Photosynthesis in leaf, stem, flower, and fruit

Handbook of Photosynthesis, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 479-497

  Wahid, Abdul ^a   Rasul, Ejaz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85053739850     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420027877     Document Type: Chapter

References (189)

1. Edwards GE, Walker DA. C3, C4: Mechanisms and Cellular and Environmental Regulation of Photosynthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1983.
2. Taiz L, Zeiger E. Plant Physiology. 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2002.
3. Ting IP. Crassulacean acid metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1985; 36:595-622.
4. Wang N, Zhang H, Nobel PS. Carbon flow and carbohydrate metabolism during sink to source transition for developing cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. J. Exp. Bot. 1998; 49:1835-1843.
5. Nilsen ET. Stem photosynthesis extent, patterns and role in plant carbon economy. In: Gartner B, ed. Plant Stems: Physiological and Functional Morphology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1995:223-240.
6. Xu H-L, Gauthier L. Desjardins Y, Gosselin A. Photosynthesis in leaves, fruits, stem and petioles of greenhouse grown tomato plants. Photosynthetica 1997; 33:113-123.
7. Wittmann C, Aschan G, Pfanz H. Leaf and twig photosynthesis of young beech (Fagus sylvatica) and aspen (Populus tremula) trees grown under different light intensity regimes. Basic Appl. Ecol. 2001; 2:145-154.
8. Aschan H, Pfanz H. Non-foliar photosynthesis - a strategy of additional carbon acquisition. Flora 2003; 198:81-97.
9. Smillie RM, Hetherington SE, Davies WJ. Photosynthetic activity of the calyx, green shoulder, pericarp and locular parenchyma of tomato fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 1999; 50:707-718.
10. Blanke MM, Lenz F. Fruit photosynthesis - a review. Plant Cell Environ. 1989; 12:31-46.
11. Carrara S, Pardossi A, Soldatini GF, Tognoni F, Giudi L. Photosynthetic activity of ripening tomato fruit. Photosynthetica 2001; 39:75-78.
12. Ali I, Rasul E, Wahid A, Zafar Y, Malik KA. General survey of C-4 grasses and sedges in Faisalabad. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 1986; 23:11-18.
13. Brown RH, Brown WV. Photosynthetic characteristics of Panicum milioides, a species with reduced photorespiration (compared to Panicum maximum, Panicum laevifolium, Festuca arundinacea). Crop Sci. 1975; 15:681-685.
14. Ku MSB, Wu J, Dai J, Scott RA, Chu C, Edwards EG. Photosynthetic and photorespiratory characteristics of Flaveria species. Plant Physiol. 1990; 96:518-528.
15. Bhagwat AS. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation of C-3, C-4, and CAM pathways. In: Passarakli M, ed. Handbook of Photosynthesis. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997:461-480.
16. Sutton BG, Ting IP, Sutton R. Carbohydrate metabolism of cactus in a desert environment. Plant Physiol. 1981; 68:784-787.
17. Gonzalez-Real MM, Baille A. Changes in leaf photosynthetic parameters with leaf position and nitrogen content within a rose plant canopy (Rosa hybrida). Plant Cell Environ. 2000; 23:351-363.
18. 2 enrichment (FACE) atmosphere with variable soil nitrogen regimes. 1. Leaf position and phenology determine acclimation response. Photosynth. Res. 2000; 66: 65-77.
19. Proietti P, Palliotti A, Famiani F, Antognozzi E, Ferranti F, Andreutti R, Frenguelli G. Influence of leaf position, fruit and light availability on photosynthesis of two chestnut genotypes. Sci. Hort. 2000; 85:63-73.
20. Wang Z, Fu J, He M, Yin Y, Cao H. Planting density effects on assimilation and partitioning of photosynthates during filling in the late-sown wheat. Photosynthetica 1997; 33:199-204.
21. 14C-labelled assimilate partitioning in red and white clover during vegetative growth. Ann. Bot. 1981; 47:505-514.
