. Bullock, A.M. 1985. The effect of ultraviolet-B radiation upon the skin of the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., infested with the bodonid ectoparasite Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883). Journal of Fish Diseases 8: 547-550.
24. Bullock, A.M. and Coutts, R.R. 1985. The impact of solar ultraviolet radiation upon the skin of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, farmed at high altitude in Bolivia. Journal of Fish Diseases 8: 263-272.
25. Bullock, A.M. and Roberts, R.J. 1975. The dermatology of marine teleost fish. I. The normal integument. Oceanography and Marine Biology 13: 383-411.
26. Chiou, C.T., Freed, V.H., Schmedding, D.W., and Kohnert, R.L. 1977. Partition coefficient and bioaccumulation of selected organic chemicals. Environmental Science and Technology 11: 475-478.
27. Collander, R. 1949. The permeability of plant protoplasts to small molecules. Physiology Plantarum 2: 300-311.
28. Colombo, L., Marconato, A., Colombo Belvedere, P. and Frisco, C. 1980. Endocrinology of teleost reproduction: A testicular steroid pheromone in black goby, Gobius jozo L. Bollettino di Zoologia 47: 355-364.
29. Crowther, R.S. and Marriott, C. 1984. Counter-ion binding to mucus glycoproteins. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 36: 21-26.
30. Daniel, T.L. 1981. Fish mucus: In situ measurements of polymer drag reduction. Biological Bulletin: Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole 160: 376-382.
31. Dawe, C.J. 1981. Polyoma tumors in mice and X cell tumors in fish, viewed through telescope and microscope. In Phyletic Approaches to Cancer. Dawe, C.J., Harshbarger, J.C., Kondo, S., Sugimura, T. and Takayama, S. (eds), pp. 19-49. Japan Science Society Press, Tokyo.
32. Dawe, C.J., Bagshaw, J. and Poore, C.M. 1979. Amebic pseudotumors in pseudobranches of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus (Abstract). Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 20: 245.
33. Dawson, M.A. and Renfro, J.L. 1990. Organic ion secretion by winter flounder renal proximal tubule primary monolayer cultures. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 254: 39-44.
34. Daye, P.G. and Garside, E.T. 1976. Histopathologic changes in surfical tissues of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), exposed to acute and chronic levels of pH. Canadian Journal of Zoology 54: 2140-2155.
35. Daye, P.G. and Garside, E.T. 1980. Structural alterations in embryos and alevins of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (L.), induced by continuous or short-term exposure to acidic levels of pH. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58: 21-43.
36. Diconza, J.J. 1970. Some characteristics of natural haemagglutinins found in serum and mucus of the catfish, Tachysurus australis. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 48: 515.
37. Enmoto, N., Nakagawa, H. and Tomiyasu Y. 1964. Studies on the external mucous substance of fish. IX. Preparation of crystalline n-acetyl neuraminic acid from the external mucous substance of the loach. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 30: 495-499.
38. Erickson, R.J. and McKim, J.M. 1990a. A simple flow-limited model for exchange of organic chemicals at fish gills. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9: 159-165.
39. Erickson, R.J. and McKim, J.M. 1990b. A model for exchange of organic chemicals at fish gills: Flow and diffusion limitations. Aquatic Toxicology 18: 175-198.
40. Ermer, M. 1970. Versuche mit cancerogenen Mitteln bei kurzlebigen Fischarten. Zoologischer Anzeiger 184: 175-193.
41. Fent, K. and Meier, W. 1994. Effects of triphenyltin on fish early life stages. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27: 224-231.
42. Ferreira, J.T., Schoonbee, H.J. and Smit, G.L. 1984. The uptake of the anaesthetic benzocaine hydrochloride by the gills and the skin of three freshwater fish species. Journal of Fish Biology 25: 35-41.
43. Fletcher, T.C. 1978. Defence mechanisms in fish. In Biochemical and Biophysical Perspectives in Marine Biology, Vol. 4. Malins, D.C. and Sargent, J.R. (eds), pp. 189-222, Academic Press, New York.
44. Fletcher T.C. and Grant, P.T. 1968. Glycoproteins in the external mucous secretions of the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, and other fishes. Biochemical Journal 106: 205-224.
45. Fletcher, T.C. and Grant, P.T. 1969. Immunoglobulin in the serum and mucus of the plaice (.Pleuronectes platessa). Biochemical Journal 115: 65.
46. Fletcher, T.C. and White, A. 1973. Lysozyme activity in the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.). Experientia 29: 1283.
47. Gillette, J.R. 1987. Dose, species, and route extrapolation: general aspects. In Pharmacokinetics in Risk Assessment, Vol. 8. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
48. Grizzle, J. 1979. Anatomy and Histology of the Golden Shiner and Fathead Minnow. Special Publication, National Technical Information Service (NTIS) PB-294219. Auburn University Press, Auburn, AL.
49. Grizzle, J.M. and Rogers, W.A. 1976. Anatomy and Histology of the Channel Catfish. Special Publication (Project 2-187-R). Auburn University Press, Auburn, AL.
50. Grizzle, J., Schwedler, T.E. and Scott, A.L. 1981. Papillomas of black bullheads, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque), living in a chlorinated sewage pond. Journal of Fish Diseases 4: 345-351.
51. Grizzle, J.M., Melius, M.P. and Strength, D.R. 1984. Papillomas on fish exposed to chlorinated wastewater effluent. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 73: 1133-1142.
52. Guillen, J.L., Endo, M., Turnbull, J.F., Kawatsu, H., Richards, R.H. and Aoki, T. 1994. Skin responses and mortalities in the larvae of Japanese croaker exposed to ammonia. Fisheries Science 60: 547-550.
53. Guy, R.H., Hadgraft, J. and Maibach, H.I.1985. Percutaneous absorption in man: Akinetic approach. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 78: 123-129.
54. Harris, J. and Hunt, S. 1973. Epithelial mucins of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Transactions of the Biochemical Society 1: 153-155.
