Genetic engineering

Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 333-368

  Fuchs, Marc ^a   Gonsalves, Dennis ^a  

^a New York State Agricultural Experiment Station   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; GENETIC ENGINEERING; VIRUSES;

CROP LOSS; PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA;

CROPS;

EID: 85053315229     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781351071826     Document Type: Chapter

References (248)

1. Acord, B.R., Availability of determination of nonregulated status for squash line genetically engineered for virus resistance, Fed. Regist., 61, 33485, 1996.
2. Ahl-Goy, P. and Duesing, J.H., Assessing the environmental impact of gene transfer to wild relatives, Bio/Technology, 14, 39, 1996.
3. Alexander, D., Goodman, R.M., Gut-Rella, M., Glascock, C., Weymann, K., Friedrich, L., Maddox, D., Ahl-Goy, P., Luntz, T., Ward, E., and Ryals, J., Increased tolerance to two oomycete pathogens in transgenic tobacco expressing pathogenesis-related protein la Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 7327, 1993.
4. Allefs, S.J.H.M., Florack, D.E.A., Hoogendoorn, C., and Stiekema, W.J., Erwinia soft rot resistance of potato cultivars transformed with a gene construct coding for antimicrobial peptide cecropin B is not altered, Am. Potato J., 72, 437, 1995.
5. Allison, R.F., Update on virus recombination in transgenic crops, in Nat. Biol. Imp. Ass. Pro./Inf. Syst. Bio., August issue, 1996, presented at 8th Symp. on Environmental Releases of Biotechnology Products: Risk Assessment Methods and Research Progress, Ottawa, June 23 to 26, 1996.
6. Allison, R., Thompson, C., and Ahlquist, P., Regeneration of functional RNA virus genome by recombination between deletion mutants for cowpea chlorotic mottle virus 3a and coat protein genes for systemic infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87, 1820, 1990.
7. Andow, D.A., Community response to transgenic plant release: using mathematical theory to predict effects of transgenic plants, Mol. Ecol., 3, 65, 1994.
8. Andres, C.K., “Texas gourd” becomes a weed problem in Mississippi cotton fields, Cucurbit Network News, 2, 4, 1995.
9. Anzai, H., Yoneyama, K., and Yamaguchi, I., Transgenic tobacco resistant to a bacterial disease by the detoxification of a pathogenic toxin, Mol. Gen. Genet., 219, 492, 1989.
10. Arce-Ochoa, J.P., Dainello, F., Pike, L.M., and Drews, D., Field performance comparison of two transgenic summer squash hybrids to their parental hybrid line, HortScience, 30, 492, 1995.
11. Arias, D.M. and Rieseberg, L.H., Gene flow between cultivated and wild sunflowers, Theor. Appl. Genet., 89, 655, 1994.
12. Atkinson, H.J., Urwin, P.E., Hansen, E., and McPherson, M.J., Designs for engineered resistance to root-parasitic nematodes, Trends Biotechnol., 13, 369, 1995.
13. Atreya, C., D., Raccah, B., and Pirone, T.P., A point mutation in the coat protein abolishes aphid transmissibility of a potyvirus, Virology, 178, 161, 1990.
14. Barker, H., Invasion of non-phloem tissue in Nicotiana clevelandii by potato leafroll luteovirus is enhanced in plants also infected with potato Y potyvirus, 7. Gen. Virol., 68, 1223, 1987.
15. Barker, H., Reavy, B., Kumar, A., Webster, K.D., and Mayo, M.A., Restricted virus multiplication in potatoes transformed with the coat protein gene of potato leafroll luteovirus: similarities with a type of host gene-mediated resistance, Ann. Appl. Biol., 120, 55, 1992.
16. Barker, H., Webster, K.D., Jolly, C.A., Reavy, B., Kumar, A., and Mayo, M.A., Enhancement of resistance to potato leafroll virus multiplication in potato by combining the effects of host genes and transgenes, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 1, 528, 1994.
17. Bartsch, D., Schmidt, M., Pohl-Orf, M., Haag, C., and Schuphan, I., Competitiveness of transgenic sugar beet resistant to beet necrotic yellow vein virus and potential impact on wild beet populations, Mol. Ecol., 5, 199, 1996.
18. Baulcombe, D., Novel strategies for engineering virus resistance in plants, Curr. Opinion Biotechnol., 5, 117, 1994.
19. Baum, T.J., Hiatt, A., Parrott, W.A., Pratt L.H., and Hussey, R.S., Expression in tobacco of a functional monoclonal antibody specific to stylet secretions of the root-knot nematode Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 9, 382, 1996.
20. Beachy, R.N., Ed., Transgenic resistance to plant viruses, Semin. Virol., 4, 327, 1993a.
21. Beachy, R.N., Virus resistance through expression of coat protein genes, in Biotechnology in Plant Dis., Control, Chet, I., Ed., Wiley-Liss, New York, 1993b, 89.
22. Beachy R.N., Loesch-Fries, S., and Turner, N.E., Coat protein-mediated resistance against virus infection, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 28, 451, 1990.
23. Beck, D.L. and Dawson, W.O., Deletion of repeated sequences from tobacco mosaic virus mutants with two coat protein genes, Virology, 111, 462, 1990.
24. Beffa, R., Szell, M., Meuwly, P., Pay, A., Vogeli-Lange, R., Mefraux, J-R, Neuhaus, G., Meins, E., and Nagy, F., Cholera toxin elevates pathogen resistance and induces pathogenesis-related gene expression in tobacco, EMBOJ., 14, 5753, 1995.
25. Bevan, M.W., Flavell, R.B., and Chilton, M.D., A chimaeric antibiotic resistance gene as selectable marker for plant cell transformation, Nature, 304, 184, 1983.
26. Boudry, P., Morchen, M., Saumitou-Laprade, P., Vernet, P., and van Dijk, H., The origin and evolution of weed beets: consequences for the breeding and release of herbicide-resistant transgenic sugar beets, Theor. Appl. Genet., 87, 471, 1993.
27. Bourdin, D. and Lecoq, H., Evidence that heteroencapsidation between two potyviruses is involved in aphid transmission of a non-aphid transmissible isolate from mixed infections, Phytopathology, 81, 1459, 1991.
28. Bowman Vance, V., Berger, P.H., Carrington, J.C., Hunt, A.G., and Shi, X.M., 5 Proximal potyviral sequences mediate potato virus X/potyviral synergistic disease in transgenic tobacco, Virology, 206, 583, 1995.
29. Broglie, K., Chet, I., Holliday, M., Cressman, R., Biddle, P., Knowlton, S., Mauvais, C.J., and Broglie, R., Transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, Science, 254, 1194, 1991.