22. Nicotra AB, Chazdon RL, Montgomery RA. Sexes show contrasting patterns of leaf and crown carbon in a dioecious rainforest shrub. Am. J. Bot. 2003; 90:347-355.
23. Rawson HM, Constable GA. Carbon production of sunflower cultivars in field and controlled environments. I. Photosynthesis and transpiration of leaves, stemsandheads. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1980; 7:555-573.
24. 2-concentrating mechanism and photorespiration in maize. Plant Physiol. 1995; 107:815-825.
25. Paul MJ, Pellny TK. Carbon metabolite feedback regulation of leaf photosynthesis and development. J. Exp. Bot. 2003; 54:539-547.
26. Rowland DL. Diversity in physiological and morphological characteristics of four cottonwood (Populus deltoides var. Wislizenii) populations in New Mexico:evidence for a genetic component of variation. Can. J For. Res. 2001; 31:845-853.
27. Schultz ST. Sexual dimorphism in gynodioecious Sidalcea hirtipes (Malvaceae). I. Seed, fruit and ecophysiology. Int. J. Plant Sci. 2003; 164:165-173.
28. 2 in Silene latifolia Poiret. Glob. Change Biol. 2003; 9:612-618.
29. 2 enrichment. Photosynth. Res. 1999; 62:155-163.
30. Reddy AR, Reddy KR, Hodges HF. Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and growth temperature on photosynthesis in cotton leaves. Plant Growth Regul. 1998; 26:33-40.
31. 2 and sugars on photosynthesis and composition of avocado leaves grown in vitro. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1999; 37:587-595.
32. CO2 in the field. Plant Cell Environ. 2000; 23:597-607.
33. Hui D, Sims DA, Johnson DW, Cheng W, Luo Y. Effect of gradual versus step increase in carbon dioxide on Plantago photosynthesis and growth in a microcosm study. Environ. Expt. Bot. 2000; 47:51-66.
34. 2 enrichment increases growth and photosynthesis of Pinus taeda: a 4 year experiment in the field. Plant Cell Environ. 1997; 20:1123-1134.
35. 2 occurs in transformed tobacco with decreased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content. Plant Physiol. 1994; 104:409-415.
36. 2 concentration on Rubisco activity, amount and photosynthesis on soybean leaves. Plant Physiol. 1988; 88:1310-1316.
37. McDonald GK, Paulsen GM. High temperature effects on photosynthesis and water relations of grain legumes. Plant Soil 1997; 196:47-58.
38. Bukhov NG, Wiese C, Neimanis S, Heber U. Heat sensitivity of chloroplasts and leaves: leakage of protons from thylakoids and reversible activation of cyclic electron transport. Photosynth. Res. 1999; 59:81-93.
39. Holaday AS, Martindale W, Alred R, Brooks AL, Leegood RC. Changes in activities of enzymes of carbon metabolism in leaves during exposure of plants to low temperature. Plant Physiol. 1992; 98:1105-1114.
40. Ferrar PJ, Slattyer RO, Vranjic NA. Photosynthetic temperature acclimation in Eucalyptus species from diverse habitats and a comparison with Nerium oleander. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1989; 16:199-217.
41. Chaitanya KV, Sundar D, Reddy AR. Mulberry leaf metabolism under high temperature stress. Biol. Plant. 2001; 44:379-384.
42. 2. J. Plant Physiol. 2001; 158:295-307.
43. Makino A, Nakano H, Mae T. Effects of growth temperature on the responses of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase, electron transport components, and sucrose synthesis enzymes to leaf nitrogen in rice, and their relationships to photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 1994; 105:1231-1238.
44. Haldimann P. How do changes in temperature during growth affect leaf pigment composition and photosynthesis in Zea mays genotypes differing in sensitivity to low temperature? J. Exp. Bot. 1999; 50:543-550.
45. Ying J, Lee EA, Tollenaar M. Response of maize leaf photosynthesis to low temperature during the grainfilling period. Field Crop Res. 2000; 68:87-96.
46. Boes SR, Huner NPR. Effect of growth temperature and temperature shifts on spinach leaf morphology and photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 1990; 94:1830-1836.