55. Harshbarger, J.C. and Clark, J.B. 1990. Epizootiology of neoplasms in bony fish of North America. The Science of the Total Environment 94: 1-32.
56. Hawkes, J.W. 1983. Skin and scales. In Microscopic Anatomy of Salmonids: An Atlas (Resource Publication 150). Yasutake, W.T. and Wales, J.H. (eds), pp. 14-23. US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
57. Hawkes, J.W. 1974a. The structure of fish skin. I. General organization. Cell and Tissue Research 149: 147-148.
58. Hawkes, J.W. 1974b. The structure of fish skin. II. The chromatophore unit. Cell and Tissue Research 149: 159-172.
59. Hay, J.B., Hodgins, M.B. and Roberts, R.J. 1976. Androgen metabolism in skin and skeletal muscle of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) and in accessory sexual organs of the spur dogfish (Squalus acanthias). General and Comparative Endocrinology 29: 402-413.
60. Hayes, M.A., Smith, I.R., Crane, T.L., Rushmore, T.H., Thom, C., Kocal, T.E. and Ferguson, H.W. 1990. Pathogenesis of skin and liver neoplasms in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from industrially polluted areas in Lake Ontario. Science of the Total Environment 94: 105-123.
61. Hayton, W.L. and Barron, M.G. 1990. Rate-limiting barriers to xenobiotic uptake by the gill. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9: 151-158.
62. Heath, A.G. 1987. Respiratory cardiovascular responses. In Water Pollution and Fish Physiology, pp. 31-49, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
63. Henrickson, R.C. and Matoltsy, A.G. 1968a. The fine structure of teleost epidermis. I. Introduction and filament containing cells. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 21: 194-212.
64. Henrickson, R.C. and Matoltsy, A.G. 1968b. The fine structure of teleost epidermis. II. Mucus cells. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 21: 213-221.
65. Henrickson, R.C. and Matoltsy, A.G. 1968c. The fine structure of teleost epidermis. III. Club cells and other cell types. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 21: 222-232.
66. Hoffman, A.D., Bertelsen, S.L. and Gargas, M.L. 1992. An in vitro gas equilibration method for determination of chemical partition coefficients in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 101A: 47-51.
67. Hoffman, A.D., Jenson, C.T., Lien, G.J. and McKim, J.M. 1999. Individual tissue weight to total body weight relationships and total, polar, and nonpolar lipids in tissues of hatchery lake trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128: 178-181.
68. Iger, Y. and Abraham, M. 1989. Effects of lead pollution on carp skin. In Proceedings of the 1989 European Aquaculture Society Conference (Special publication, No. 10). Billard, R. and Pauw, N. (eds), pp. 131-133. European Aquaculture Society Press, Bordeaux, France.
69. Iger, Y., Abraham, M., Dotant, A., Fattal, B. and Rahamim, E. 1988. Cellular responses in the skin of carp maintained in organically fertilized water. Journal of Fish Biology 33: 711-720.
70. Iger, Y., Jenner, H.A. and Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1994a. Cellular responses in the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to Rhine water. Journal of Fish Biology45: 1119-1132.
71. Iger, Y., Jenner, H.A. and Bonga, S.E.W. 1994b. Cellular responses in the skin of the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to temperature elevation. Journal of Fish Biology 44: 921-935.
72. Iger, Y., Lock, R.A.C., Van der Meij, J.C.A. and Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1994c. Effects of water-borne cadmium on the skin of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26: 342-350.
73. Ingersoll, C.G., Sanchez, D.A., Meyer, J.S., Gulley, D.D. andTietge, J.E. 1990. Epidermal response to pH, aluminum, and calcium exposure in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) fry. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47: 1616-1622.
74. Ishimatsu, A., Iwama, G.K., Bentley, T.B. and Heisler, N. 1992. Contribution of the secondary circulatory system to acid-base regulation during hypercapnia in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Experimental Biology 170: 43-56.
75. Jakubowski, M. 1977. Size and vascularization of respiratory surfaces of gills and skin in some Cobitids (Cobitidae, Pisces). Bulletin De L’Academie Polonaise Des Sciences, Serie des sciences biologiques Cl. 2. 25: 307-316.
76. Jakubowski, M. 1982. Size and vascularization of the gill and skin respiratory surfaces in the white amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series: Zoologia, 24: 93-104.
77. Jakubowski, M. and Rembiszewski, J.M. 1974. Vascularization and size of respiratory surfaces of gills and skin in the antarctic fish Gymnodraco acuticeps Boul. (Bathydraconidae). Bulletin De LAcademie Polonaise Des Sciences, Serie des sciences biologiques Cl. 2. 22: 305-313.
78. Khangarot, B.S. and Tripathi, D.M. 1991. Changes in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and in skin and respiratory surfaces of catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis, following copper exposure. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 22: 291-308.
79. Khangarot, B.S. and Tripathi, D.M. 1992. The stereoscan observations of the skin of catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis, following chromium exposure. Journal of Environmental Science and Health (Part A) 27: 1141-1148.
80. Kimura, I., Taniguchi, N., Kumai, H., Tomita, I., Kinae, N., Yoshizaki, K., Ito, M. and Ishikawa, T. 1984. Correlation of epizootiological observations with experimental data: Chemical induction of chromatophoromas in the croaker, Nibea mitsukurii. In Use of Small Fish Species in Carcinogenicity Testing, National Cancer Institute Monograph65, pp. 139-154, NIH Publication No. 84-2653, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
81. Kirsch, R. and Nonnotte, G. 1977. Cutaneous respiration in three fresh-water teleosts. Respiration Physiology 29: 339-354.
82. Lambert, J.G.D., Van den Hurk, R., Schoonen, W.G.E.J., Resink, J.W. and Van Oordt, P.G.W.J. 1986. Gonadal steroidogenesis and the possible role of steroid glucuronides as sex pheromones in two species of teleosts. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2: 101-107.
