Treatment of metal finishing wastes

Hazardous Industrial Waste Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 289-359

  Tünay, Olcay ^a   Kabdasli I ^a   Hung, Yung Tse ^b  

^a ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85051795924     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (134)

1. USEPA. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Profile of the Fabricated Metal Product Industry, EPA/310-R-007, 1995.
2. USEPA. Pollution Prevention for the Metal Finishing Industry, A Manual for Pollution Prevention Technical Assistance Providers, EPA/742/B-97/005, 1997.
3. USEPA. Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Metal Finishing, Point Source Category, EPA/440/1-82/091-b, 1982.
4. USEPA. Guides to Pollution Prevention, The Fabricated Metal Products Industry, EPA/625/7-90/006, 1990.
5. Riikonen, N. Industrial Wastewater Source Control. An Inspection Guide; Technomic Publishing Co. Inc.: Lancaster, Basel, 1992.
6. USEPA. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, e-CFR, 40 CFR – Chapter I – Part 433, December, 2002. http://www.access.gpo.gov/hara/cfr.
7. Kabdaşlı, N.I. Treatment of Complexed Heavy Metals by Hydroxide Precipitation Method, M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University (in Turkish), 1990.
8. Kabdaşlı, I.; Tünay, O. Phase diagrams for metal hydroxides and carbonates; Unpublished study, 2000.
9. Rai, D.; Sass, B.M.; Moore, D.A. Chromium (III) hydrolysis constants and solubility of chromium (III) hydroxide. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 345–349.
10. Tünay, O.; Taşlı, R.; Orhon, D. Factors affecting the performance of hydroxide precipitation of metals. Proceedings of 46th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1991, 467–478.
11. Stumm, W.; Morgan, J.J. Aquatic Chemistry – Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters, 3rd Ed.; John Wiley and Sons, 1998.
12. Öztürk, Z. The Effect of Ionic Strength on Hydroxide Precipitation of Heavy Metals, M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University (in Turkish) 2000.
13. Lin, X.; Burns, R.C.; Lawrance, G.A. Effect of electrolyte composition, and of added iron (III) in the presence of selected organic complexing agents, on nickel (II) precipitation by lime. Water Res. 1998, 32, 3637–3645.
14. Baltpurvins, K.A.; Burns, R.C.; Lawrance, G.A. Heavy metals in wastewater: modelling the hydroxide precipitation of copper (II) from wastewater using lime as the precipitant. Waste Mgmt 1996, 16, 717–725.
15. Tünay, O.; Kabdasli, I.; Orhon, D. Wastewater control in welding electrode manufacturing – a case study. Water Sci. Technol. 2000, 42, 309–313.
16. Hess, G.G.; McKenzie, D.E.; Hughes, B.M. Selective preconcentration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls by in situ metal hydroxide precipitation. J. Chromatogr. 1986, 366, 197–203.
17. Crowe, C.W. Evaluation of agents for preventing precipitation of ferric hydroxide from spent treating acid. J. Petrol. Technol. 1985, 37, 4, 691–695.
18. + in aged coprecipitates with amorphous iron hydroxides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 743–748.
19. Baltpurvins, K.A.; Burns, R.C.; Lawrance, G.A.; Stuart, A.D. Effect of electrolyte composition on zinc hydroxide precipitation by lime. Water Res. 1997, 31, 973–980.
20. Ma, O.Y.; Traina, S.J.; Logan, J.; Ryan, J.A. In situ lead immobilization by Apatite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 1803–1810.
21. Baltpurvins, K.A.; Burns, R.C.; Lawrance G.A. Use of the solubility domain approach for the modeling of the hydroxide precipitation of heavy metals from wastewater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 1493–1499.
22. Abbona, F.; Madsen, H.E.L.; Boistelle, R. The initial phases of calcium and magnesium phosphates precipitated from solutions of high to medium concentrations. J. Cryst. Growth 1986, 74, 581–590.
23. Patterson, J.W. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology, 2nd Ed.; Butterworth: London, 1985.
24. Petterson, J.W.; Scala, J.J.; Allen, H.E. Heavy metal treatment by carbonate precipitation. Proceedings of 30th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1975, 132–150.