47. Kikuzawa K. Phenological and morphological adaptations to the light environment in two woody and two herbaceous plant species. Funct. Ecol. 2003; 17:29-38.
48. Gutierrez MV, Meinzer FC. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthetic gas exchange in coffee hedgerows during canopy development. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1994; 21:207-219.
49. 4 perennial grasses under reduced irradiance. Crop Sci. 1992; 32:1033-1038.
50. Allard G, Nelson CJ, Pallardy SG. Shade effects on growth of tall fescue: I. Leaf anatomy and dry matter partitioning. Crop Sci. 1991; 31:163-167.
51. Greer DH. Photon flux density dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot growth of kiwifruit (Actinida deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments. Funct. Plant Biol. 2001; 28:111-120.
52. Pearcy RW. Sunflecks and photosynthesis in plant canopies. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1990; 41:421-453.
53. Bunce JA. Contrasting effects of carbon dioxide and irradiance on the acclimation of photosynthesis in developing soybean leaves. Photosynthetica 2000; 38:83-89.
54. Vadell J, Socias FX, Medrano H. Light dependency of carboxylation efficiency and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activation in Trifolium subterraneum leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 1993; 44:1757-1762.
55. Rosati A, De Jong TM. Estimating photosynthetic radiation use efficiency using incident light and photosynthesis of individual leaves. Ann. Bot. 2003; 91:869-877.
56. Schultz HR. Extension of a Farquhar model for limitations of leaf photosynthesis induced by light environment, phenology and leaf age in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cvv. White Riesling and Zinfandel). Funct. Plant Biol. 2003; 30:673-687.
57. Peri PL, McNeil DL, Moot DJ, Varella AC, Lucas RJ. Net photosynthetic rate of cocksfoot leaves under continuous and fluctuating shade conditions in the field. Grass Forage Sci. 2002; 57:157-170.
58. Walcroft AS, Whitehead D, Kelliher FM, Arneth A, Silvester WB. The effects of long-term partial shading on growth and photosynthesis in Pinus radiate D. Don trees. For. Ecol. Manage. 2002; 28:151-163.
59. Hanba YT, Kogami H, Tarashima I. The effect of growth irradiance on leaf anatomy and photosynthesis in Acer species differing in light demand. Plant Cell Environ. 2002; 25:1021-1030.
60. Egli DB. Variation in leaf starch and sink limitations during seed filling in soybean. Crop Sci. 1999; 39:1361-1368.
61. Oguchi R, Hikosaka K, Hirose T. Does the photosynthetic light-acclimation need change in leaf anatomy? Plant Cell Environ. 2003; 26:505-512.
62. Vos J, van der Putten PEL. Effect of partial shading of the potato plant on photosynthesis of treated leaves, leaf area expansion and allocation of nitrogen and dry matter in component plant parts. Eur. J. Agron. 2001; 14:209-220.
63. Valladares F, Hernandez LG, Dobarro H, Garcia-Perez C, Sanz R, Pugnaire FI. The ratio of leaf to total photosynthetic area influences shade survival and plastic response to light of green-stemmed leguminous shrub seedlings. Ann. Bot. 2003; 91:577-584.
64. Cannon W. The topography of the chlorophyll apparatus in desert plants. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 98 1908.
65. Scott DG. On the distribution of chlorophyll in the young shoots of woody plants. Ann. Bot. 1907; 21:437-439.
66. Pearson LC, Lawrence DB. Photosynthesis in aspen bark. Am. J. Bot. 1958; 45:383-387.
67. Foote KC, Schaedle M. The contribution of aspen bark photosynthesis to the energy balance of the stem. For. Sci. 1978; 24:569-573.
68. Strain BR, Johnson PL. Corticular photosynthesis and growth on Populus tremuloides. Ecology 1963; 44:581-584.
69. Kriedmann PE, Buttrose MS. Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity within woody shoots of Vitis vinifera (L.). Photosynthetica 1971; 5:22-27.
70. 2 uptake. Nature 1976; 262:574-576.