83. Landrum, P.F., Hayton, W.L., Lee, II H.L., McCarty, L.S., Mackay, D. and McKim, J.M. 1994. Synopsis of discussion sessions on the kinetics behind environmental bioavailability. In Bioavailability: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Interactions. Hamelink, J.L., Landrum, P.F., Bergman, H.L. and Benson, W.H. (eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton.
84. Leonard, J.B. and Summers, R.G. 1976. The ultrastructure of the integument of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. Cell and Tissue Research 171: 1-30.
85. Lien, G.J. and McKim, J.M. 1993. Predicting branchial and cutaneous uptake of 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Rate limiting factors. Aquatic Toxicology 27: 15-32.
86. Lien, G.J., Nichols, J.W., McKim, J.M. and Gallinat, C.A. 1994. Modeling the accumulation of three waterborne chlorinated ethanes in fathead minnows (.Pimephales promelas): A physiologically based approach. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13: 1195-1205.
87. Lindesjoeoe, E. and Thulin, J. 1994. Histopathology of skin and gills of fish in pulp mill effluents. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 18: 81-93.
88. Little, E.E. and Fabacher, D.L. 1994. Comparative sensitivity to rainbow trout and two threatened salmonids, Apache trout and Lahontan cutthroat trout, to ultraviolet-B radiation. Archives of Hydrobiology 43: 217-226.
89. Lu, M., Wagner, G.F. and Renfro, J.L. 1994. Stanniocalcin stimulates phosphate reabsorption by flounder renal proximal tubule in primary culture. American Journal of Physiology 267: R1356-R1362.
90. Lucke, B. and Schlumberger, H. 1941. Transplantable epitheliomas of the lip and mouth of catfish. Journal of Experimental Medicine 74: 397-408.
91. McDonald, D.G. and McMahon, B.R. 1977. Respiratory development in Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus under conditions of normoxia and chronic hypoxia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55: 1461-1467.
92. McElman, J.F. and Balon, E.K. 1980. Early ontogeny of white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, with steps of saltatory development. Environmental Biology of Fishes 5: 191-224.
93. McKim, J.M. 1994. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms that regulate the accumulation and toxicity of environmental chemicals in fish. In Bioavailability: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Interactions. Hamelink, J.L., Landrum, P.F., Bergman, H.L. and Benson, W.H. (eds), pp. 179-203. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
94. McKim, J.M. and Erickson, R.J. 1991. Environmental impacts on the physiological mechanisms controlling xenobiotic transfer across fish gills. Physiological Zoology64: 39-67.
95. McKim, J.M. and Goeden, H.M. 1982. A direct measure of the uptake efficiency of a xenobiotic chemical across the gills of brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 72C: 65-74.
96. McKim, J.M. and Nichols, J.W. 1994. Use of physiologically based toxicokinetic models in a mechanistic approach to aquatic toxicology. In Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical, and Cellular Perspectives. Malins, D.C. and Ostrander, G.K. (eds), pp. 469-519, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
97. McKim, J.M., Schmieder, P.K. and Veith, G. 1985. Absorption dynamics of organic chemical transport across trout gills as related to octanol-water partition coefficient. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 77: 1-10.
98. McKim, J.M., Jr, McKim, J.M., Sr, Naumann, S., Hammermeister, D.E., Hoffman, A.D. and Klaassen, C.D. 1993. In vivo microdialysis sampling of phenol and phenyl glucuronide in the blood of unanesthetized rainbow trout. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 20: 190-198.
99. McKim, J.M., Nichols, J.W., Lien, G.J. and Bertelsen, S.L. 1994. Respiratory-cardiovascular physiology and chloroethane gill flux in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of Fish Biology 44: 527-547.
100. McKim, J.M., Nichols, J.W., Lien, G.J., Hoffman, A.D., Gallinat, C.A. and Stokes, G.N. 1996. Dermal absorption of three waterborne chloroethanes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 31: 218-228.
101. Marshall, W.S. 1978. On the involvement of mucous secretion in teleost osmoregulation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56: 1088-1091.
102. Marshall, W.S. 1988. Passive solute and fluid transport in brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis) urinary bladder epithelium. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 912-918.
103. Marshall, W.S., Bryson, S.E. and Idler, D.R. 1989. Control of ion transport by the sperm duct epithelium of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry1: 331-336.
104. Marshall, W.S., Bryson, S.E. and Wood, C.M. 1992. Calcium transport by isolated skin of rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology 166: 297-316.
105. Mawdesley-Thomas, L.E. 1975. Neoplasia in fish. In The Pathology of Fishes. Ribelin, W.E. and Migaki, G. (eds), pp. 805-870. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
106. Misra, V., Chawla, G., Kumar, V., Lai, H. and Viswanathan, P.N. 1987. Effect of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate in skin of fish fingerlings (Cirrhina mrigala): Observations with scanning electron microscope. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 13: 164-168.
107. Mittal, A.K. and Nigam, G.D. 1986. Fish skin surface lipids: Phospholipids. Journal of Fish Biology 29: 123-138.
108. Mix, M.C. 1986. Cancerous diseases in aquatic animals and their association with environmental pollutants: A critical literature review. In Marine Environmental Research, Special Issue, Vol. 20, nos 1 and 2. Heath, G.W. and US Regional (eds). Roesijadi, G. and Spies, R.B. (eds). Elsevier Applied Science Press, Essex, UK.
109. Musch, M.W., McConnell, F.M., Goldstein, L. and Field, M. 1987. Tyrosine transport in winter flounder intestine: Interaction with NA+-K+-2Cl-cotransport. American Journal of Physiology 253: R264-R269.
110. Nakano, T., Sato, M. and Takeuchi, M. 1993. Superoxide dismutase activity in the skin of fish. Journal of Fish Biology 43: 492-496.
111. Nichols, J.W., McKim, J.M., Andersen, M.E., Gargas, M.L., Clewell, III H.J. and Erickson, R.J. 1990. A physiologically-based toxicokinetic model for the uptake and disposition of waterborne organic chemicals in fish. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 106: 433-447.