30. Brown, C.R., Smith, O.P., Damsteegt, V.D., Yang, C.P., Fox, L., and Thomas, P.E., Suppression of PLRV titer in transgenic Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet, Am. Potato J., 72, 589, 1995.
31. Bujarski, J., J. and Kaesberg, P., Genetic recombination between RNA components of a multipartite plant virus, Nature, 321, 528, 1986.
32. Calvert, L.A. and Ghabrial, S.A., Enhancement by soybean mosaic virus of bean pod mottle virus titer in doubly infected soybean, Phytopathology, 73, 992, 1983.
33. Candelier-Harvey, P. and Hull, R., Cucumber mosaic virus genome is encapsidated in alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein expressed in transgenic tobacco plants, Transgenic Res., 2, 277, 1993.
34. Carmona, M.J., Molina, A., Fernandez, J.A., Lopez-Fando, J.J., and Garcia-Olmedo, E., Expression of the oc-thionin gene from barley in tobacco confers enhanced resistance to bacterial pathogens, Plant J., 3, 457, 1993.
35. Cascone, P.J., Carpenter, C.D., Li, X.H., and Simon, A.E., RNA recombination between satellite RNAs of turnip crinkle virus, EMBO J., 9, 1709, 1990.
36. Cervera, M.K., Riechmann, J.L., Martin, M.K., and Garcia, J.A., 3'-Terminal sequence of the plum pox virus PS and 06 isolates: evidence for RNA recombination within the potyvirus group, J. Gen. Virol, 74, 1709, 1993.
37. Chen, B. and Francki, R.I.B., Cucumovirus transmission of the aphid Myzus persicae is determined solely by the viral coat proteia 7. Gen. Virol, 71, 939, 1990.
38. Clough, G.H. and Hamm, P.B., Coat protein transgenic resistance to watermelon mosaic and zucchini yellows mosaic virus in squash and cantaloupe, Plant Dis., 79, 1107, 1995.
39. Cooper, J.I., Edwards, N.L., Rosenwasser, O., and Scott, N.W., Transgenic resistance genes from nepoviruses: efficacy and other properties, N.Z.J. Crop Hortic. Sci, 22, 129, 1994.
40. Cornelissen, B.J.C. and Melchers, L.S., Strategies for control of fungal diseases with transgenic plants, Plant Physiol, 101, 709, 1993.
41. Creamer, R. and Falk, B., W., Direct detection of transencapsidated barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses in doubly infected plants, J. Gen. Virol, 71, 211, 1990.
42. Dale, P., J., Spread of engineered genes to wild relatives, Plant Physiol, 100, 13, 1992.
43. Dale, P.J., The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: general considerations, Mol. Ecol, 3, 31, 1994.
44. Damirdagh, I.S. and Ross, A.F., A marked synergistic interaction of potato viruses X and Y in inoculated leaves of tobacco, Virology, 31, 296, 1967.
45. Darmency, H., The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: introgression and weediness, Mol. Ecol, 3, 37, 1994.
46. De la Fuente-Martínez, J.M., Mosqueda-Cano, G., Alvarez-Morales, A., and Herrera-Estrella, L., Expression of a bacterial phaseotoxin resistant ornithyl transcarbamylase in transgenic tobacco confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, Bio/Technology, 10, 905, 1992.
47. del Vas, M., Ceriani, M.E., Collavita, M., Butzonich, I., and Bopp, H.E., Analysis of transgenic potato plants expressing potato leafroll virus coat protein gene, Plant Physiol, 102, 174, 1993.
48. Deom, C.M., Oliver, M.J., and Beachy, R.N., The 30-kilodalton gene product of tobacco mosaic virus potentiates virus movement, Science, 237, 389, 1987.
49. de Zoeten, G.A., Risk assessment: do we let history repeat itself?, Phytopathology, 81, 585, 1991.
50. Doebley, J., Molecular evidence for gene flow among Zea species, Bioscience, 40, 443, 1990.
51. Düring, K., Porsch, P., Fladung, M., and Lörz, H., Transgenic potato plants resistant to the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia carotovora, Plant J., 34, 587, 1993.
52. Edwards, M.C., Petty, I.T.D., and Jackson, A.O., RNA recombination in the genome of barley stripe mosaic virus, Virology, 189, 389, 1992.
53. Eijlander, R. and Stiekema, W.J., Biological containment of potato (Solanum tuberosum): outcrossing to the related wild species black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), Sex. Plant Reprod., 7, 29, 1994.
54. Falk, B.W. and Bruening, G., Will transgenic crops generate new viruses and new diseases?, Science, 263, 1395, 1994.
55. Fang, G. and Grumet, R., Genetic engineering of potyvirus resistance using constructs derived from the zucchini yellow mosaic virus coat protein gene, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 6, 358, 1993.
56. Farinelli, L., Malnoe, P., and Collet, G.F., Heterologous encapsidation of potato virus Y strain O (PVY°) with the transgenic coat protein of PVY strain N (PVY14) in Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje, Bio/Technology, 10, 1020, 1992.
57. Fernandez-Cuartero, B., Burgyan, J., Aranda, M.A., Salanki, K., Moriones, E., and Garcia-Arenal, F., Increase in the relative fitness of a plant virus RNA associated with its recombinant nature, Virology, 203, 373, 1994.
58. Fitch, M.M.M., Manshardt, R.M., Gonsalves, D., Slightom, J.L., and Sanford, J.C., Virus resistant papaya plants derived from tissues bombarded with the coat protein gene of papaya ringspot virus, Bio/Technology, 10, 1466, 1992.
59. Fitchen, J.H. and Beachy, R.N., Genetically engineered protection against viruses in transgenic plants, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 47, 739, 1993.
60. Fraley, R.T., Rogers, S.C., Horsch, R.B., Sanders, P.R., Flick, J.S., Adams, S.P., Bittner, M.L., Brand, L.A., Fink, C.L., Fry, J.S., Galluppi, G.R., Goldberg, S.B., Hoffmann, N.L., and Woo, S.C., Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 80, 4803, 1983.
61. Fuchs, M. and Gonsalves, D., Unpublished results, 1993.
62. Fuchs, M. and Gonsalves, D., Risk assessment of virus spread and gene introgression using transgenic vegetable crops expressing viral coat protein genes, Phytopathology, 85, 1138, 1995a.
63. Fuchs, M. and Gonsalves, D., Resistance of transgenic hybrid squash ZW-20 expressing the coat protein genes of zucchini yellow mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus 2 to mixed infections by both potyviruses, Bio/Technology, 13, 1466, 1995b.