71. Klug M, Ting IP. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Analysis of an Ecological Adaptation. New York:Springer-Verlag, 1978.
72. Solhaug KA, Haugen J. Seasonal variation of photoinhibition of photosynthesis in bark from Populus tremula L. Photosynthetica 1998; 35:411-417.
73. Pfanz H, Aschan G. The existence of bark and stem photosynthesis and its significance for the overall carbon gain. An ecophysiological and ecological approach. Prog. Bot. 2001; 62:477-510.
74. 4 photosynthesis in stems and petioles of flowering plants. Nature 2002; 415:451-454.
75. Nobel PS, Garcia-Moya E, Quero E. High annual productivities of certain agaves and cacti under cultivation. Plant Cell Environ. 1992; 15:329-335.
76. Gibson A. Anatomy of photosynthetic old stems of nonsucculent dicotyledons from North America desert. Bot. Gaz. 1983; 144:347-362.
77. 2O vapor exchange under controlled conditions. Oecologia 1987; 72:542-549.
78. Nilsen ET, Bao Y. The influence of water stress on stem and leaf photosynthesis in Glycine max and Spartium junceum (Leguminoseae). Am. J. Bot. 1990; 77:1007-1015.
79. Pilarski J. Diurnal and seasonal changes in the intensity of photosynthesis in stems of lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.). Acta Physiol. Plant. 2002; 24:29-36.
80. Brayman AA, Schaedle M. Photosynthesis and respiration of developing Populus tremuloides internodes. Plant Physiol. 1982; 69: 911-915.
81. Pilarski J. Gradient of photosynthetic pigments in the bark and leaves of lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.). Acta Physiol. Plant. 1999; 21:365-373.
82. Nilsen ET, Sharifi MR. Seasonal acclimation of stem photosynthesis in woody legume species from the Mojave and Sonoran deserts of California. Plant Physiol. 1994; 105:1385-1391.
83. Nilsen ET, Sharifi MR. Carbon isotopic composition of legumes with photosynthetic stems from Mediterranean and desert habitats. Am. J. Bot. 1997; 84:1707-1713.
84. Bossard CC, Rejmanek M. Why have green stems? Funct. Ecol. 1992; 6:197-205.
85. Haase P, Pugnaire FI, Clark SC, Incoll LD. Diurnal and seasonal changes in cladode photosynthetic rate in relation to canopy age structure in the leguminous shrub Retama sphearocarpa. Funct. Ecol. 1999; 13:640-649.
86. Cernusak LA, Marshall JD. Photosynthetic refixation in branches of Western White Pine. Funct. Ecol. 2000; 14:300-311.
87. Cernusak LA, Marshall JD, Comstock JP, Blaster NJ. Carbon isotope discrimination in photosynthetic bark. Oecologia 2001; 128:24-35.
88. Schmidt J, Batic F, Pfanz H. 2000. Photosynthetic performance of leaves and twigs of evergreen holly (Ilex equifolium L.). Phyton 2000; 40:179-190.
89. Nilsen ET, Rundel PW, Sharifi MR. Diurnal gas exchange characteristics of two stem photosynthesizing legumes in relation to the climate at two contrasting sites in the California desert. Flora 1996; 191:105-116.
90. 2 uptake in the three subfamilies of the Cactaceae. Plant Physiol. 1986; 80:913-917.
91. Lou Y, Nobel PS. Carbohydrate partitioning and compartmental analysis of a highly productive CAM plant Opuntia ficus-indica. Ann. Bot. 1992; 70:551-559.
92. Nilsen ET, Sharifi MR, Rundel PW, Virginia RA. Phenology of warm desert phreatophytes: seasonal growth and herbivory in Prosopis glandulosa var. Torreyana (honey mesquite). J. Arid Environ. 1987; 13:217-229.
93. Lapointe L. Fruit development in Trillium. Dependence on stem carbohydrate reserves. Plant Physiol. 1998; 117:183-188.
94. Foote KC, Schaedle M. Diurnal and seasonal patterns of photosynthesis and respiration by stems of Populus tremuloides Michx. Plant Physiol. 1976; 58:651-655.
