The role of polyploidization and interspecific hybridization in the breeding of ornamental crops

Polyploidy and Hybridization for Crop Improvement

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 159-181

  Marasek Ciolakowska, Agnieszka ^a   Arens, Paul ^b   Van Tuyl, Jaap M ^b  

^a RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE   (Poland)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85051004434     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781315369259     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Akutsu, M., S. Kitamura, R. Toda, I. Miyajima, K. Okazaki. 2007. Production of 2n pollen of Asiatic hybrid lilies by nitrous oxide treatment. Euphytica 155: 143-152.
2. Arends, J.C. 1970. Somatic chromosome numbers in ‘Elatior’-begonias. Meded Landbouwh Wageningen 70-20: 1-18.
3. Asano, Y. 1982. Overcoming interspecific hybrid sterility in Lilium. J Japan Soc Hort Sci. 51: 75-81.
4. Bamford R., G.B. Reynard and J.M. Jr Bellows. 1939. Chromosome number in some tulip hybrids. Botanical Gazette 101: 482-490.
5. Barba-Gonzalez, R. 2005. The use of 2n gametes for introgression breeding in Oriental × Asiatic lilies. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
6. Barba-Gonzalez, R., K.B. Lim, M.S. Ramanna, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2005a. Occurrence of 2n gametes in the F1 hybrids of Oriental × Asiatic lilies (Lilium): Relevance to intergenomic recombination and backcrossing. Euphytica 143: 67-73.
7. Barba-Gonzalez, R., K.B. Lim, M.S. Ramanna, and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2005b. Use of 2n gametes for inducting intergenomic recombination in lily hybrids. Acta Hort 673: 161-166.
8. Barba-Gonzalez, R., K.B. Lim, S. Zhou, M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2008. Interspecific hybridization in lily: the use of 2n gametes in interspecific lily hybrids. In Floriculture, ornamental and plant biotechnology vol. V, ed. J.A. Teixeira da Silva, 138-145. Isleworth, UK: Global Science Books.
9. Barba-Gonzalez, R., A.C. Lokker, K.B. Lim, M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2004. Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental × Asiatic hybrids of lilies (Lilium). Theor Appl Genet 109: 1125-1132.
10. Barba-Gonzalez, R., C.T. Mille, M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2006a. Induction of 2n gametes for overcoming F1-sterility in lily and tulip. Acta Hort 714: 99-106.
11. 1 hybrids between Oriental × Asiatic lily (Lilium) hybrids and leads to intergenomic recombination. Euphytica 148: 303-309.
12. Barba-Gonzalez, R., A.A. Van Silfhout, M.S. Ramanna, R.G.F. Visser, J.M. Van Tuyl. 2006c. Progenies of allotriploids of Oriental × Asiatic lilies (Lilium) examined by GISH analysis. Euphytica 151: 243-250.
13. Barcaccia, G., S. Tavoletii, A. Mariani, F. Veronesi. 2003. Occurrence, inheritance and use of reproductive mutants in alfalfa improvements. Euphytica 133: 37-56.
14. Brandram, S. 1967. Cytogenetic studies of the Genus Lilium. M.Sc. thesis. The University of London.
15. Brandham, P.E. 1982. Inter-embryo competition in the progeny of autotriploid Aloineae (Liliaceae). Genetica 59: 29-42.
16. Brandham, P.E. 1986. Evolution of polyploidy in cultivated Narcissus subgenus Narcissus. Genetica 68: 161-167
17. Brandham, P.E. 1992. Chromosome number in Narcissus cultivars and their significance to the plant breeder. The Plantsman. 14: 133-168
18. Brandham, P.E. and P.R. Kirton 1987. The chromosomes of species, hybrids and cultivars of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae). Kew Bull 42: 65-102.
19. Bretagnolle, F. and J.D. Thompson. 1995. Gametes with the somatic chromosome number: mechanisms of their formation and role in the evolution of autoploid plants. New Phyt 129: 1-22.
20. Chauvin, J.E., A. Label and M.P. Kermarrec. 2006. In vitro chromosome-doubling in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.). Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 80: 693-698.
21. Chung, M.D., J.D. Chung, M.S. Ramanna, J.M. Van Tuyl and K.B. Lim. 2013. Production of polyploids and unreduced gametes in Lilium auratum × L. henryi hybrid. Int J Biol Sci 9: 693-701.
22. Comber, H.F. 1949. A new classification of genus Lilium. Lily Yearbook, Roy Hort Soc 13: 86-105.
23. Cubey, J. and W. Wesley. 2006. Begonia Rex Cultorum Group. RHS Plant Trials and Awards. Bulletin Number 16: 1-16.