25. Marani, D.; Macchi, G.; Pagano, M. Lead precipitation in the presence of sulphate and carbonate: testing of thermodynamic predictions. Water Res. 1995, 29, 1085–1092.
26. Macchi, G.; Marani, D.; Pagano, M.; Bagnuolo, G. A bench study on lead removal from battery manufacturing wastewater by carbonate precipitation. Water Res. 1996, 30, 3032–3036.
27. Macchi, G.; Pagano, M.; Santori, M.; Tiravanti, G. Battery industry wastewater: Pb removal and produced sludge. Water Res. 1993, 27, 1511–1518.
28. Kabdaşlı, I.; Tünay, O.; Teymur, P. Lead removal by chemical precipitation. J. Turkish Water Poll. Cont. 1996, 6, 41–47 (in Turkish).
29. Kabdaşlı, I.; Tünay, O. Treatment of sulfate containing wastewaters using barium salts. Water Sci. Technol. 1993, 28, 257–265.
30. Ku, Y.; Peters, R.W. The effect of weak chelating agents on the removal of heavy metals by precipitation processes. Environ. Prog. 1986, 5, 147–153.
31. Jorgensen, S.E.; Libor, O.; Graber, K.L.; Barkacks, K. Ammonia removal by use of clinoptilolite. Water Res. 1976, 10, 213–224.
32. Tünay, O.; Kabdaşlı, N.I. Hydroxide precipitation of complexed metals. Water Res. 1994, 28, 2117–2124.
33. Kabdaşlı, I.; Tünay, O. Phase diagrams of heavy metal hydroxides in the presence of weak and strong ligands, Unpublished study, 2002.
34. Tünay, O.; Kabdaşlı, I.; Tasli, R. Pretreatment of complexed metal wastewaters. Water Sci. Technol. 1994, 29, 265–274.
35. Chang, L.Y. An industrial wastewater pollution prevention study: evaluation of precipitation and separation processes. Environ. Prog. 1996, 15, 28–37.
36. Bhattacharyya, D.; Jumawan, A.B., Jr.; Grieves, R.B. Separation of toxic heavy metals by sulfide precipitation. Separ. Sci. Technol. 1979, 14, 441–452.
37. Edzwald, J.K. Principles and applications of dissolved air flotation. Water Sci. Technol. 1995, 31, 1–23.
38. Gopalratnam, V.C.; Bennett, G.F.; Peters, R.W. Effect of collector dosage on metal removal by precipitation/flotation. J. Environ. Eng, ASCE 1992, 118, 923–948.
39. Zouboulis, A.I.; Matis, K.A. Removal of cadmium from dilute solutions by flotation. Water Sci. Technol. 1995, 31, 315–326.
40. Ibrahim, M.Y.; Mostafa, S.R.; Fahymy, M.F.M.; Hafez, A.I. Utilization of electroflotation in remediation of oily wastewater. Separ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 36, 3749–3762.
41. Oussedik, S.M.; Khelifa, A. Reduction of copper ions concentration in wastewaters of galvanoplastic industry by electroflotation. Desalination 2001, 139, 383.
42. Rubio, J.; Tessele, F. Removal of heavy metal ions by adsorptive particulate flotation. Miner. Eng. 1997, 10, 671–679.
43. Alexandrova, L.; Grigorov, L. Precipitate and adsorbing colloid flotation of dissolved copper, lead and zinc ions. Int. J. Miner. Process. 1996, 48, 111–125.
44. Lin, C.S.; Huang, S.D. Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution with high ionic strength by adsorbing colloid flotation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28, 474–478.
45. Dietz, J.D. Evaluation of new and emerging waste-management technologies in the metal finishing industry. Plat. Surf. Finish. 1987, 74, 62–68.
46. Koene, L.; Janssen, L.J.J. Removal of nickel from industrial process liquids. Electrochim. Acta. 2001, 47, 695–703.
47. Tenório, J.A.S.; Espinosa, D.C.R. Treatment of chromium plating process effluents with ion exchange resins. Waste Mgmt 2001, 21, 637–642.
