Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Furfural and Furfural Diethylacetal

EFSA Journal

Volumn 2, Issue 7, 2004, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

flavouring substances; Furfural; furfural diethylacetal

Indexed keywords

EID: 85053822036     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2004.67     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Boopathy, R., Bokang, H. & Daniels, L., 1993. Biotransformation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural by enteric bacteria. J. Ind. Microbiol. 11, 147–150.
2. Buck, N.R., 2000. The hydrolysis of cinnamyl and furfuryl esters. Unpublished report to FEMA by University of Southampton.
3. Burdock, G.A. (2002) Fenaroli's handbook of flavour ingredients, 4th edition, CRC Press Boca Raton, Fl., pp. 637
4. CEFS, 1998. Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances, RD 4.2/4-42, Detailed and publication datasheet on furfural, Brussels, 20–24 April 1998.
5. CIVO/TNO (2003) Summary of in vivo genotoxicity test with furfural in MUTA®MOUSE. Unpublished report submitted to EFSA.
6. EC (European Commission), 2002. Commission Decision 2002/113/EC amending Decision 1999/217/EC as regards the register of flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Communities, 20.02.2002, L 49/1.
7. Flek, J. & Sedivec, V., 1978. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of furfural in man. Arch. Occup. Environ. Hlth. 41, 159–168.
8. Gorelick, N.J. & Mirsalis, J.C. 1996 A strategy for the application of Transgenic Rodent Mutagenesis Assays. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 28, 434–442.
9. Grundschober, F., 1977. Toxicological assessment of flavoring esters. Toxicol. 8, 387–390.
10. Gupta, G.D., Misra, A. & Agarwal, D.K., 1991. Inhalation toxicity of furfural vapours: an assessment of biochemical response in rat lungs. J. Appl. Toxicol. 11, 343–347.
11. Heddle, J.A., Dean, S., Nohmi, T., Boerrigter, M., Casciano, D., Douglas, G.R., Glickman, B.W., Gorelick, N.J., Mirsalis, J.C., Martus, H.-J., Skopek, T.R., Thybaud, V., Tindall, K.R., & Yajima N. 2000. In vivo transgenic mutation assays. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 35, 253–259.
12. IOFI, 1995. European inquiry on volume of use. Private communication to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States by International Organisation of the Flavour Industry.
13. Koenig, K. & Andreesen, J.R., 1990. Xanthine dehydrogenase and 2-furoyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas p. Fu1; two molybdenum-containing dehydrogenases of novel structural composition. J. Bacteriol. 172, 5999–6009.
14. th Edition. Vol III. Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek, TNO, Zeist.
15. Mishra, A., Dwivedi, P.D., Verma, A.S., Sinha, M., Mishra, J., Lal, K., Pandya K.P. & Dutta, K.K., 1991. Pathological and biochemical alterations induced by inhalation of furfural vapor in rat lung. Bull. Envir. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 668–674.
16. Nomeir, A.A., Siveria, D.M., McComish, M.F. & Chadwick, M., 1992. Comparative metabolism and disposition of furfural and furfuryl alcohol in rats. Drug Metab. Disposit. 20, 198–204.
17. 14C]-furfural in the rat and the mouse. Food Chem. Toxicol. 32, 887–895.
18. Ramsdell, H.S. & Eaton, D.L., 1990. Species susceptibility to aflatoxin B1 carcinogenesis: comparative kinetics of microsomal biotransformation. Cancer Res. 50, 615.
19. Scientific Committee on Food, 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on furfural and furfural diethylacetal (expressed on 2 December 2002).
20. Stofberg, J & Grundschober, F., 1987. Consumption ratio and food predominance of flavoring materials. Perfumer Flavorist, 12, 27.
21. Aeschbacher, H.U., Wolleb, U., Loliger, J., Spadone, J.C. & Liardon, R., 1989. Contribution of coffee aroma constituents to the mutagenicity of coffee. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27, 227–232.
22. Boopathy, R., Bokang, H. & Daniels, L., 1993. Biotransformation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural by enteric bacteria. J. Ind. Microbiol. 11, 147–150.
23. Boyland, E., 1940. Experiments on the chemotherapy of cancer. 4. Further experiments with aldehydes and their derivatives. Biochem. J. 34, 1196–1201.
24. Buck, N.R., 2000. The hydrolysis of cinnamyl and furfuryl esters. Unpublished report to FEMA by University of Southampton.
25. CEFS, 1998. Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances, RD 4.2/4-42, Detailed and publication datasheet on furfural, Brussels, 20–24 April 1998.
26. th meeting, Zurich, 11–15 October 1999.
27. EC (European Commission), 1999. Commission Decision 1999/217/EC adopting a register of flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs drawn up in application of Regulation (EC) N° 2232/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 October 1996. Official Journal of the European Communities, 27.3.1999, L84/1-137.