112. Nichols, J.W., McKim, J.M., Lien, G.J., Hoffman, A.D. and Bertelsen, S.L. 1991. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic modeling of three waterborne chloroethanes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 110: 374-389.
113. Nichols, J.W., McKim, J.M., Lien, G.J., Hoffman, A.D., Bertelsen, S.L. and Gallinat, C.A. 1993. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic modeling of three waterborne chloroethanes in channel catfish (.Ictalurus punctatus). Aquatic Toxicology 27: 83112.
114. Nichols, J.W., McKim, J.M., Lien, G.J., Hoffman, A.D., Bertelsen, S.L. and Elonen, C.M. 1996. A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for dermal absorption of organic chemicals by fish. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 31: 229-242.
115. Nonnotte, G. 1981. Cutaneous respiration in six freshwater teleosts. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 70A: 541-543.
116. Nonnotte, G. 1984. Cutaneous respiration in the catfish Ictalurus melas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 78A: 515-517.
117. Nonnotte, G. and Kirsch, R. 1978. Cutaneous respiration in seven seawater teleosts. Respiration Physiology 35: 111-118.
118. Oikawa, S. and Itazawa, Y. 1985. Gill and body surface areas of the carp in relation to body mass, with special reference to the metabolism-size relationship. Journal of Experimental Biology 117: 1-14.
119. Olivereau, M. and Lemoine, A.M. 1971. Teneur en acide N-acetyl-neuraminique de la peau chez l’anguille apres autotransplantation de l’hypophyse. Zeitschrift fuer Vergleichnende Physiologie (Journal of Comparative Physiology) 73: 44-52.
120. Ourth, D.D. 1980. Secretory IgM, lysozyme and lymphocytes in the skin mucus of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 4: 65.
121. Paul, V.I. and Banerjee, T.K. 1996. Ammonium sulphate induced stress related alterations in the opercular epidermis of the live fish Heteropneustes (Saccobranchus) fossilis (Bloch). Current Science (Bangalore) 70: 1025-1029.
122. Pickering, A.D. 1974. The distribution of mucous cells in the epidermis of the brown trout Salmo trutta (L.) and the char Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Journal of Fish Biology 6: 111-118.
123. Pickering, A.D. 1976. Synthesis of N-acetyl neuraminic acid from [14C] glucose by the epidermis of the brown trout, Salmo trutta (L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 54B: 325-328.
124. Piiper, J. and Scheid, P. 1984. Model analysis of gas transfer in fish gills. In Fish Physiology, Gills - Anatomy, Gas Transfer and Acid-base Regulation, Vol. XA. Hoar, W.S. and Randall, D.J. (eds), pp. 229-262. Academic Press, New York.
125. Powell, M.D., Speare, D.J. and MacNair, N. 1994. Effects of intermittent chloramine-T exposure on growth, serum biochemistry, and fin condition of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:1728-1736.
126. Prasad, M. and Shil, M. 1993. Histopathology of skin of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis: Short-term effects of mercuric chloride. Journal of Fish Diseases, 16: 797-800.
127. Rajan, M.T. and Banerjee, T.K. 1991. Histopathological changes induced by acute toxicity of mercuric chloride on the epidermis of freshwater catfish, Heteroneustes fossilis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 22: 139-152.
128. Rajan, M.T. and Banerjee, T.K. 1994. Toxicity of a fish disinfectant, malachite green to Heteropneustes fossilis and induced changes in the mucocyte density of its skin. Journal of Freshwater Biology 6: 177-182.
129. Ramos, K.T., Fries, L.T., Berkhouse, C.S. and Fries, J.N. 1994. Apparent sunburn of juvenile paddlefish. Progressive Fish Culture 56: 214-216.
130. Richards, I.S. 1974. Caudal neurosecretory system: Possible role in pheromone production. Journal of Experimental Zoology 187: 405-408.
131. Roberts, R.J. and Bullock, A.M. 1976. The dermatology of marine teleost fish. II. Dermatopathology of the integument. Oceanography and Marine Biology an Annual Review 14: 227-246.
132. Rombough, PJ. 1998. Partitioning of oxygen uptake between the gills and skin in fish larvae: A novel method for estimating cutaneous oxygen uptake. The Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 1763-1769.
133. Rombough, PJ. and Moroz, B.M. 1990. The scaling and potential importance of cutaneous and branchial surfaces in respiratory gas exchange in young chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Journal of Experimental Biology 154: 1-12.
134. Rombough, P.J. and Ure, D. 1991. Partitioning of oxygen uptake between cutaneous and branchial surfaces in larval and young juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Physiological Zoology 64: 717-727.
135. Rosen, M.W. and Comford, N.E. 1971. Fluid friction of fish slimes. Nature (London) 234: 49-51.
136. Roy, D. 1988. Statistical analysis of anionic detergent-induced changes in the goblet mucous cells of opercular epidermis and gill epithelium of Rita rita (Ham.) (Bagridae: Pisces). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 15: 260-271.
137. Roy, U.K., Gupta, A.K. and Chakrabarti, P. 1993. Deleterious effect of zinc on the skin of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas). Journal of Freshwater Biology 5: 191-196.
138. Rozman, K.K. and Klaassen, C.D. 1996. Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants. In Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: the Basic Science of Poisons. Klaassen, C.D. (ed.), pp. 91-112. McGraw-Hill, New York.
139. Saarikoski, J., Lindstrom, R., Tyynela, M. and Viluksela, M. 1986. Factors affecting the absorption of phenolics and carboxylic acids in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 11: 158-173.
140. St. Louis, C.E.A., Oterland, C.K. and Anderson, P.D. 1984. Evidence for cutaneous secretory immune system in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Developmental and Comparative Immunology 8: 71-80.