64. Fuchs, M., Klas, F.E., and Gonsalves, D., Resistance evaluation of transgenic plants expressing virus coat protein genes and risk assessment of virus spread, Phytopathology, 84, 1371, 1994.
65. Fuchs, M., McFerson, J., Tricoli, D.M., McMaster, J.R., Deng, R.Z., Boeshore, M.L., Reynolds, J.F., Russell, P.F., Quemada, H.D., and Gonsalves, D., Cantaloupe line CZW-30 containing coat protein genes of cucumber mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, and watermelon mosaic virus-2 is resistant to these aphid-borne viruses in the field Mol. Breeding, 1997, in press.
66. Fuchs, M., Provvidenti, R., Slightom, J.L., and Gonsalves D., Evaluation of transgenic tomato plants expressing the coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus strain WL under field condition, Plant Dis., 80, 270, 1996.
67. Gal, S., Pisan, B., Hohn, K., Grimsley, N., and Hohn, B., Agroinfection of transgenic plants leads to viable cauliflower mosaic virus by intermolecular recombination, Virology, 187, 525, 1992.
68. Gates, P., The environmental impact of genetically engineered crops, Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev., 13, 181, 1995.
69. Gerlach, W.L., llewellyn, D., and Haseloff, J., Construction of a disease resistant gene using the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus, Nature, 328, 802, 1987.
70. Gibbs, M.J. and Cooper, J.I., A recombinational event in the history of luteoviruses probably by base-pairing between the genomes of two distinct viruses, Virology, 206, 1129, 1995.
71. Glascock, C.B., Kamoun, S., Tyler, B., Ryals, J., and Alexander, D., Transgenic tobacco resistant to Phytophtora parasitica: analysis of expression and activity of a novel pathogenesis-related (PR) protein, SAR 8.2, J. Cell. Biochem., 16F, 215, 1992.
72. Gliddon, C., The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: biological models and theoretical perspectives, Mol. Ecol., 3, 41, 1994.
73. Goldberg, K. and Brakke, M.K., Concentration of maize chlorotic mottle virus increased in mixed infections with maize dwarf mosaic virus, strain B, Phytopathology, 11, 162, 1987.
74. Golemboski, D.B., Lomonossoff, G.P., and Zaitlin, M., Plants transformed with tobacco mosaic virus nonstructural gene sequence are resistant to the virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87, 6311, 1990.
75. Gonsalves, C., Xue, B., Pang, S.Z., Provvidenti, R., Slightom, J.L., and Gonsalves, D., Breeding multiple virus-resistant transgenic tomatoes, in Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Pathology, Montreal, July 28 to August 6, 1993, 190.
76. Gonsalves, C., Xue, B., Yepes, M., Fuchs, M., Ling, K., Namba, S., Chee, P., Slightom, J.L., and Gonsalves, D., Transferring cucumber mosaic virus-white leaf strain coat protein gene intoCucumis melo L. and evaluating transgenic plants for protection against infections J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 119, 345, 1994.
77. Gonsalves, D., Chee, P., Provvidenti, R., Seem, R., and Slightom, J.L., Comparison of coat protein-mediated and genetically-derived resistance in cucumbers to infection by cucumber mosaic virus under filed conditions with natural challenge inoculations by vectors, Bio/Technology, 10, 1562, 1992.
78. Greene, A.E. and Allison, R.F., Recombination between viral RNA and transgenic plant transcript, Science, 263, 1423, 1994.
79. Greene, A.E. and Allison, R.F., Deletions in the 3’ untranslated region of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus transgene reduce recovery of recombinant viruses in transgenic plants, Virology, 225, 231, 1996.
80. Grison, R., Grezes-Besset, B., Schneider, M., Lucante, N., Olsen, L., Leguay, J.-J., and Toppan, A., Field tolerance to fungal pathogens in Brassica napus constitutively expressing a chimeric chitinase gene, Nat. Biotechnol, 14, 643, 1996.
81. Grumet, R., Genetically engineered plant virus resistance, HortScience, 25, 508, 1990.
82. Grumet, R., Development of virus resistant plants via genetic engineering, Plant Breeding Rev., 12, 47, 1994.
83. Hackland, A.F., Rybicki, E.P., and Thomson, J.A., Coat protein-mediated resistance in transgenic plants, Arch. Virol, 139, 1, 1994.
84. Hain, R., Reif, H.-J., Krause, E., Langerbartels, R., Kindl, H., Vorman, B., Wiese, W., Schmelzer, E., Schreier, P.H., Stocker, R.H., and Stenzel, K., Disease resistance results from foreign phytoalexin expression in a novel plant, Nature, 361, 153, 1993.
85. Hanley-Bowdoin, L., Elmer, J.S., and Rogers, S.G., Expression of a functional replication protein from tomato golden mosaic virus in transgenic tobacco plants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87, 1446, 1990.
86. Hanley-Bowdoin, L. and Hemenway, C., Expression of plant viral genes in transgenic plants, mGenedc Engineering with Plant Viruses, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992, 251.
87. Harms, C.K., Engineering genetic disease resistance into crops: biotechnological approaches to crop protection, Crop Prot., 11, 291, 1992.
88. Harrison, B.D., Mayo, M.A., and Baulcombe, D.C., Virus resistance in transgenic plants that express cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNA, Nature, 328, 799, 1987.
89. Harrison, B.D. and Murant, A.F., Involvement of virus-coded proteins in transmission of plant viruses by vectors, in Vectors in Virus Biology, Mayo, M.A. and Harrap, K.A., Eds., Academic Press, London, 1984, 1.
90. Hayakawa, K., Zhu, Y., Itoh, K., Kimura, Y., Izawa, K., Shimamoto, K., and Toriyama, S., Genetically engineered rice resistant to rice stripe virus, an insect-transmitted virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 9865, 1992.
91. Herbers, K., Meuwly, P., Frommer, W.B., Metraux, J.P., and Sonnewald, U., Systemic acquired resistance mediated by the ectopic expression of invertase: possible hexose sensing in the secretory pathway, Plant Cell, 8, 793, 1996.
92. Herdt, R.W., Research priorities for rice biotechnology, in Rice Biotechnology, Khush, G.S. and Toenissen, G.H., Eds., CAB International, Wallingford, U.K., 1991, 19.
93. Herrera-Estrella, L., Depicker, A., van Montagu, M., and Schell, J., Expression of chimaeric genes transferred into plant cells using a Ti-plasmid-derived vector, Nature, 303, 209, 1983.
94. Herrera-Estrella, L. and Simpson, L., Genetically engineered resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens, W.J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 11, 383, 1995.
95. Hightower, R., Baden, C., Penzes, E., and Dunsmuir, P., The expression of cecropin peptide in transgenic tobacco does not confer resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci, Plant Cell Rep., 13, 295, 1994.