95. Pfanz H, Aschan G, Langenfeld-Heyser R, Wittmann C, Loose M. Ecology and ecophysiology of tree stem:corticular and wood photosynthesis. Naturwissen 2002; 89:147-162.
96. Aschan G, Wittmann C, Pfanz H. Age dependent bark photosynthesis of aspen twigs. Trees 2001; 15:431-437.
97. Szujko-Lacza J, Rakovan JN, Horvath G, Fekete G, Faludi-Daniel A. Anatomical, ultrastructural and physiological studies on one year old Euonymus europeus bark displaying photosynthetic activity. Acta Agron. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1971; 20:247-260.
98. 2-fixation and assimilate transport in the stem of Picea abies (L.) Karst. In: Edelin C, ed. L’arbre: Biologie et Developpment. Montpellier: Naturalia Monspeliensia, 1991.
99. Larcher W, Lutz C, Nagele M, Bodner M. Photosynthetic functioning and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in stem tissue of Fagus sylvatica. J. Plant Physiol. 1988; 132:731-737.
100. Buns R, Acker G, Beck E. The plastids of the yew tree (Taxus haccata L.): Ultrastructure and immunocytochemical examination of chloroplastic enzymes. Bot. Acta 1993; 106:32-41.
101. Kharouk VI, Middleton EM, Spencer SL, Rock BN, Williams DL. Aspen bark photosynthesis and its significance to remote sensing and carbon budget estimate in the boreal ecosystem. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1995; 82:483-497.
102. Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y, Haugen J. Adverse effects of epiphytic crustose lichens upon stem photosynthesis and chlorophyll of Populus tremula L. Bot. Acta 1995; 108:233-239.
103. Van Cleve B, Forretter C, Sauter JJ, Apel K. Pith cells of poplar contain photosynthetically active chloroplasts. Planta 1993; 189:70-73.
104. 2 fixation in lenticels chlorenchyma of young Fraxinus excelsior L. stem in early spring. Tree Struct. Funct. 1996; 10:255-260.
105. Nedroff JA, Ting IP, Lord EM. Structure and function of the green stem tissue in ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). Am. J. Bot. 1985; 72:143-151.
106. 2 fixation by cell free preparation of wood of Robinia pseudacacia. Can. J. Bot. 1974; 52:727-734.
107. Arditti J. The green pigment in Cymbedium flowers. What is it? Cymb. Soc. News 1965; 20:10-11.
108. 2 fixation by green Cymbidium (Orchidaceae) flowers. Plant Physiol. 1968; 43:130-132.
109. He J, Khoo GH, Hew CS. Susceptibility of CAM Dendrobium leaves and flowers to high light and high temperature under normal tropical conditions. Environ. Exp. Bot. 1998; 40:255-264.
110. Galen C, Dawson TE, Stanton ML. Carpels as leaves:meeting the carbon cost of reproduction in an alpine buttercup. Oecologia 1993; 95:187-193.
111. Vemmos SN, Goldwin GK. Stomatal and chlorophyll distribution of Cox’s Orange Pippin apple flowers relative to other cluster parts. Ann. Bot. 1993; 71:245-250.
112. Antifinger AE, Wendel LF. Reproductive effort and floral photosynthesis in Spiranthes cernua (Orchidaceae). Am. J. Bot. 1997; 84:769-780.
113. Weiss D, Schönfeld M, Halevy AH. Photosynthetic activity in the Petunia corolla. Plant Physiol. 1988; 87:666-670.
114. Khoo GH, Hew CS. Developmental changes in chloroplast ultrastructure and carbon fixation metabolism of Dendrobium flowers (Orchidaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 1999; 160:699-705.
115. Khoo GH, He J, Hew CS. Photosynthetic utilization of radiant energy by CAM Dendrobium flowers. Photosynthetica 1997; 34:367-376.
116. Hetherington SE, Smillie RM, Davies WJ. Photosynthetic activities of vegetative and fruiting tissues of tomato. J. Exp. Bot. 1998; 49:1173-1181.