141. Satchell, G.H. 1984. Respiratory toxicology of fishes. In Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. n. Weber, L.J. (ed.) pp. 1-50. Raven Press, New York.
142. Scheuplein, R.J. and Blank, I.H. 1971. Permeability of the skin. Physiological Reviews 51: 702-745.
143. Schindler, D.W. 1998. A dim future for boreal waters and landscapes. BioScience 48: 157-164.
144. Schmidt-Nielson, K. 1984. Scaling: Why is Animal Size so Important? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
145. Schmieder, P.K. and Henry, T.R. 1988. Plasma binding of 1-butanol, phenol, nitrobenzene and pentachlorophenol in the rainbow trout and rat: A comparative study. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 91C: 413-418.
146. Schmieder, P.K. and Weber, L.J. 1992. Blood and water flow limitations of gill uptake of organic chemicals in the rainbow trout (Onchorynchus my kiss). Aquatic Toxicology24: 103-122.
147. Shephard, K.L. 1981. The influence of mucus on the diffusion of water across fish epidermis. Physiological Zoology 54: 224-229.
148. Shephard, K.L. 1982. The influence of mucus on the diffusion of ions across the oesophagus of fish. Physiological Zoology 55: 23-34.
149. Shephard, K.L. 1984. The influence of mucus on the diffusion of chloride ions across the oesophagus of the minnow Phoxinus phoxinus (L.). Journal of Physiology (London)346: 449-460.
150. Sijm, D.T.H.M. and Van der Linde, A. 1995. Size-dependent bioconcentration kinetics of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish based on diffusive mass transfer and allometric relationships. Environmental Science Technology 29: 2769-2777.
151. Sijm, D.T.H.M., Part, P. and Opperhuizen, A. 1993. The influence of temperature on the uptake rate constants of hydrophobic compounds determined by the isolated perfused gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Toxicology 25: 1-14.
152. Sijm, D.T.H.M., Verbeme, M.E., Part, P. and Opperhuizen, A. 1994. Experimentally determined blood and water flow limitations for the uptake of hydrophobic compounds using perfused gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Allometric applications. Aquatic Toxicology 30: 325-341.
153. Smith, A.A., New, R.A., Wiles, J.E. and Kleinow, K.M. 1996. Effect of varying sediment organic carbon content upon the dermal bioavailability and disposition of benzo(a)pyrene in the catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Marine Environmental Research42: 87-91.
154. Smith, I.R., Ferguson, H.W. and Hayes, M.A. 1989. Histopathology and prevalence of epidermal papilloma epidemic in brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur), and white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) populations from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Fish Diseases 12: 373-388.
155. 2+ influx and efflux. Methods in Cell Biology 40: 115-134.
156. Soivio, A., Pesonen, S., Teravainen, T. and Nakari, T. 1982. Seasonal variations in oestrogen levels in the plasma of brown trout (Salmo trutta lacustris) and in the metabolism of testosterone in the skin. Annals Zoologici Fennici 19: 53-59.
157. Sonstegard, R.A. 1977. Environmental carcinogenesis studies in fishes of the Great Lakes of North America. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 298: 261-269.
158. Stein, W.D. 1967. The Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes. Academic Press, New York.
159. Streit, B. and Sire, E.O. 1993. On the role of blood proteins for uptake, distribution, and clearance of waterborne lipophilic xenobiotics by fish: A linear system analysis. Chemosphere 26: 1031-1039.
160. Streit, B., Sire, E.O., Kohlmaier, G.H., Badeck, F.W. and Winter, S. 1991. Modelling ventilation efficiency of teleost fish gills for pollutants with high affinity to plasma proteins. Ecological Modelling 57: 237-262.
161. Todd, J.H., Atema, J. and Bardach, J.E. 1967. Chemical communication in social behavior of a fish, the yellow bullhead (Ictalurus natalis). Science 158: 672-673.
162. Tovell, P.W.A., Howes, D. and Newsome, C.S. 1975. Absorption, metabolism and excretion by goldfish of the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate. Toxicology 4: 17-29.
163. Tsai, J.C. 1996. Cell renewal in the epidermis of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cypriniformes). Journal of Zoology 239: 591-599.
164. Van den Hurk, R. and Lambert, J.G.D. 1983. Ovarian steroid glucuronides function as sex pheromones for male zebrafish, Brachydario rerio. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 2381-2387.
165. Van Oosten, J. 1957. The skin and scales. In The Physiology of Fishes, Vol. I. Brown, M.E. (ed.) pp. 207-244. Academic Press, New York.
166. Varanasi, U. and Markey, D. 1978. Uptake and release of lead and cadmium in mucus and skin of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology60C: 187-191.
167. Varanasi, U., Robisch, P.A. and Malins, D.C. 1975. Structural alterations in fish epidermal mucus produced by water-borne lead and mercury. Nature (London) 258: 431-432.
168. Varanasi, U., Uhler, M. and Stranahan, S.I. 1978. Uptake and release of naphthalene and its metabolites in skin and epidermal mucus of salmonids. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 44: 277-289.
169. 2+ uptake in isolated opercular epithelium of Fundulus heteroclitus. Journal of Comparative Physiology 167: 205-212.
170. Wells, P.R. and Pinder, A.W. 1996. The respiratory development of Atlantic salmon. II. Partitioning of oxygen uptake among gills, yolk sac and body surfaces. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 2737-2744.
171. Whitear, M. 1986a. The skin of fishes including cyclostomes-epidermis. In Biology of the Integument. Vol. 2. Vertebrates. Bereiter-Hahn, J., Maltoltsy, A.G. and Richards, K.S. (eds), pp. 8-38. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
172. Whitear, M. 1986b. The skin of fishes including cyclostomes-dermis. In Biology of the Integument. Vol. 2. Vertebrates. Bereiter-Hahn, J., Maltoltsy, A.G. and Richards, K.S. (eds), pp. 39-64. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
173. Wilke, C.R. and Chang, P. 1955. Correlation of diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions. American Institute Chemical Engineering Journal 1: 264-270.