28. EC (European Commission), 2002. Commission Decision 2002/113/EC amending Decision 1999/217/EC as regards the register of flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs, Official Journal of the European Communities, 20.02.2002, L 49/1.
29. Edwards, A., 1999. An in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in the mouse with furfural. Report No. 3389/1/1/99 BIBRA International, Carshalton, UK.
30. Flek, J. & Sedivec, V., 1978. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of furfural in man. Arch. Occup. Environ. Hlth. 41, 159–168.
31. Galloway, S.M., Bloom, A.D., Resnick, M., Margolin, B.H., Nakamura, F., Archer, P. & Zeiger, E., 1985. Development of standard protocol for in vitro cytogenetic testing with Chinese hamster ovary cells: comparison of results for 22 compounds in two laboratories. Environ. Mutagen. 7, 1–51.
32. Gomez-Arroyo S. & Souza V., 1985. In vitro and occupational induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes with furfuryl alcohol and furfural. Mutat. Res. 156, 233–238.
33. Grundschober, F., 1977. Toxicological assessment of flavoring esters. Toxicol. 8, 387–390.
34. Gudi, R. & Schadly, E.H., 1996. In vitro mammalian cytogenetic test with an independent repeat assay. Microbiological Associates, Inc., Maryland, Laboratory Study Number G96AS33.335.
35. Gupta, G.D., Misra, A. & Agarwal, D.K., 1991. Inhalation toxicity of furfural vapours: an assessment of biochemical response in rat lungs. J. Appl. Toxicol. 11, 343–347.
36. IOFI, 1995. European inquiry on volume of use. Private communication to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States by International Organisation of the Flavour Industry.
37. th Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series No. 828. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
38. JECFA, 1999. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives 51st Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series No. 891. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
39. th Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives WHO Technical Report Series No.901. World Health Organization, Geneva.
40. Jenner, P.M., Hagan, E.C., Taylor, J.M., Cook, E.l. & Fitzhugh, O.G., 1964. Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. I. Acute oral toxicity. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 2, 327–343.
41. Jonker, D., 2000a. Dose range finding study (14-day) with micro-encapsulated furfural in F344 rats. Unpublished report V98.1173 from TNO, Zeist, Netherlands. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States.
42. Jonker, D., 2000b. Sub-chronic (13-week) oral toxicity study in rats with micro-encapsulated furfural. Unpublished report V99.520 from TNO, Zeist, Netherlands. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States.
43. Koenig, K. & Andreesen, J.R., 1990. Xanthine dehydrogenase and 2-furoyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas p. Fu1; two molybdenum-containing dehydrogenases of novel structural composition. J. Bacteriol. 172, 5999–6009.
44. Lake, B.G., Adams, T.B., Beamad, J.A., Price, R.J., Ford R.A. & Goodman, J.I., 1998. An investigation of the effect of furfural on the unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured human liver slices. Report to FEMA.
45. Loquet, C., Toussant, G. & LeTalaer, J.Y., 1981. Studies on mutagenic constituents of apple brandy and various alcoholic beverages collected in western France, a high incidence area for oesophageal cancer. Mutat.Res. 88, 155–164.
46. th Edition. Vol III. Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek, TNO, Zeist.
47. McMahon, R.E., Cline, J.C., & Thompson, C.Z., 1979. Assay of 855 test chemicals in ten tester strains using a new modification of the Ames test for bacterial mutagens. Cancer Res., 39, 682–693.
48. Marnett, L.J., Hurd, H.K., Hollstein, M.C., Levin, D.E., Esterbauer, H. & Ames, B.N., 1985. Naturally occurring carbonyl compounds are mutagens in Salmonella tester strain TA104. Mutat.Res. 148, 25–34.
49. Matsui, S., Yamamoto, R & Yamada, H. (1989) The Bacillus subtilis/microsome rec-assay for detection of DNA-damaging substances which may occur in chlorinated and ozonated waters. Wat.Sci.Tech. 21, 875–887.
50. - Mouse Lymphoma Cell Forward Mutation Assay II: 18 coded chemicals. Environ. Molec. Mutag. 11, 91–118.
51. Mishra, A., Dwivedi, P.D., Verma, A.S., Sinha, M., Mishra, J., Lal, K., Pandya K.P. & Dutta, K.K., 1991. Pathological and biochemical alterations induced by inhalation of furfural vapor in rat lung. Bull. Envir. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 668–674.
52. Mortelmans, K., Haworth, S., Lawlor, T., Speck, W., Trainer, B. & Zeiger, E., 1986. Salmonella mutagenicity tests II. Results from the testing of 270 chemicals. Environ.Mutagen. 8, 1–119.