48. Yalcin, S.; Apak, R.; Hizal, J.; Afsar, H. Recovery of copper (II) and chromium (III, VI) from electroplating-industry wastewater by ion exchange. Separ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 36, 2181–2196.
49. Totura, G. Innovative uses of specialty ion exchange resins provide new cost-effective options for metals removal. Environ. Prog. 1996, 15, 208–212.
50. Sengupta, S. Electro-partitioning with composite ion-exchange material: an innovative in-situ heavy metal decontamination process. React. Funct. Polym. 1999, 40, 263–273.
51. Clearfield, A.; Bortun, A.I.; Khainakov, S.A.; Bortun, L.N.; Strelko, V.V.; Khryaschevskii, V.N. Spherically granulated titanium phosphate as exchanger for toxic heavy metals. Waste Mgmt 1998, 18, 203–210.
52. 4+ ions under hydrothermal conditions and high ammonia concentration. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 2002, 53, 71–80.
53. Petruzzelli, D.; Pagano, M.; Tiravanti, G.; Passino, R. Lead removal and recovery from battery wastewaters by natural zeolite clinoptilolite. Solvent Extr. Ion Exc. 1999, 17, 677–694.
54. Ouki, S.K.; Kavannagh, M. Treatment of metals-contaminated wastewaters by use of natural zeolites. Water Sci. Technol. 1999, 39, 115–122.
55. Panayotava, M.; Velikov, B. Kinetics of heavy metal ions removal by use of natural zeolite. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A 2002, 37, 139–147.
56. Brigatti, M.F.; Lugli, C.; Poppi, L. Kinetics of heavy-metal removal and recovery in sepiolite. Appl. Clay Sci. 2000, 16, 45–57.
57. Freeman, H.M. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook; McGraw-Hill Inc.: USA, 1995.
58. Qin, J.-J.; Wai, M.-N.; Oo, M.-H.; Wong, F.-S. A feasibility study on the treatment and recycling of a wastewater from metal plating. J. Membrane Sci. 2002, 208, 213–221.
59. Benito, Y.; Ruíz, M.L. Reverse osmosis applied to metal finishing wastewater. Desalination 2002, 142, 229–234.
60. Chai, X.; Chen, G.; Yue, P.-L.; Mi, Y. Pilot scale membrane separation of electroplating wastewater by reverse osmosis. J. Membrane Sci. 1997, 123, 235–242.
61. Wisniewski, J.; Wiśniewska, G. Water and acid recovery from the rinse after metal etching operations. Hydrometallurgy 1999, 53, 105–119.
62. Wiśniewski, J.; Wiśniewska, G. Application of electrodialysis and cation exchange technique to water and acid recovery. Environ. Protec. Eng. 1997, 23, 35–45.
63. Ku, Y.; Peters, R.W. Innovative uses for carbon adsorption of heavy metals from plating wastewaters: I. Activated carbon polishing treatment. Environ. Prog. 1987, 6, 119–124.
64. Leinonen, H.; Lehto, J. Purification of metal finishing waste waters with zeolites and activated carbons. Waste Mgmt Res. 2001, 19, 45–57.
65. Kadirvelu, K.; Thamaraiselvi, K.; Namasivayam, C. Adsorption of nickel (II) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from coirpith. Separ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 24, 497–505.
66. Toles, C.A.; Marshall, W.E. Copper ion removal by almond shell carbons and commercial carbons: batch and column studies. Separ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 37, 2369–2383.
67. Cheung, C.W.; Porter, J.F.; Mckay, G. Sorption kinetic analysis for the removal of cadmium ions from effluents using bone char. Water Res. 2001, 35, 605–612.
68. Zhang, L.-M.; Chen, D.Q. An investigation of adsorption of lead(II) and copper(II) ions by waterinsoluble starch graft copolymers. Colloid Surface A 2002, 205, 231–236.
69. Dimitrova, S.V.; Mehandgiev, D.R. Lead removal from aqueous solutions by granulated blastfurnace slag. Water Res. 1998, 32, 3289–3292.