174. Wold, J.K. and Selset, R. 1977. Glycoproteins in the skin mucous of the char (Salmo alpinus L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 56B: 215-218.
175. Wood, C.M. and Marshall, W.S. 1994. Ion balance, acid-base regulation, and chloride cell function in the common killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus - a euryhaline estuarine teleost. Estuaries 17(1A): 34-52.
176. Yokote, M. 1982. Skin. In An Atlas of Fish Histology, Normal and Pathological Features. Hibiya, T. (ed.) pp. 8-15. Kodansha, Tokyo.
177. Zaccone, G., Lo Cascio, R, Fasulo, S. and Licata, A. 1985. The effect of an anionic detergent on complex carbohydrates and enzyme activities in the epidermis of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Histochemical Journal 17: 453-466.
178. Zuchelkowski, E.M., Lantz, R.C. and Hinton, D.E. 1981. Effects of acid-stress on epidermal mucous cells of the brown bullhead Ictaluru nebulosus (LeSeur): A morphometric study. Anatomical Record 200: 33-39.
179. Agarwal, S.K. and Shah, K.K. 1987. Histochemistry of the epidermis of a hill-stream fish, Garra gotyla. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 57: 908-914.
180. Anders, K. and Yoshimizu, M. 1994. Role of viruses in the induction of skin tumors and tumor-like proliferations of fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 19: 215-232.
181. Bowser, P.R., Wolf, M.J., Reimer, J. and Shane, B.S. 1991. Epizootic papillomas in brown bullheads Ictalurus nebulosus from Silver Stream Reservoir, New York. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 11: 117-127.
182. Brown, E.R., Hazdra, J.J., Keith, L., Greenspan, I., Kwapinski, J.B.G. and P. Beamer. 1973. Frequency of fish tumors found in a polluted watershed as compared to nonpolluted Canadian waters. Cancer Research 33: 189-198.
183. Bullock, A.M., Marks, R. and Roberts, R.J. 1978. The cell kinetics of teleost fish epidermis: mitotic activity of the normal epidermis at varying temperatures in plaice (Pleuronectes platessd). Journal of Zoology (London) 184: 423-428.
184. Cho, S.Y., Mohri, S., Endo, Y. and Fujimoto, K. 1992. Characterization of lipid prooxidants in sardine skin. Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society 25: 501-510.
185. Crouse-Eisnor, R.A., Cone, D.K. and Odense, P.H. 1985. Studies on relations of bacteria with skin surface of Carassius auratus L, and Poecilia reticulata. Journal of Fish Biology 27: 395-402.
186. Davidson, G.A., Ellis, A.E. and Secombes, C.J. 1993. Novel cell types isolated from the skin of rainbow trout, Oncorhyncus mykiss. Journal of Fish Biology, 42: 301-306.
187. Diconza, J.J. and Halliday, W.J. 1971. Relationship of catfish serum antibodies to immunoglobulin in mucus secretions. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 49: 517-525.
188. Eamest-Koons, K., Wooster, G.A. and Bowser, P.R. 1996. Invasive walleye dermal sarcoma in laboratory-maintained walleyes Stizostedion vitreum. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms24: 227-232.
189. Eddy, F.B. and Fraser, J.E. 1982. Sialic acid and mucus production in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri in response to zinc and seawater. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology73C: 357-359.
190. Fauconneau B. and Saglio, P. 1984. Protein-bound and free amino acid content in the skin mucus of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.). Comparative Biochemical Physiology77B: 513-516.
191. Finn, J.P. and Nielson, N.O. 1971. The inflammatory response of rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology 3: 463-478.
192. Fletcher, T.C. and White, A. 1973. Antibody production in the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) after oral and parenteral immunization with Vibrio anguillarum antigens. Aquaculture 1: 417-420.
193. Fromm, P.O. 1980. A review of some physiological and toxicological responses of freshwater fish to acid stress. Environmental Biology of Fishes 5: 79-93.
194. Gona, O. 1979. Mucous glycoproteins of teleostean fish: A comparative histochemical study. Histochemical Journal 11: 709-718.
195. Goto-Nance, R., Watanabe, U., Kamiya, H. and Ida, H. 1995. Characterization of lectins from the skin mucus of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Fisheries Science 61: 137-140.
196. Hamelink, J.L., Landrum, P.F., Bergman, H.L. and Benson, W.H. (eds). 1994. Bioavailability: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Interactions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
197. Handy, R.D. and Eddy, F.B. 1989. Surface absorption of aluminum by gill tissue and body mucus of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, at the onset of episodic exposure. Journal of Fish Biology 34: 865-874.
198. Handy, R.D. and Eddy, F.B. 1990. The interactions between the surface of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and waterborne metal toxicants. Functional Ecology 4: 385-392.
199. Harris, J.E., Watson, A. and Hunt, S. 1973. Histochemical analysis of mucus cells in the epidermis of brown trout Salmo trutta (L.). Journal of Fish Biology 5: 345-351.
200. Hawkins, W.E., Jacobs, A.D., Gregory, D.G. and Ostrander, G.K. 1996. Poorly differentiated mesenchymal neoplasm in the dermis of a white bass. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health8: 150-154.
201. Iger, Y., Jenner, H.A. and Bonga, S.E.W. 1994. Cellular responses in the skin of carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to copper. Aquatic Toxicology (Amsterdam) 29: 49-64.
202. Iger, Y., Balm, P.H.M., Jenner, H.A. and Bonga, S.E.W. 1995. Cortisol induces stress-related changes in the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). General and Comparative Endocrinology 97: 188-198.
203. Imaki, H. and Chavin, W. 1984. Ultrastructure of mucous cells in the sarocopterygian integument. Scanning Electron Microscopy 1: 409-422.
204. Ingale, S.R. and More, N.K. 1984. Histochemical analysis and significance of the mucopolysaccharides from the skin of three species of Mystus. Comparative Physiology and Ecology 9: 191-196.