117. 2 exchange rates. Crop Sci. 1993; 33:515-519.
118. Hogan KP, Garcia MB, Cheeseman JM, Loveless MD. Inflorescence photosynthesis and investment in reproduction in the dioecious species Aciphylla glaucescens (Apiaceae). N.Z. J. Bot. 1998; 36:653-660.
119. Salopek-Sondi B, Kovac M, Ljubesic N, Magnus V. Fruit initiation in Helleborus niger L. triggers chloroplast formation and photosynthesis in the perianth. J. Plant Physiol. 2000; 157:357-364.
120. 2- fixation in the flower bud of Lilium I. Corolla. Int. J. Plant Sci. 1997; 58:794-800.
121. Olugbemi LB, Bingham J, Austin RB. Ear and flag leaf photosynthesis of awned and awnless Triticum species Ann. Appl. Biol. 1976; 84:231-240.
122. McDowell SCL, Turner DP. Reproductive effort in invasive and non-invasive Rubus. Oecologia 2002; 133:102-111.
123. Wang Z-M, Wel A-L, Zheng D-M. Photosynthetic characteristics of non-leaf organs of winter wheat cultivars differing in ear type and their relationship with grain mass per ear. Photosynthetica 2001; 39:239-244.
124. Yin Y, Wang Z, He M, Lu S. Postanthesis allocation of photosynthates and grain growth in wheat cultivars as affected by source/sink change. Biol. Plant. 1998; 41:203-209.
125. 2 fixation in various photosynthetic organs of wheat and oat. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 1977; 82:78-87.
126. Imaizumi N, Samejima M, Ishihara K. Characteristics of photosynthetic carbon metabolism of spikelets in rice. Photosynth. Res. 1997; 52:75-82.
127. 2 in wheat ear. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2001; 28:1047-1053.
128. Duffus CM, Nutbeam AR, Scragg SA. Photosynthesis in the immature cereal pericarp in relation to grain growth. In: Jeffcoat B, Hawkins AF, Stead Ad, eds. British Plant Growth Regulator Group Monograph. Vol. 12. Publication of Long Ashton Research Station. Bristol: University of Bristol, 1985:243-256.
129. Gonzalez M-C, Osuna L, Echevarria C, Vidal J, Cejudo FJ. Expression and localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in developing and germinating wheat grains. Plant Physiol. 1998; 116:1249-1258.
130. 3 cereals. J. Exp. Bot. 1996; 47:1567-1575.
131. Blum A. Photosynthesis and transpiration in leaves and ear of wheat and barley varieties. J. Exp. Bot. 1985; 36:432-440.
132. Vehrich RA, Carner BF, Martin BC. Photosynthesis and water use efficiency of awned and awnletted lines of hard red winter wheat. Crop Sci. 1995; 35:172-176.
133. Pavel EW, De Jong TM. Estimating the photosynthetic contribution of developing peach (Prunus persica) fruits to their growth and maintenance carbohydrate requirements. Physiol. Plant. 1993; 88:331-338.
134. Blanke MM. Stomata of currant fruits. Angew. Bot. 1993; 67:1-2.
135. Crookston RK, O’Toole J, Ozbun JL. Characterization of bean pod as a photosynthetic organ. Crop Sci. 1974; 14:708-712.
136. Laval-Martin D, Farineau J, Diamond J. Light versus dark carbon metabolism and photosynthetic activity in cherry tomato fruits I. Occurrence of photosynthesis. Study of intermediates. Plant Physiol. 1977; 60:872-876.
137. Clijster H. On the photosynthetic activity of developing apple fruit. Qual. Plant Mater. Veget. 1999; 19:129-140.
138. Atkins CA, Kuo J, Pate JS, Flinn AM, Steele TW. Photosynthetic pod wall of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Physiol. 1977; 60:779-786.
139. Phan CT. Photosynthetic activity of fruit tissues. Plant Cell Physiol. 1970; 11:823-825.
140. Jones HG. Carbon dioxide exchange of developing apple (Malus pumila Mill.) fruits. J. Exp. Bot. 1981; 32:1203-1210.
141. Fraser DP, Truesdale MR, Bird CR, Scuch W, Bramley PM. Carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development. Evidence for tissue-specific gene expression. Plant Physiol. 1994; 105:405-413.