96. Hill, K.K., Jarvis-Egan, N., Halk, E.L., Krahn, K.J., Liao, L.W., Mathewson, R.S., Merlo, D.J., Nelson, S.E., Rashka, K.E., and Loesch-Fries, L., The development of virus-resistant alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., Bio/Technology, 9, 373, 1991.
97. Hong, Y., Saunders, K., Hartley, M.R., and Stanley, J., Resistance to geminivirus infection by virus-induced expression of dianthin in transgenic plants, Virology, 220, 119, 1996.
98. Holt, C.A. and Beachy, R.N., In vivo complementation of infectious transcripts from mutant tobacco mosaic virus cDNAs in transgenic plants, Virology, 181, 109, 1991.
99. Howell, S.H., Walker, L.L., and Walden, R. ML, Rescue of in vitro generated mutants of cauliflower mosaic virus genome in infected plants, Nature, 293, 483, 1981.
100. Hu, J.S., Rochow, W.F., Palukaitis, P., and Dietert, R.R., Phenotypic mixing: mechanism of dependent transmission for two related isolates of barley yellow mosaic virus, Phytopathology, 78, 1326, 1988.
101. Huisman, M.J., Cornelissen, B.J.C., Groenendijk, C.F.M., Bol, J.F., and Van Vlotten-Dotting, L., Alfalfa mosaic virus temperature-sensitive mutants. V. The nucleotide sequence of TBTS 7 RNA3 shows limited nucleotide changes and evidence for heterologous recombination, Virology, 171, 409, 1989.
102. Hull, R., Non-conventional resistance to viruses in plants. Concepts and risks, in Proc. Symp. 19th Stadler Genetics, Gustafson, J.P., Ed., Columbia, 1989, 289.
103. Hull, R., The use and misuse of viruses in cloning and expression in plants, in Recognition and Response in Plant-Virus Interactions, Fraser, R.S.S., Ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990, 443.
104. Hull, R., Resistance to plant viruses: obtaining genes by non-conventional approaches, Euphytica, 75, 195, 1994.
105. Hull, R. and Davies, J.W., Approaches to nonconventional control of plant virus diseases, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 11, 17, 1992.
106. Jach, G., Gornhardt, B., Mundy, J., Logemann, J., Pinsdorf, E., Leah, R., Schell, J., and Maas, C., Enhanced quantitative resistance against fungal disease by combinatorial expression of different barley antifungal proteins in transgenic tobacco, Plant J., 8, 97, 1995.
107. Jongedijk, E., de Schutter, A.A.J.M., Stolte, T., van den Elzen, P.J.M., and Cornelissen, B.J.C., Increased resistance to potato virus X and preservation of cultivar properties in transgenic potato under field conditions, Bio/Technology, 10, 422, 1992.
108. Kaniewski, W., Lawson, C., Sammons, B., Haley, L., Hart, J., Delannay, X., and Turner, N.E., Field resistance of transgenic Russet Burbank potato to effects of infection by potato virus X and potato virus Y., Bio/Technology, 8, 750, 1990.
109. Kaplan, I.B., Shintaku, M.H., Li, Q., Zhang, L., Marsh, L., and Palukaitis, P., Complementation of virus movement in transgenic tobacco expressing the cucumber mosaic virus 3a gene, Virology, 209, 188, 1995.
110. Kapteijns, A.J.A.M., Risk assessment of genetically modified crops. Potential of four arable crops to hybridize with the wild flora, Euphytica, 66, 145, 1993.
111. Kareiva, P., Morris, W., and Jacobi, C.M., Studying and managing the risk of cross-fertilization between transgenic crops and wild relatives, Mol. Ecol., 3, 15, 1994.
112. Kawchuk, L.M., Martin, R.R., and McPherson, J., Resistance in transgenic potato expressing the potato leafroll virus coat protein gene, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 3, 301, 1990.
113. Kawchuk, L.M., Martin, R.R., and McPherson, J., Sense and antisense RNA-mediated resistance to potato leafroll virus in Russet Burbank potato plants, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 4, 247, 1991.
114. Keeler, K.H., Can genetically engineered crops become weeds, Bio/Technology, 1, 1134, 1995.
115. Kim, J.W., Sun, S.S.M., and German, T.L., Disease resistance in tobacco and tomato plants transformed with the tomato spotted wilt virus nucleocapsid gene, Plant Dis., 78, 615, 1994.
116. Kim, S.J., Paek, K.H., and Kim, B.D., Delay of disease development in transgenic petunia plants expressing cucumber mosaic virus I17N-satellite RNA, 7. Am. Soc. Horde. Sci., 120, 353, 1995.
117. Kinal, H., Park, C.-M., Berry, J.O., Koltin, Y., and Bruenn J.A., Processing and secretion of a virally encoded antifungal toxin in transgenic tobacco plants: evidence for a Kex2p pathway in plants, Plant Cell, 1, 677, 1995.
118. Kirkpatrick, K.J. and Wilson, H., Interspecific gene flow in Cucurbita: C. texana vs. C. pepo, Am. J. Bot., 75, 519, 1988.
119. Klas, F.E., Fuchs, M., and Gonsalves, D., Spatial analysis as a tool to evaluate virus resistance in a transgenic crop, Phytopathology, 84, 1372, 1994.
120. Klein, T.M., Wolf, E.D., and Sanford, J.C., High velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells, Nature, 327, 70, 1987.
121. Kling, J., Could transgenic supercrops one day breed superweeds?, Science, 274, 180, 1996.
122. Kollar, A., Dalmay, T., and Burgyan, J., Defective interfering RNA mediated resistance against cym-bidium ringspot tombusvirus in transgenic plants, Virology, 193, 313, 1993.
123. Kunik, T., Salomon, R., Zamir, D., Navot, N., Zeidan, M., Michelson, I., Gafni, Y., and Czosnek, H., Transgenic tomato plants expressing the tomato yellow leaf curl virus capsid protein are resistant to the virus, Bio/Technology, 12, 500, 1994.
124. Lai, M.M.C., RNA recombination in animal and plant viruses, Microbiol. Rev., 56, 61, 1992.
125. Lam, Y.H., Wong, Y.S., Wang, B., Wong, R.N.S., Yeung, H.W., and Shaw, P.C., Use of trichosanthin to reduce infection by turnip mosaic virus. Plant Sci., 114, 111, 1996.
126. Langevin, S.A., Clay, K., and Grace, J.B., The incidence and effects of hybridization between cultivated rice and its related weed red rice, Evolution, 44, 1000, 1990.