205. Ingram, G.A. 1980. Substances involved in the natural resistance of fish to infection: A review. Journal of Fish Biology 16: 23-60.
206. Jakowska, S. 1963. Mucus secretion in fish (A note). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 106: 458-462.
207. Kimura, M., Hama, Y., Sumi, T., Asakawa, M., Rao, B.N.N., Home, A.P., Li, S.C., Li, Y.T. and Nakagawa, H. 1994. Characterization of a deaminated neuraminic acid-containing glycoprotein from skin mucus of the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 32138-32143.
208. Lasker, R. and Threadgold, L.T. 1968. ‘Chloride cells’ in the skin of the larval sardine. Experimental Cell Research 52: 582-590.
209. Leppi, T.J. 1968. Morphochemical analysis of mucous cells in the skin and slime gland of Hag fishes. Histochemie 15: 68-78.
210. Lobb, C.J. and Clem, L.W. 1981. The metabolic relationships of the immunoglobulins in fish serum, cutaneous mucus, and bile. Journal of Immunology 127: 1525-1530.
211. Lobb, C.J. and Clem, L.W. 1981. Phylogeny of immunoglobulin structure and function. XI. Secretory immunoglobulins in the cutaneous mucus of the sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 5: 587-590.
212. Lock, R.A.C. and Van Overbeeke, A.P. 1981. Effects of mercury chloride and methylmercuric chloride on mucous secretion in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 69C: 67-73.
213. McCormick, S.D., Hasegawa, S. and Hirano, T. 1992. Calcium uptake in the skin of a freshwater teleost. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89: 3635-3638.
214. McKone, C.E., Young, R.G., Bache, C.A. and Lisk, D.J. 1971. Rapid uptake of mercuric ions by goldfish. Environmental Science and Technology 5: 1138-1139.
215. Marshall, W.S. 1979. Effects of salinity acclimation, prolactin, growth hormone, and cortisol on the mucous cells of Leptocottus armatus (Teleostei, cottidae). General and Comparative Endocrinology 37: 358-368.
216. Marshall, W.S. and Bern, H.A. 1979. Teleostean urophysis: Urotensin II and ion transport across the isolated skin of a marine teleost. Science 204: 519-521.
217. Mattheij, J.A.M. and Stroband, H.W.J. 1971. The effects of osmotic experiments and prolactin on the mucous cells in skin and ionocytes in the gill of the teleost, Cichlasoma hiocellatum. Zeitschrift fuer Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 121: 93101.
218. Mattheij, J.A.M., Stroband, H.W.J., Kingma, F.J. and Van Oordt, P.G.W.J. 1972. Prolactin and osmoregulation in the cichlid fish, Cichlasoma biocellatum, and the effect of this hormone on the thyroid, gills and skin. General and Comparative Endocrinology 18: 607.
219. Miller, T.G. and Mackay, W.C. 1982. Relationship of secreted mucus to copper and acid toxicity in rainbow trout. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology28: 68-74.
220. Mittal, A.K. 1968. Studies on the structure of the skin of Rita rita (Ham) (Bagridae, Pisces) in relation to its age and regional variations. Indian Journal of Zoology 9: 61-78.
221. Mittal, A.K. and Banerjee, T.K. 1975. Histochemistry and the structure of the skin of a murrel, Channa striata (Bloch, 1797) (Channiformes, Channidae). I. Epidermis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 833-843.
222. Mittal, A.K. and Garg, T.K. 1994. Effect of an anionic detergent-sodium dodecyl sulphate exposure on club cells in the epidermis of Clarias batrachus. Journal of Fish Biology44: 857-875.
223. Mittal, A.K., Agarwal, S.K. and Banerjee, T.K. 1976. Protein and carbohydrate histochemistry in relation to the keratinization in the epidermis of Barbus sophor (Cyrinidae, Pisces). Journal of Zoology (London) 179: 1-17.
224. Mittal, A.K., Whitear, M. and Agarwal, S.K. 1980. Fine structure and histochemistry of the epidermis of the fish (Monopterus cuchia). Journal of Zoology (London) 191:107-125.
225. Naim, R.S., Morizot, D.C., Kazianis, S., Woodhead, A.D. and Setlow, R.B. 1996. Nonmammalian models for sunlight carcinogenesis: genetic analysis of melanoma formation in Xiphorphorus hybrid fish. Photochemistry and Photobiology 64: 440-448.
226. Nakano, T., Ono., K. and Takeuchi, M. 1992. Levels of zinc, iron, and copper in the skin of abnormally pigmented Japanese flounder. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 58: 2207.
227. Octotake, M., Iwama, G.K. and Nakanishi, T. 1996. The uptake of bovine serum albumin by the skin of bath-immunised rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunology 6: 321-333.
228. Olson, K.R. 1996. Secondary circulation in fish: Anatomical organization and physiological significance. Journal of Experimental Zoology 275: 172-185.
229. Ostrander, G.K., Hawkins, W.E., Kuehn, R.L., Jacobs, A.D., Berlin, K.D. and Pigg, J. 1995. Pigmented subcutaneous spindle cell tumors in native gizzard shad (.Dorosoma cepedianum). Carcinogenesis 16: 1529-1535.
230. Pfeiffer, W., Sasse, D. and Arnold, M. 1971. The alarm substance cells of Phoxinus phoxinus and Morulius chrysophakedion (Cyprinidae, Ostariophysi, Pisces). Histochemical and electron microscopical study. Zeitschrift fuer Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 118: 203-213.
231. Phromsuthirak, P. 1977. Electron microscopy of wound healing in the skin of (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Journal of Fish Biology 3: 463-478.
232. Pickering, A.D. and Macey, D.J. 1977. Structure, histochemistry and effect of handling stress on the mucous cells of the epidermis of the char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Journal of Fish Biology 10: 505-512.
233. Pickering, A.D., Pöttinger, T.G. and Christie, O.1982. Recovery of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from acute handling stress: A time-course study. Journal of Fish Biology 20: 229-244.