53. Nakamura, S.-I., Oda, Y., Shimada, T., Oki, I. & Sugimoto, K., 1987. SOS-inducing activity of chemical carcinogens and mutagens, in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002: Examination with 151 chemicals. Mutat.Res. 192, 239–246.
54. Nishi, Y., Miyakawa, Y. & Kato, K., 1989. Chromosome aberrations induced by pyrolysates of carbohydrates in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Mutat. Res. 227, 117–123.
55. Nomeir, A.A., Siveria, D.M., McComish, M.F. & Chadwick, M., 1992. Comparative metabolism and disposition of furfural and furfuryl alcohol in rats. Drug Metab. Disposit. 20, 198–204.
56. 1 mice (gavage studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series No.382. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
57. Osawa, T. & Namiki, M., 1982. Mutagen formation in the reaction of nitrite with the food components analogous to sorbic acid. Agric.Biol.Chem., 45, 2299–2304.
58. 14C]-furfural in the rat and the mouse. Food Chem. Toxicol. 32, 887–895.
59. Phillips, B.J., Jackson, L.I., Tate, B., Price, R.J., Adams, T.B., Ford, R.A., Goodman, J.I. & Lake, B.J., 1997. Furfural does not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in the in vivo rat hepatocyte DNA repair assay. In Proceedings of the Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, 1997. Academic Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, New York.
60. Pickett, C.B. & Lu, A.Y.H., 1988. The structure, genetics and regulation of soluble glutathione S-transferases. In: Glutathione Conjugation: Mechanisms and Biological Significance (Sies, H. & Ketterer, B., Eds.), Academic Press, New York, p. 147.
61. Ramsdell, H.S. & Eaton, D.L., 1990. Species susceptibility to aflatoxin B1 carcinogenesis: comparative kinetics of microsomal biotransformation. Cancer Res. 50, 615.
62. Rodriguez-Arnaiz, R., Morales, P.R., Moctezuma, R.V. & Salas, R.M.B., 1989. Evidence for the absence of mutagenic activity of furfuryl alcohol in tests of germ cells in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat. Res. 223, 309–311.
63. Rodriguez-Arnaiz, R., Morales, P.R. & Zimmering, S., 1992. Evaluation in Drosophila melanogaster of the mutagenic potential of furfural in the mei-9a test for chromosome loss in germ-line cells and the wing spot test for mutational activity in somatic cells. Mutat. Res. 280, 75–80.
64. Sasaki, Y. & Endo, R., 1978. Mutagenicity of aldehydes in Salmonella. Mutat. Res., 54, 251–252.
65. Scientific Committee on Food, 1995. Extracts from First Report on Chemically Defined Flavouring Substances. Annex 6 to the minutes of the 98th meeting of the Scientific Committee on Food, 21 and 22 September 1995.
66. Shane, B.S., Troxclair, A.M., McMillin, D.J. & Henry, C.B., 1988. Comparative mutagenicity of nine brands of coffee to Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA102 and TA104. Environ.Mol. Mutagen. 11, 195–206.
67. Shimizu, A. & Kanisawa, M, 1986. Experimental studies on hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. I. Production of hepatic cirrhosis by furfural administration. Acta Pathol. Japan. 36, 1027–1038.
68. Shimizu, A., Nakamura, Y., Harada, M., Ono, T., Sato, K., Inoue, T. & Kanisawa, M., 1989. Positive foci of glutathione S-transferase placental form in the liver of rats given furfural by oral administration. Jap. J. Cancer Res. 80, 608–611.
69. rd International Symposium on the Maillard Reaction, Susono, Shizuoka, Japan, 1–5 July 1985 (Fujimaki, M., Namaiki, M. & Kato, H., Eds.), Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
70. Stich, H.F., Rosin, M.P., Wu, C.H. & Powrie, W.D., 1981a. Clastogenicity of furans found in food. Cancer Letters 13, 89–95.
71. Stich, H.F., Rosin, M.P., San, R.H., Wu, C.H. & Powrie, W.D., 1981b. Intake, formation and release of mutagens by man. In Gastrointestinal Cancer (Banbury Report 7), CSH Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 247–266.
72. Stofberg, J & Grundschober, F., 1987. Consumption ratio and food predominance of flavoring materials. Perfumer Flavorist, 12, 27.
73. Subramanyam, A., Sailaja, D. & Rathnaprabba, D., 1989. Genotoxic assay of two dietary furans by some in vivo cytogenetic parameters, EMS Abstracts, p. 239.
74. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1997. Summary report: A dose range finding development toxicity study of furfural (TSCA submission 8EHQ-1097-14026), Washington DC.
75. Woodruff, R.C., Mason, J.M., Valencia, R. & Zimmering, S., 1985. Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. V. Results of 53 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environ. Mutat. 7, 677–702.
76. Zdzienicka, M., Tudek, B., Zielenska, M. & Szymczyk, T., 1978. Mutagenic activity of furfural in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. Mutat. Res. 58, 205–209.