127. Lapidot, M., Gafny, R., Ding, B., Wolf, S., Lucas, W.J., and Beachy, R.N., A dysfunctional movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus that partially modifies the plasmodesmata and limits virus spread in transgenic plants, Plant J., 4, 959, 1993.
128. Lawson, C., Kaniewski, W., Haley, L., Rozmann, R., Newall, C., Sanders, P., and Turner, N.E., Engineered resistance to mixed virus infection in a potato cultivar: resistance to potato virus X and potato virus Y in transgenic Russet Burbank, Bio/Technology, 8, 127, 1990.
129. Lebeurier, G., Hirth, L., Hohn, B., and Hohn, K., In vivo recombination of cauliflower mosaic virus DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 79, 1932, 1982.
130. Lecoq, H., Ravelonandro, M., Wipf-Scheibel, C., Monsion, M., Raccah, B., and Dunez, J., Aphid transmission of a non-aphid transmissible strain of zucchini yellow mosaic virus from transgenic plants expressing the capsid protein of plum pox potyvirus, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 6, 403, 1993.
131. Le Gall, O., Candresse, O., and Dunez, J., Transfer of the 3’ non-translated region of grapevine chrome mosaic virus RNA-1 by recombination to tomato black ring virus RNA-2 in pseudorecombinant isolates, J Gen. Virol., 76, 1285, 1995.
132. Li, X.H. and Carrington, J.C., Complementation of tobacco etch potyvirus mutants by active RNA polymerase expressed in transgenic cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 457, 1995.
133. Lin, W., Anuratha, C.S., Datta, K., Potrykus, I., Muthukrishnan, S., and Datta, S.K., Genetic engineering of rice for resistance to sheath blight, Bio/Technology, 13, 686, 1995.
134. Linder, C.R. and Schmitt, J., Assessing the risks of transgene escape through time and crop-wild hybrid persistence, Mol. Ecol., 3, 23, 1994.
135. Liu, D., Kashchandra, G., Hasegawa, P.M., and Bressan, R.A., Osmotin overexpression in potato delays development of disease symptoms, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, 1888, 1994.
136. Lius, S., Manshardt, R.M., Fitch, M.M.M., Slightom, J.L., Sanford, J.C., and Gonsalves, D., Pathogen-derived resistance provides papaya with effective protection against papaya ringspot virus, Mol. Breeding, 1997, in press.
137. Lodge, J.K., Kaniewski, W.K., and Turner, N.E., Broad-spectrum virus resistance in transgenic plants expressing pokeweed antiviral protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 7089, 1993.
138. Logemann, J., Jach, G., Tommerup, H., Mundy, J., and Schell, J., Expression of a barley ribosome-inactivating protein leads to increased fungal protection in transgenic tobacco plants, Bio/Technology, 10, 305, 1992.
139. Lommel, S.A. and Xiong, Z., Reconstitution of a functional red clover necrotic mosaic virus by recombinational rescue of the cell-to-cell movement gene expressed in a transgenic plant, J. Cell. Biochem., 15 A, 151, 1991.
140. Lomonossoff, G.P., Pathogen-derived resistance to plant viruses Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 33, 323, 1995.
141. MacKenzie, D.J., Tremaine, J.H., and McPherson, J., Genetically engineered resistance to potato virus S in potato cultivar Russet Burbank Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 4, 95, 1991.
142. Maiti, I.B., Murphy, J.F., Shaw, J.G., and Hunt, A.G., Plants that express a potyvirus proteinase gene are resistant to virus infection Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 6110, 1993.
143. Malnoe, P., Farinelli, L., Collet, G.F., and Reust, W., Small-scale field tests with transgenic potato, cv. Bintje, to test resistance to primary and secondary infections with potato virus Y., Plant Mol. Biol., 25, 963, 1994.
144. Malyshenko, S.I., Kondakova, O.A., Nazarova, J.V., Kaplan, I.B., Taliansky, M.E., and Atabekov, J.G., Reduction of tobacco mosaic virus accumulation in transgenic plants producing non functional viral transport proteins, J. Gen. Virol., 74, 1149, 1993.
145. Malyshenko, S.I., Kondakova, O.A., Taliansky, M.E., and Atabekov, J.G., Plant virus transport function: complementation by helper viruses is nonspecific, J. Gen. Virol., 70, 2751, 1989.
146. Martin, G.B., Brommenschenkel, S.H., Chunwongse, J., Frary, A., Ganal, M.W., Spivey, R., Wu, T., Earle, E.D., and Tanksley, S.D., Map-based cloning of a protein kinase gene conferring disease resistance in tomato, Science, 262, 1432, 1993.
147. Medley, T.L., Availability of determination of nonregulated status for virus resistant squash, Fed. Regist., 59, 64187, 1994.
148. Mellon, M. and Rissler, J., Transgenic crops: USDA data on small-scale tests contribute little to commercial risk assessment, Bio/Technology, 13, 96, 1995.
149. Michelmore, R., Molecular approaches to manipulation of disease resistance genes, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 15, 393, 1995.
150. Mikkelsen, R.K., Andersen, B., and Jorgensen, R.B., The risk of crop transgene spread, Nature, 380, 31, 1996.
151. Milne, R.G., The economic impact of filamentous viruses, in The Plant Viruses, Milne, R.G., Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1987, 331.
152. Mitra, A., Higgins, D.W., Langenberg, W.G., Nie, H., Sengupta, D.N., and Silverman, R.H., A mammalian 2-5 A system functions as an antiviral pathway in transgenic plants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 6780, 1996.
153. Mittler, R., Shulaev, V., and Lam E., Coordinated activation of programd cell death and defense mechanisms in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a bacterial proton pump, Plant Cell, 1, 29, 1995.
154. Motoyoshi, F. and Ugaki, M., Production of transgenic tomato plants with specific TMV resistance, Jpn. Agric. Res. Q., 27, 122, 1993.
155. Murant, A.F., Raccah, B., and Pirone, T.P., Transmission by vectors, in The Plant Viruses, Milne, R.G., Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1988, 237.
156. Murray, L.E., Elliott, L.G., Capitant, S.A., West, J.A., Hanson, K.K., Scarafia, L., Johnston, S., DeLuca-Flaherty, C., Nichols, S., Cunanan, D., Dietrich, P.S., Mettler, I.J., Dewald, S., Warnick, D.A., Rhodes, C., Sinibaldi, R.M., and Brunke, K.J., Transgenic com plants expressing MDMV strain B coat protein are resistant to mixed infections of maize dwarf mosaic virus and maize chlorotic mottle virus, Bio/Technology, 11, 1559, 1993.