142. Moreshet S, Green GC. Photosynthesis and the diffusion conductance of the Valencia orange fruit under field conditions. J. Exp. Bot. 1980; 31:15-27.
143. Banks NH, Nicholson SE. Internal atmosphere composition and skin permeance to gases of pepper fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2000; 18:33-41.
144. Blanke MM, Whiley AW. Bioenergetics, respiration cost and water relations of developing avocado fruit. J. Plant Physiol. 1995; 145:87-92.
145. Proietti P, Famiani F, Tombesi A. Gas exchange in olive fruit. Photosynthetica 1999; 36:423-432.
146. Blanke MM, Holthe PA. Bioenergetics, maintenance respiration and transpiration of pepper fruit. J. Plant Physiol. 1997; 150:247-250.
147. Vu JCV, Yelnosky G, Bausher MG. Photosynthetic activity in the flower bud of “Valencia” orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Plant Physiol. 1985; 78:420-423.
148. Chopra J, Kaur N, Gupta AK. Changes in the activities of carbon metabolizing enzymes with pod development in lentil (Lens culinaris L.). Acta Physiol. Plant. 2003; 25:234-240.
149. Notton BA, Blanke MM. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in avocado fruit. Purification and properties. Phytochemistry 1993; 33:1333-1337.
150. Bravdo B-A, Palgi A, Lurie S. Changing ribulose diphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity in ripening tomato fruit. Plant Physiol. 1977; 60:309-312.
151. Hedley CL, Harvey DM, Keely RJ. Role of PEP carboxylase during seed development in Pisum sativum. Nature 1975; 258:352-354.
152. Jeuffory M-H, Warembourg FR. Carbon transfer and partitioning between vegetative and reproductive organs in Pisum sativum L. Plant Physiol. 1991; 97:440-448.
153. Gardner FP, Pearcy RB, Mitchell RL. Physiology of Crop Plants. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1985.
154. Petrie PR, Trought MCT, Howell GS, Buchan GD. The effect of leaf removal and canopy height on whole-vine gas exchange and fruit development of Vitis vinifera L. Sauvignon Blanc. Funct. Plant Biol. 2003; 30:711-717.
155. 2 by mature brown stem of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Ann. Bot. 1975; 39:137-140.
156. Mondal MH, Burn WA, Brenner ML. Effect of sink removal on photosynthesis and senescence in leaves of soybean (Glycine max L.) plants. Plant Physiol. 1978; 61:394-397.
157. Borras L, Otegui ME. Maize kernel weight response to postflowering source-sink ratio. Crop Sci. 2001; 41:1816-1822.
158. Wahid A, Bukhari S, Rasul E. Inter-specific differences in cotton for nutrient partitioning from subtending leaves to reproductive parts at various developmental stages: consequences for fruit growth and yield. Biol. Plant. 2003/04; 47:379-385.
159. Evans LT. Crop Evolution, Adaptation and Yield. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
160. Wang Z, Fu J, He M, Tian Q, Cao H. 1997. Effects of source sink manipulation on net photosynthetic rate and photosynthate partitioning during grain filling in winter wheat. Biol. Plant. 1997; 39:379-385.
161. Yang J, Peng S, Zheng Z, Wang Z, Visperas RM, Zhu Q. Grain and dry matter yields and partitioning of assimilates in Japonica/Indica hybrid rice. Crop Sci. 2002; 42:766-772.
162. Vemmos SN. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight of pistachio trees (cv. Aegenes). J. Hort. Sci. 1994; 69:775-782.
163. Fukii JA, Kennedy RA. Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic rate in apple tree. A comparison between fruiting and non-fruiting trees. Plant Physiol. 1985; 78:519-524.
164. 14C-studies on apple trees. IV. Photosynthetic consumption in fruits in relation to the leaf-fruit ratio and to the leaf-fruit position. Physiol. Plant. 1969; 22:186-198.