70. Yabe, M.J.S.; de Oliveira, E. Heavy metals removal in industrial effluents by sequential adsorbent treatment. Adv. Environ. Res. 2001, 7, 2, 263–272.
71. 2+ in aqueous solutions by sorption onto mixed fly ash. Fuel 2001, 80, 851–856.
72. Gupta, G.; Torres, N. Use of fly ash in reducing toxicity of and heavy metals in wastewater effluent. J. Hazard. Mater. 1998, 57, 243–248.
73. Suraj, G.; Iyer, C.S.P.; Lalithambika, M. Adsorption of cadmium and copper by modified kaolinites. Appl. Clay Sci. 1998, 13, 293–306.
74. Kleiv, R.A.; Sandvik, K.L. Using tailings as heavy metal adsorbents – the effect of buffering capacity. Miner. Eng. 2000, 13, 719–728.
75. Bose, P.; Bose, M.A.; Kumar, S. Critical evaluation of treatment strategies involving adsorption and chelation for wastewater containing copper, zinc and cyanide. Adv. Environ. Res. 2002, 7, 179–195.
76. Xie, J.Z.; Chang, L.-H.; Kilbane J.J., II, Removal and recovery of metal ions from wastewater using biosorbents and chemically modified biosorbents. Bioresource Technol. 1996, 57, 127–136.
77. Schiewer, S.; Volesky, B. Ionic strength and electrostatic effects in biosorption of divalent metal ions and protons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 2478–2485.
78. Zhao, M.; Duncan, J.R.; Van Hille, R.P. Removal and recovery of zinc from solution and electroplating effluent using azolla filiculoides. Water Res. 1999, 33, 1516–1522.
79. Butter, T.J.; Evison, L.M.; Hancock, I.C.; Holland, F.S.; Matis, K.A.; Philipson, A.; Sheikh, A.I.; Zouboulis, A.I. The removal and recovery of cadmium from dilute aqueous solutions by biosorption and electrolysis at laboratory scale. Water Res. 1998, 32, 400–406.
80. Mohammad, A.; Mohamed Najar, P.A. Physico-chemical adsorption treatments for minimization of heavy metal contents in water and wastewaters. J. Sci. Ind. Res. India 1997, 56, 523–539.
81. Ho, Y.S.; Wase, D.A.J.; Forster, C.F. Kinetic studies of competitive heavy metal adsorption by sphagnum moss peat. Environ. Technol. 1996, 17, 71–77.
82. Tiravanti, G.; Petruzzelli, D.; Passino, R. Low and non-waste technologies for metals recovery by reactive polymers. Waste Mgmt 1996, 16, 597–605.
83. Chang, Y.-K.; Chang, J.-E.; Lin, T.-T.; Hsu, Y.-M. Integrated copper-containing wastewater treatment using xanthate process. J. Hazard. Mater. B 2002, 94, 89–99.
84. Kumar, A.; Rao, N.N.; Kaul, S.N. Alkali-treated straw and insoluble straw xanthate as low cost adsorbents for heavy metal removal – preparation, characterization and application. Bioresource Technol. 2000, 71, 133–142.
85. Tünay, O.; Alp, K.; Kabdasli, I.; Ceviker, S.; Eremektar, G. Heavy metal treatment by chemical reduction. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 1997, 6, 278–283.
86. Gyliené, O.; Šalkauskas, M. Precipitation of metal ions by organic acids as a mean for metal recovery and decontamination of wastewater. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Ch. 1998, 229, 123–127.
87. Raghuraman, B.J.; Tırmızı, N.P.; Kim, B.-S.; Wiencek, J.M. Emulsion liquid membranes for wastewater treatment: equilibrium models for lead- and cadmium-di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 979–984.
88. Kislik, V.; Eyal, A. Aqueous hybrid liquid membrane process for metal separation. Part I. A model for transport kinetics and its experimental verification. J. Membrane Sci. 2000, 169, 119–132.