157. Nakamura, S., Honkura, R., Ugaki, M., Ohshima, M., and Ohashi, Y., Resistance to viral infection in transgenic plants expressing ribozymes designed against cucumber mosaic virus RNA3 Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn., 61, 53, 1995.
158. Nakamura, S., Iwai, K., Honkura, R., Ugaki, M., and Ohasho, Y., Degradation of transgene RNA in virus-resistant transgenic plants expressing catalytic antisense RNA against virus genome, Ann. Phtytopathol. Soc. Jpn., 62, 156, 1996.
159. Nelson, R.S., McCormick, S.M., Delannay, X., Dube, P., Layton, J., Anderson, E.J., Kaniewska, M., Proksch, R.K., Horsch, R.B., Rogers, S.G., Fraley, R.K., and Beachy, R.N., Virus tolerance, plant growth, and field performance of transgenic tomato plants expressing coat protein from tobacco mosaic virus, Bio/Technology, 6, 403, 1988.
160. Nelson, R.S., Roth, D.A., and Johnson, J.D., Tobacco mosaic virus infection of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants is inhibited by antisense constructs directed at the 5’ region of viral RNA, Gene, 127, 227, 1993.
161. Neuhaus, J.-M., Ahl-Goy, P., Hinz, U., Flores, S., and Meins, E., High-level expression of a tobacco chitinase gene in Nicotiana sylvestris. Susceptibility of transgenic plants to Cercospora nicotianae infection, Plant Mol. Biol, 16, 141, 1991.
162. Norelli, J.L., Aldwinckle, H.S., Destéfano-Beltrán, L., and Jaynes, J.M., Transgenic ‘Mailing 26’ apple expressing the attacin E gene has increased resistance to Erwinia amylovora, Euphytica, 11, 123, 1994.
163. Ogawa, K., Hori, K., and Ishida, I., Virus-induced cell death in plants expressing the mammalian 2,5’ oligoadenylate system, Nature Biotechnology, 14, 1566, 1996.
164. Ogawa, K., Watanabe, Y., Meshi, T., and Okada, Y., Transcomplementation of virus-encoded replicase components of tobacco mosaic virus, Virology, 185, 580, 1991.
165. Opperman, C.H. and Conkling, M.A., Field evaluations of transgenic root-knot nematode resistant tobacco, J. Nematol, 27, 513, 1995.
166. Opperman, C.H. and Conkling, M.A., Genetic engineering resistance to root-knot nematodes, Can. J. Plant Pathol, 18, 97, 1996.
167. Osbourn, J.K., Sarkar, S., and Wilson, T.M.A., Complementation of coat protein-defective TMV mutants in transgenic tobacco plants expressing TMV coat protein, Virology, 179, 921, 1990.
168. Pang, S.Z., Jan, F.J., Carney, K., Stout, J., Tricoli, D.M., Quemada, H.D., and Gonsalves, D., Post-transcriptional transgene silencing and consequent tospovirus resistance in transgenic lettuce are affected by transgene dosage and plant development, Plant J., 9, 899, 1996.
169. Pang, S.Z., Jan, F.J., Tricoli, D.M., Hu, J.S., Fuchs, M., Quemada, H.D., and Gonsalves, D., Unpublished results, 1995.
170. Park, C-M., Berry, J.O., and Bruenn, J.A., High-level secretion of a virally encoded anti-fungal toxin in transgenic tobacco plants, Plant Mol. Biol., 20, 359, 1996.
171. Perry, K.L. and Francki, R.I.B., Insect-mediated transmission of mixed and reassorted cucumovirus genomic RNAs, J. Gen. Virol., 73, 2105, 1992.
172. Pirone, T.P., Viral genes and gene product that determine insect transmissibility, Semin. Virol., 2, 81, 1991.
173. Plafker, K., First biotech safety rules don’t deter Chinese efforts, Science, 266, 966, 1994.
174. Poolpol, P. and Inouye, T., Enhancement of cucumber mosaic virus multiplication by zucchini yellow mosaic virus in doubly infected cucumber plants, Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn., 52, 22, 1986.
175. Powell-Abel, P., Nelson, R.S., De, B., Hoffmann, N., Rogers, S.G., Fraley, R.K., and Beachy, R.N., Delay of disease development in transgenic plants that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene, Science, 232, 738, 1986.
176. Presting, G.G., Smith, O.P., and Brown, C.R., Resistance to potato leafroll virus in potato plants transformed with the coat protein gene or with vector control constructs, Phytopathology, 85, 436, 1995.
177. Provvidenti, R. and Gonsalves, D., Inheritance of resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in a transgenic tomato line with the coat protein gene of the white leaf strain, 7. Hered., 86, 85, 1995.
178. Punja, Z.K. and Zhang, Y.-Y., Plant chitinases and their role in resistance to fungal diseases, J Nematol., 25, 526, 1993.
179. Quemada, H.D., Personal communication, 1995.
180. Quiros, C.F., Ortega, R., Van Raansdonk, L., Herrera-Montoya, M., Cisneros, P., Schmidt, E., and Brush, S.B., Increase of potato genetic resources in their center of diversity: the role of natural outcrossing and selection by the Andean farmer, Genet. Resour. Crop EvoL, 39, 107, 1992.
181. Raski, D.J., Goheen, A.C., Lider, L.A., and Meredith, C.P., Strategies against grapevine fanleaf virus and its nematode vector, Plant Dis., 67, 335, 1993.
182. Rathjen, J.P., Karageorgos, L.E., Habili, N., Waterhouse, P.M., and Symons, R.H., Soybean dwarf luteovirus contains the third variant genome type in the luteovirus group, Virology, 198, 671, 1994.
183. Raybould, A.R., Goudet, J., Mogg, R.J., Gliddon, C.J., and Gray, A.J., Genetic structure of a linear population of Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (sea beet) revealed by isozyme and RFLP analysis, Heredity, 76, 111, 1996.
184. Raybould, A.F. and Gray, A.J., Genetically modified crops and hybridization with wild relatives: a U.K. perspective, J. Appl. Ecol., 30, 199, 1993.
185. Regal, P.J., Scientific principles for ecologically based risk assessment of transgenic organisms, Mol. Ecol., 3, 5, 1994.
186. Reinmann-Philipp, U. and Beachy, R.N., Plant resistance to virus diseases through genetic engineering: can a similar approach control plant-parasitic nematodes?, 7. Nematol., 25, 541, 1993.
187. Revers, F., Le Gall., O., Candresse, K., Le Romancer, M., and Dunez, J., Frequent occurrence of recombinant potyvirus isolates, 7. Gen. Virol., 11, 1953, 1996.
188. Rissler, J. and Mellon M., Perils admidst the promise. Ecological risks of transgenic crops in a global market, Union of Concern Scientists, 92, 1993.