234. Pohla-Gubo, G. and Adam, H. 1982. Influence of the anionative detergent Na-alkyl-benzenesulfonate (LAS) on the head-epidermis of juvenile rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson). Zoologischer Anzeiger 209: 97-110.
235. Poulet, F.M., Casey, J.W. and Spitsbergen, J.M. 1993. Response of fish skin to certain ambient toxicants. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 16: 97-104.
236. Powell, M.D., Speare, D.J. and Burka, J.F. 1992. Preservation of mucous biofilms of fish gills and skin: Potential diagnostic and research applications. In Proceedings of the 1992 Meeting of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, Vol. 92, pp. 64-66. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
237. Premdas, P.D. and Metcalfe, C.D. 1996. Experimental transmission of epidermal lip papillomas in white sucker, Catostomus commersoni. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 1018-1029.
238. Roberts, R.J., Bell, M. and Young, H. 1973. Studies on the skin of plaice (Plueronectes platessa L.). II. The development of larval plaice skin. Journal of Fish Biology 5:103- 108.
239. Roberts, R.J., Shearer, W.M., Elson, K.G.R. and Munroe, A.L.S. 1973. Studies on ulcerative dermal necrosis of salmonids. I. The skin of the normal salmon head. Journal of Fish Biology 2: 223-229.
240. Rodger, H.D., Inglis, V. and Richards, R.H. 1995. Effect of trenbolone acetate on development of Atlantic salmon skin and the lack of epidermal protection against laboratory-induced furunculosis. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 7: 50-53.
241. Rombough, P.J. 1992. Intravascular oxygen tensions in cutaneously respiring rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 101A: 23-27.
242. Rydevik, M. 1988. Epidermal thickness and secondary sexual characters in mature male and immature Baltic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr: Seasonal variations and effects of castration and androgen treatment. Journal of Fish Biology 33: 941-944.
243. Segner, H., Linnenbach, M. and Marthaler, R. 1979. Towards a use of epidermal mucous cells in the field assessment of acid stress in fish. Applied Ichthyology 3: 187-190.
244. Segner, H., Marthaler, R. and Linnenbach, M. 1988. Growth, aluminum uptake and mucous cell morphometries of early life stages of brown trout, Salmo trutta, in low pH water. Environmental Biology of Fishes 21: 153-159.
245. Shelboume, J.E. 1957. Site of chloride regulation in marine fish larvae. Nature (London) 180: 920-922.
246. Smith, I.R., Ferguson, H.W. and Hayes, M.A. 1989. Histopathology and prevalence of epidermal papilloma epidemic in brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur), and white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) populations from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Fish Diseases 12: 373-388.
247. Stiffler, D.F. 1988. Cutaneous exchange of ions in lower vertebrates. American Zoologist 28: 1019-1029.
248. Stiffler, D.F., Graham, J.B., Dickson, K.A. and Stockmann, W. 1986. Cutaneous ion transport in the freshwater teleost Synbranchus marmoratus. Physiological Zoology59: 406-418.
249. 2 uptake of the isolated cutaneous tissue in the carp, Cyprinus carpió. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 113A: 107-111.
250. Takemura, A., Kanematsu, M. and Oka, M. 1996. Early sex distinction in greater amberjack Serióla dumerili using skin mucus. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 62: 62-67.
251. Teunis, P.F.M., Vredovoogd, W., Weterings, C., Bretschneider, F. and Peters, R.C. 1991. The emergence of electroreceptor organs in regenerating fish skin and concurrent changes in their transduction properties. Neuroscience 45: 205-212.
252. Toda, M., Goto-Nance, R., Muramoto, K. and Kamiya, H. 1996. Characterization of the lectin from the skin mucus of the kingklip Genypterus capensis. Fisheries Science 62: 138-141.
253. Uchida, N., Nakano, H., Hagimoto, R. and Anzai, H. 1992. Biological activities of fish skin collagen-thrombocyte aggregation-inducing activity and affinity for fibronectin. Bulletin of the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Nihon University 49: 111-116.
254. Van de Winkle, J.G.J., van Kuppevelt, T.H.M.S.M., Jannsen, H.M.J. and Lock, R.A.C. 1986. Glycosaminoglycans in the skin mucus of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 85B: 473-475.
255. Vethaak, A.D. and Jol, J.G. 1996. Diseases of flounder Platichthys flesus in Dutch coastal and estuarine waters, with particular reference to environmental stress factors. I. Epizootiology of gross lesions. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 26: 81-97.
256. Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1978. The effect of changes in external sodium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations on prolactin cells, skin and plasma electrolytes of Gasterosteus aculeatus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 34: 265-275. Westfall, B.A. 1945. Coagulation film anoxia in fishes. Ecology 26: 283-287.
257. Whitear, M. 1993. Epithelial sensory cells in fish. In Advances in Fish Research, Vol. I. Singh, B.R. (ed.), pp. 169-184. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi.
258. Whitear, M. and Mittal, A.K. 1986. Structure of the skin of Agonus cataphractus (Teleostei). Journal of Zoology (London) A210: 551-574.
259. Wiklund, T. and Bylund, G. 1993. Skin ulcer disease of flounder Platichthys flesus in the northern Baltic Sea. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 17: 165-174.
260. Yamashita, E., Arai, S. and Matsuno, T. 1996. Metabolism of xanthophylls to vitamin A and new apocarotenoids in liver and skin of black bass, Micropterus salmoides. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 113B: 485-489.
261. Zaccone, G. 1980. Structure, histochemistry and effect of stress on the epidermis of Ophisurus serpens (L) (Telesoteiophichtidae). Cellular and Molecular Biology 26: 663-674.
262. Zuchelkowski, E.M., Lantz, R.C. and Hinton, D.E. 1986. Skin mucous cell response to acid stress in male and female brown bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus (LeSeur). Aquatic Toxicology 8: 39-148.