89. Juang, R.-S.; Lin, L.-C. Treatment of complexed copper(II) solutions with electrochemical membrane processes. Water Res. 2000, 34, 43–50.
90. Huang, C.P.; Wang, J.M. Factors affecting the distribution of heavy metals in wastewater treatment processes: role of sludge particulate. Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 44, 47–52.
91. Kabdaşlı, I.; Tunay, O.; Daymen, E.; Meric, S. The factors affecting chromium precipitation in leather tanning industry wastewater. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 1998, 7, 859–866.
92. Tuppurainen, K.O.; Väisänen, A.O.; Rintala, J.A. Zinc removal in anaerobic sulphate-reducing liquid substrate process. Miner. Eng. 2002, 15, 11, 847–852.
93. White, G. Handbook of Chlorination, 2nd Ed.; Van Nostrand: Princeton, NJ, 1986.
94. Berkowitz, J.B.; Funkhouser, J.T.; Stevens, J.I. Unit Operations for Treatment of Hazardous Industrial Wastes; Noyes Data Corporation: Park Ridge, NJ, 1978.
95. Smith, A.; Mudder, T.I. The Chemistry and Treatment of Cyanidation Wastes 1991, Mining Journal Books, Ltd., London, UK.
96. Pak, D.; Chang, W. Oxidation of aqueous cyanide solution using hydrogen peroxide in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst. Environ. Technol. 1997, 18, 557–561.
97. Cheng, S.C.; Gattrell, M.; Guena, T.; MacDougall, B. The electrochemical oxidation of alkaline copper cyanide solutions. Electrochim. Acta 2002, 47, 3245–3256.
98. Szpyrkowicz, L.; Kaul, S.N.; Molga, E.; DeFaveri, M. Comparison of the performance of a reactor equipped with a Ti/Pt and an SS anode for simultaneous cyanide removal and copper recovery. Electrochim. Acta 2000, 46, 381–387.
99. Szpyrkowicz, L.; Zilio-Grandi, F.; Kaul, S.N.; Rigoni-Stern, S. Electrochemical treatment of copper cyanide wastewaters using stainless steel electrodes. Water Sci. Technol. 1998, 38, 261–268.
100. Stavart, A.; Van Lierde, A. Electrooxidation of cyanide on cobalt oxide anodes. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2001, 31, 469–474.
101. Parga, J.R.; Cocke, D.L. Oxidation of cyanide in a hydrocyclone reactor by chlorine dioxide. Desalination 2001, 140, 289–296.
102. 2. J. Photoch. Photobiol. A 1990, 55, 251–257.
103. 2 and ZnO. J. Chem. Technol. Biot. 1992, 53, 93–96.
104. 2 catalyst. J. Photoch. Photobiol. A 2002, 151, 201–205.
105. Taylor, C.R.; Qasim, S.R. More economical treatment of chromium-bearing wastes. Proceedings of 37th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1982, 189–196.
106. Bowers, A.R.; Ortiz, C.A.; Cardozo, R.J. Iron process for treatment of Cr(VI) wastewaters. Proceedings of 41st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1986, 465–473.
107. Kongsricharoern, N.; Polprasert, C. Electrochemical precipitation of chromium (Cr6þ) from an electroplating wastewater. Water Sci. Technol. 1995, 31, 9, 109–117.
108. Higgins, T.E.; Sater, V.E. Combined removal of Cr, Cd, and Ni from wastes. Environ. Prog. 1984, 3, 12–25.
109. USEPA. Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes, manual of practice No.FD-3 Facilities Development Water Pollution Control Federation 2626. Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington DC, 20037, 1981.
110. Zouboulis, A.I.; Avranas, A. Treatment of oil-in-water emulsions by coagulation and dissolved-air flotation. Colloid Surf. A 2000, 172, 153–161.
111. Al-Shamrani, A.A.; James, A.; Xiao, H. Separation of oil from water by dissolved air flotation. Colloid Surf. A 2002, 209, 15–26.
112. Ögutveren, U.B.; Koparal, S. Electrocoagulation for oil–water emulsion treatment. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A 1997, 32, 2507–2520.