189. Robinson, D.J., Hamilton, W.D.O., Harrison, B.D., and Baulcombe, D.C., Two anomalous tobravirus isolates: evidence for RNA recombination in nature, 7. Gen. Virol., 70, 935, 1987.
190. Rochow, W.F. and Ross, A.F., Virus multiplication in plants doubly infected by potato viruses X and Y., Virology, 1, 10, 1955.
191. Rogers, H.J. and Parkes, H.C., Transgenic plants and the environment, 7. Exp. Bot., 46, 467, 1995.
192. Sanders, P.R., Sammons, B., Kaniewski, W., Haley, L., Layton, J., Lavallee, B.J., Delannay, X., and Turner, N.E., Field resistance of transgenic tomatoes expressing the tobacco mosaic virus or tomato mosaic virus coat protein genes, Phytopathology, 82, 683, 1992.
193. Sanford, J.C. and Johnston, S.A., The concept of parasite-derived resistance-Deriving resistance genes from the parasite’s own genome, J. Theor. Biol., 113, 395, 1985.
194. Schmitt, J. and Linder, C.R., Will escaped transgenes lead to ecological release?, MoA. Ecol., 3, 71, 1994.
195. Schoelz, J.E., Goldberg, K.B., and Kiernan, J., Expression of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) gene VI in transgenic Nicotiana bigelovii complements a strain of CaMV defective in long distance movement in nontransformed N. bigelovii, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 4, 350, 1991.
196. Schoelz, J.E. and Wintermantel, W.M., Expansion of viral host range through complementation and recombination in transgenic plants, Plant Cell, 5, 1669, 1993.
197. Scholthof, K.B., Scholthof, H.B., and Jackson, A.O., Control of plant virus diseases by pathogen-derived resistance in transgenic plants, Plant Physiol, 102, 7, 1993.
198. Scorza R. and Ravelonandro, M., Personal communication, 1996.
199. Shah, D.M., Rommens, C.M.T., and Beachy, R.N., Resistance to diseases and insects in transgenic plants: progress and applications to agriculture, Trends Biotechnol, 13, 362, 1995.
200. Simon, A.E. and Bujarski, J.J., RNA-RNA recombination and evolution in virus-infected plants, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 32, 337, 1994.
201. Stanley, J., Frischmuth, T., and Ellwood, S., Defective viral DNA ameliorates symptoms of geminivirus infection in transgenic plants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87, 6291, 1990.
202. Stone, R., Large scale are next test for transgenic crop safety, Science, 266, 1472, 1994.
203. Strating, A., Availability of determination of nonregulated status for papaya lines genetically engineered for virus resistance, Fed. Regist., 61, 48663, 1996.
204. Strittmater, G., Janssens, J., Opsomer, C., and Botterman, J., Inhibition of fungal disease development in plants by engineering controlled cell death, Bio/Technology, 13, 1085, 1996.
205. Sturtevant, A.P. and Beachy, R.N., Virus resistance in transgenic plants: coat protein-mediated resistance, in Transgenic Plants: Fundamentals and Applications, Hiatt, A., Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, 93.
206. Tacke, E., Salamini, E., and Rohde, W., Genetic engineering of potato for broad-spectrum protection against virus infection, Nature Biotechnology, 14, 1597, 1996.
207. Tada, T., Kanzaki, H., Uchimiya, H., and Nakamura, I., Decreased symptoms of rice blast disease on leaves of tar-expressing transgenic rice plants following treatment with bialaphos, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 9, 758, 1996.
208. Talianski, M.E., de Jager, C.P., Wellink, J., van Lent, J.W.M., and Goldbach, R.W., Defective cell-to-cell movement of cowpea mosaic virus mutant N123 is efficiently complemented by sunn-hemp mosaic virus, 7. Gen. Virol, 74, 1895, 1993.
209. Tavladoraki, P., Benvenuto, E., Rinca, S., De Martinis, D., Cattaneo, A., and Galeffi, P., Transgenic plants expressing a functional single chain Fv antibody are specifically protected from virus attack, Nature, 366, 469, 1993.
210. Tennant, P.F., Gonsalves, C., Ling, K.S., Fitch, M., Manshardt, R., Slightom, J.L., and Gonsalves, D., Coat protein gene transgenic papaya and classically cross protected papaya show differential protection against papaya ringspot virus isolates, Phytopathology, 84, 1359, 1994.
211. Tepfer, M., Viral genes and transgenic plants. What are the potential environmental risks?, Bio/Technology, 11, 1125, 1993.
212. Terras, F.R., Eggermont, K., Kovaleva, V., Raikhel, N.V., Osbron, R.W., Kester, A., Rees, S.B., Torrekens, S., Van Leuven, F., Vanderleyden, J., Cammue, B.P.A., and Broekaret, W.F., Small cystein-rich antifungal proteins from radish: their role in host defense Plant Cell, 7, 573, 1995.
213. Thacker, J.R.M., Transgenic crop plants and pest control, Sci. Prog., 11, 207, 1993.
214. Tiedje, J.M., Colwell, R.K., Grossman, Y.L., Hodson, R.E., Lenski, R.E., Mack, R.N., and Regal, P.J., The planned introduction of genetically engineered organisms: ecological considerations and recommendations, Ecology, 70, 298, 1989.
215. Tigelaar, H., Stuiver, M.H., Molendijk, L., Troost-van Deventer, E., Sela-Buurlage, M.B., Plooster, L., Sijbolts, F., Custers, J., Apotheker-de-Groot, M., and Melchers, L.S., Broad spectrum fungal resistance in transgenic carrot plants, presented at the 88th APS Meeting, Indianapolis, July 27 to 31, 1996.
216. Tricoli, D., Carney, K.J., Russell, P.F., McMaster, J.R., Groff, D.W., Hadden, K.C., Himmell, P.K., Hubbard, J.P., Boeshore, M.L., Reynolds, J.F., and Quemada, H.D., Field evaluation of transgenic squash containing single or multiple virus coat protein gene constructs for resistance to cucumber mosaic virus, watermelon mosaic virus 2, and zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Bio/Technology, 13, 1458, 1995.
217. Truve, E., Aaspollu, A., Honkanen, J., Puska, R., Mehto, M., Hassi, A., Teeri, T.H., Kelve, M., Seppanen, P., and Saarma, M., Transgenic potato plants expressing mammalian 2-5’ oligoadenylate synthetase are protected from potato virus X infection under field conditions, Bio/Technology, 11, 1048, 1993.
218. Uchimiya, H., Iwata, M., Nojiri, C., Samarajeewa, P.K., Takamatsu, S., Ooba, S., Amzai, H., Christensen, A.H., Quail, P.H., and Toki, S., Bailiffs treatment of transgenic rice expressing abar gene prevents infection by the sheath blight pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani), Bio/Technology, 11, 835, 1993.