165. Ruan Y-L, Llewellyn DJ, Furbank RT. Pathway and control of sucrose import into initiating cotton fiber cells. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2000; 27:795-800.
166. Turgeon R. Plasmodesmata and solute exchange in the phloem. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2000; 27:521-529.
167. Offler CE, Thorp MR, Patrick JW. Assimilate transport and partitioning: Integration of structure, physiology and molecular biology. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2000; 27:473-476.
168. Bertin N. Competition for assimilates and fruit position affect fruit set in indeterminate greenhouse tomato. Ann. Bot. 1995; 75:55-65.
169. Flinn AM. Regulation of leaflet photosynthesis by developing fruit in the pea. Physiol. Plant. 1974; 31:275-278.
170. 14C-assimilates in wheat during grain filling. Ann. Bot. 1999; 83:655-665.
171. 14C in wheat. Ann. Bot. 1975; 39:141-152.
172. Thorne GN. Varietal differences in photosynthesis of ears and leaves of barley. Ann. Bot. 1963; 27:155-174.
173. Walpole RP, Morgan DG. Physiology of grain filling in barley. Nature 1972; 240:416-417.
174. Bonnett GD, Incoll LD. The potential pre-anthesis and post-anthesis contribution of stem internodes to grain yield in crops of winter barley. Ann. Bot. 1992; 69:219-225.
175. Enyi BAC. The contribution of different organs to grain weight in upland and swamp rice. Ann. Bot. 1962; 26:525-531.
176. Peoples MB, Pate JS, Atkins CA, Murray DR. Economy of water carbon and nitrogen in the developing cowpea fruit. Plant Physiol. 1985; 77:142-147.
177. Vemmos SN, Goldwin GK. The photosynthetic activity of Cox’s orange pippin apple flowers in relation to fruit setting. Ann. Bot. 1994; 73:385-391.
178. 14C-sucrose in mango. Sci. Hortic. 1984; 22:121-128.
179. Marcelis LFM, Hofman-Eijer LRB. The contribution of fruit photosynthesis to the carbon requirement of cucumber fruits as affected by irradiance, temperature and ontogeny. Physiol. Plant. 1995; 93:476-483.
180. Nobel PS, De la Barrera E. Carbon and water balances for young fruits of platyopuntia. Physiol. Plant. 2000; 109:160-166.
181. Moutot F, Heut JC, Morot-Gaudry JF, Pernollet JC. Relationship between photosynthesis and protein synthesis in maize I. Kinetics of the translocation of photoassimilates from ear leaf to the seed. Plant Physiol. 1986; 80:211-215.
182. Evans LT, Rawson MH. Photosynthesis and respiration by the flag leaf and component of the ear during grain development in wheat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1970; 23:245-254.
183. Petterson TG, Moss DN, Burn WA. Enzymatic changes during the senescence of field grown wheat. Crop Sci. 1980; 20:15-18.
184. Judal GK, Mengel K. Effect of shading on non-structural carbohydrates and their turnover in culm and leaves during the grain filling period of spring wheat. Crop Sci. 1980; 22:958-962.
185. Araus JL, Tapia L. Photosynthetic gas exchange characteristics of wheat flag leaf blades and sheaths during grain filling: the case of a spring crop grown under Mediterranean climate conditions. Plant Physiol. 1985; 85:667-673.
186. Prioul J-L, Schwebel-Dugue N. Source-sink manipulations and carbohydrate metabolism in maize. Crop Sci. 1992; 32:751-756.
187. Wullschlenger SD, Oosterhuis DM. Photosynthetic carbon production and use by developing cotton leaves and bolls. Crop Sci. 1990; 30:1259-1264.
188. Unruh BL, Silvertooth JC. Comparison between upland and a pima cotton cultivar: II. Nutrient uptake and partitioning. Agron. J. 1996; 88:589-595.
189. Zotz G, Vollrath B, Schmidt G. Carbon relations of fruits of epiphytic orchids. Flora 2003; 198:98-105.