113. Song, Y.-C.; Kim, I.-S.; Koh, S.-C. Demulsification of oily wastewater through a synergistic effect of ozone and salt. Water Sci. Technol. 1998, 38, 247–253.
114. Chang, I.-S.; Chung, C.-M.; Han, S.-H. Treatment of oily wastewater by ultrafiltration and ozone. Desalination 2001, 133, 225–232.
115. Lin, S.-H.; Lan, W.-J. Treatment of waste oil/water emulsion by ultrafiltration and ion exchange. Water Res. 1998, 32, 2680–2688.
116. Karakulski, K.; Kozlowski, A.; Morawski, A.W. Purification of oily wastewater by ultrafiltration. Separ. Technol. 1995, 5, 197–205.
117. Gryta, M.; Karakulski, K.; Morawski, A.W. Purification of oily wastewater by hybrid UF/MD. Water Res. 2001, 35, 3665–3669.
118. Kim, B.R.; Kalis, E.M.; Florkey, D.L.; Swatsenbarg, S.L.; Luciw, L.; Bailey, C.H.; Gaines, W.A.; Phillips, J.H.; Kosokowsky, G.B. Evaluation of commercial ultrafiltration systems for treating automotive oily wastewater. Water Environ. Res. 1998, 70, 1280–1289.
119. Schuch, R.; Gensicke, R.; Merkel, K.; Winter, J. Nitrogen and DOC removal from wastewater streams of the metal-working industry. Water Res. 2000, 34, 295–303.
120. Kim, B.R.; Zemla, J.F.; Anderson, S.G.; Stroup, D.P.; Rai, D.N. Anaerobic removal of COD in metal-cutting-fluid wastewater. Water Environ. Res. 1992, 64, 216–222.
121. USEPA. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, e-CFR 40 CFR – Chapter I – Part 261, December 2002. http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr.
122. USEPA. Guide to Cleaner Technologies, Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvents for Cleaning and Degreasing, EPA/625/R-93-016, 1994.
123. Manahan, S. Hazardous Waste Chemistry, Toxicology and Treatment; Lewis Publishers, 1990.
124. Cushnie, G.C. Jr. Removal of Metals from Wastewater Neutralization and Precipitation, Pollution Technology Review, No. 107; Noyes Publications, 1984.
125. Gan, Q. A case study of microwave processing of metal hydroxide sediment sludge from printed circuit board manufacturing wash water. Waste Mgmt. 2000, 20, 695–701.
126. Renard, D.E. Metal recovery from leached plating sludge. Plat. Surf. Finish. 1987, 74, 46–48.
127. Chmielewski, A.G.; Urbanski, T.S.; Migdal, W. Separation technologies for metals recovery from industrial wastes. Hydrometallurgy 1997, 45, 333–344.
128. Jandová, T.; Štefanová, T.; Niemczyková, R. Recovery of Cu-concentrates from waste galvanic copper sludges. Hydrometallurgy 2000, 57, 77–84.
129. Coetzer, G.; Giesekke, W.; Guest, R.N. Hexavalent chromium in the recovery of ferrochromium from slag. Can. Metall. Quart. 1997, 36, 261–268.
130. Gallerani, P.; Drake, D. Wastewater management for the metal finishing industry in the 21st century. Plat. Surf. Finish. 1993, 80, 10, October, 28–35.
131. Lo, S.-L.; Tsao, Y.-C. Economic analysis of waste minimization for electroplating plants. Water Sci. Technol. 1997, 36, 383–390.
132. Chang, L.-Y. A waste minimization study of a chelated copper complex in wastewater-treatability and process analysis. Waste Mgmt 1995, 15, 209–220.
133. Janssen, L.J.J.; Koene, L. The role of electrochemistry and electrochemical technology in environmental protection. Chem. Eng. J. 2002, 85, 137–146.
134. Wong, F.-S.; Qin, J.J.; Wai, M.N.; Lim, A.L.; Adiga, M. A pilot study on a membrane process for the treatment and recycling of spent final rinse water from electroless plating. Separ. Technol. 2002, 29, 41–51.