219. Ultzen, K., Gielen, J., Venema, E., Westerbroek, A., De Haan, P., Tan, M., Schram, A., Van Grinsven, ML, and Goldbach, R., Resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus in transgenic tomato hybrids, Euphytica, 85, 159, 1995.
220. Urwin, P.E., Atkinson, H.J., Waller, D.A., and McPherson, M.J., Engineered oryzacystatin-I expressed in transgenic hairy roots confers resistance to Globodera pallida, Plant J., 8, 121, 1995.
221. Valkonen, Koivu, K., Slack, S.A., and Pehu, E., Modified resistance of Solanum brevidens to potato Y potyvirus and tobacco mosaic tobamovirus following genetic transformation and explant regeneration, Plant Sci., 106, 71, 1995.
222. van den Elzen, P.J.M., Jongedijk, E., Melchers, L.S., and Cornelissen, B.J.C., Virus and fungal resistance: from laboratory to field Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B, 342, 271, 1993.
223. van der Kuyl, A.C., Neeleman, L., and Bol, J.E., Complementation and recombination between alfalfa mosaic virus RNA3 mutants in tobacco plants, Virology, 183, 731, 1991.
224. van der Wilk, E., Willink, D.P.L., Huisman, M.J., Huttinga, H., and Goldbach, R., Expression of the potato leafroll luteovirus coat protein gene in transgenic potato plants inhibits viral infection, Plant Mol. Biol., 17, 431, 1991.
225. van Dun, C.M.P., van Vloten-Doting, L., and Bol, J.E., Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus cDNAl and 2 in transgenic tobacco plants, Virology, 163, 572, 1988.
226. Vardi, E., Sela, I., Edelbaum, O., Livneh, O., Kuznetsova, L., and Stram, Y., Plants transformed with a cistron of potato virus Y protease (Nia) are resistant to virus infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 7513, 1993.
227. Vierheilig, H., Alt, M., Neuhaus, J.-M., Boiler, K., and Wiemken, A., Colonization of transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris plants, expressing different forms of Nicotiana tabacum chitinase, by the root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and by the mycorrhizal symbiont Glomus mosseae, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 6, 261, 1993.
228. Voss, A., Niersbach, M., Hain, R., Hirsch, H.J., Liao, Y.C., Kreuzaler, E., and Fischer, R., Reduced virus infectivity in N. tabacum secreting a TMV-specific full-size antibody, Mol. Breeding, 1, 39, 1995.
229. Walden, R. and Wingender, R., Gene-transfer and plant-regeneration techniques, Trends Biotechnol., 13, 324, 1995.
230. Weidemann, G.J. and Templeton, G.E., Efficacy and soil persistence of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucur-bitae for control of Texas gourd (Cucurbita texana), Plant Dis., 72, 36, 1988.
231. Wen, F. and Lister, R., M., Heterologous encapsidation in mixed infections among four isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus, 7. Gen. Virol., 72, 2217, 1991.
232. White, K.A. and Morris, T.J., Recombination between defective tombusvirus RNAs generates functional hybrid genomes, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, 3642, 1994.
233. Wijnheijmer, E.H.M., Brandenburg, W.A., and Ter Borg, S.J., Interactions between wild and cultivated carrots (Daucus carota L.) in the Netherlands, Euphytica, 40, 147, 1989.
234. Williamson, M., Community response to transgenic plant release: predictions from British experience of invasive plants and feral crop plants, Mol. Ecol, 3, 75, 1994.
235. Wilson, H.D., Gene flow in squash species, Bioscience, 40, 449, 1990.
236. Wilson, H.D., Lira, R., and Rodriguez, I., Crop-weed gene flow: Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber and C.fraterna L.H. Bailey (Cucurbitaceae), Econ. Bot., 48, 293, 1994.
237. Wilson, T.M.A., Strategies to protect crop plants against viruses: pathogen-derived resistance blossoms, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 3134, 1993.
238. Wintermantel, W.M. and Schoelz, J.E., Isolation of recombinant viruses between cauliflower mosaic virus and a viral gene in transgenic plants under conditions of moderate selection pressure, Virology, 223, 156, 1996.
239. Wu, G., Schortt, B.J., Lawrence, E.B., Levine, E.B., Fitzsimmons, K.C., and Shah, D. ML, Disease resistance conferred by expression of a gene encoding H202-generating glucose oxidase in transgenic potato plants, Plant Cell, 1, 1357, 1995.
240. Xu, H. and AbouHaidar, M.G., Synergistic relationship between potato aucuba mosaic virus and potato virus Y strain O, Can. J. Plant Pathol., 18, 102, 1996.
241. Xu, Y., Zhu, Q., Panbangred, W., Shirasu, K., and Lamb, C., Regulation, expression and function of a new basic chitinase gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Plant Mol. Biol., 30, 387, 1996.
242. Xue, B., Gonsalves, C., Provvidenti, R., Slightom, J.L., Fuchs, M., and Gonsalves, D., Development of transgenic tomato expressing a high level of resistance to cucumber mosaic virus strains of subgroup I and II, Plant Dis., 78, 1038, 1994.
243. Yoshioka, K., Hanada, K., Harada, T., Minobe, Y., and Oosawa, K., Virus resistance in transgenic melon plants that express the cucumber mosaic virus coat protein gene and in their progeny, Jpn. J. Breeding, 43, 629, 1993.
244. Zaccomer, B., Cellier, E., Boyer, J.C., Haenni, A.L., and Tepfer, M., Transgenic plants that express genes including the 3’ untranslated region of the turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) genome are partially protected against TYMV infection, Gene, 136, 87, 1993.
245. Zambryski, P., Herrera-Estrella, L., De Block, M., van Montagu, M., and Schell, J., Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity, EMBO J., 2, 2143, 1983.
246. Zerbini, F.M., Michelmore, R.W., and Gilbertson, R.L., Resistance to LMV infection in lettuce due to the expression of different forms of the LMV coat protein gene, Phytopathology, 85, 1138, 1995.
247. Zhu, B., Chen, T.H.H., and Li, P.H., Analysis of late-blight disease resistance and freezing tolerance in transgenic potato plants expressing sense and antisense genes for an osmotin-like protein, Planta, 198, 70, 1996.
248. Zhu, G., Maher, E.A., Masoud, S., Dixon, R.A., and Lamb, C.J., Enhanced protection against fungal attack by constitutive co-expression of chitinase and glucanase genes in transgenic tobacco, Bio/Technology, 12, 807, 1994.