24. De Dominicis, R.I., G.D’Amato and G.F. Tucci. 2002. On the hybrid origin of Narcissus biflorus (Amaryllidaceae): analysis of C-banding and rDNA structure. Caryologia 55: 129-134.
25. De Jong, P.C. 1974. Some notes on the evolution of lilies. Lily Yearbook, North Amer Lily Soc 27: 23-28.
26. Dewitte, A., T. Eeckhaut, J. Van Huylenbroeck and E. Van Bockstaele. 2010a. Meiotic aberrations during 2n pollen formation in Begonia. Heredity 104: 215-223.
27. Dewitte, A., T. Eeckhaut, J. Van Huylenbroeck and E. Van Bockstaele. 2010b. Induction of 2n pollen formation in Begonia by trifluralin and N2O treatments. Euphytica 171: 283-293.
28. Dewitte, A., L. Leus, T. Eeckhaut, I. Vanstechelman, J. Van Huylenbroeck and E. Van Bockstaele (2009a). Genome size variation in Begonia. Genome 52: 829-838.
29. Dewitte, A., T. Eeckhaut, J. Van Huylenbroeck and E. Van Bockstaele. 2009b. Occurrence of viable unreduced pollen in a Begonia collection. Euphytica 168: 81-94.
30. Doorenbos, J. 1973. Breeding ‘Elatior’-begnia (B. × hiemalis Fotsch). Acta Hort 31: 127-131.
31. Doorenbos, J., M.S.M. Sosef and J.J.F.E. De Wilde. 1998. The sections of Begonia. Wageningen Agricultural University, 266 pp, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
32. Eikelboom, W. and J.P. Van Eijk. 1990. Prospects of interspecific hybridization in Dutch iris. Acta Hort 266: 353-356.
33. Eikelboom, W., T.P. Straathof and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2001. Tetraploïde “Christmas Marvel” Methoden om tetraploide tulpen te verkrijgen. Bloembollencultuur 112: 22-23.
34. Gleed, C.J. 1961. Hybrid winter-flowering Begonias. The story of raising some early varieties. J.R. Hort Soc 86: 319-322.
35. Haegeman, J. 1979. Tuberous Begonias. Origin and Development (268 pages). A.R. Gartner Verlag KG, Germany.
36. Harlan, J. and J. De Wet. 1975. The origins of polyploidy. Bot Rev 41: 361-390.
37. Hayashi, M., J. Kato, H. Ohashi and M. Mii. 2009. Unreduced 3x gamete formation of allotriploid hybrid derived from the cross of Primula denticulata (4x) × P. rosea (2x) as a causal factor for producing pentaploid hybrids in the backcross with pollen of tetraploid P. denticulate. Euphytica 169 (1): 123-131.
38. Holitscher, O. 1968. Pruhonicky sortiment tulipanu. Acta Pruhoniciana 18: 1-215.
39. Horn, W. 2004. The patterns of evolution and ornamental plant breeding. Acta Hort 651: 19-31.
40. Hvoslef-Eide, A.K. and C. Munster. 2006. Begonia. History & breeding. Chapter 9, Anderson N.O. (ed.), Flower Breeding and Genetics 241-275.
41. Hvoslef-Eide, A.K. and C. Munster. 2006. Begonia. History and breeding. In: Anderson NO (ed) Flower Breed Genet, Chapter 9. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 241-275.
42. Jones, K. and M. Borrill. 1962. Chromosome status, gene exchange and evolution in Dactylis: 3, the role of the interploid hybrids. Genetica 32: 269-322.
43. Kamstra, S.A., J.H. De Jong, E. Jacobsen, M.S. Ramanna and A.G.J. Kuipers. 2004. Meiotic behaviour of individual chromosomes in allotriploid Alstroemeria hybrids. Heredity 93: 15-21.
44. Kamstra, S.A., M.S. Ramanna, M.J. De Jeu, G.J. Kuipers and E. Jacobsen. 1999a. Homoelogous chromosome pairing in the distant hybrid of Alstroemeria aurea × A. indora and the genome composition of its backcross derivatives determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization with species-specific probes. Heredity 82: 69-78.
45. Kamstra, S.A., A.G.J. Kuipers, M.J. De Jeu, M.S. Ramanna and E. Jacobsen. 1999b. The extent and position of homoelogous recombination in a distant hybrid of Alstroemeria: a molecular cytogenetic assessment of first generation backcross progenies. Chromosoma 108: 52-63.
46. Karlov, G.I., L.I. Khrustaleva, K.B. Lim and J.M. Van Tuyl. 1999. Homoeologous recombination in 2n-gamete producing interspecific hybrids of Lilium (Liliaceae) studied by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Genome 42: 681-686.
47. Kayano, H. 1962. Cytogenetic studies in Lilium callosum. V. Supernumerary B chromosomes in wild populations. Evolution 16: 246-253.
48. Khan, N., R. Barba-Gonzalez, M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2010. Relevance of unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidisation in relation to intergenomic recombination and introgression in Lilium species hybrids. Euphytica 171: 157-173.
49. Khan, N., R. Barba-Gonzalez, M.S. Ramanna, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2009a. Construction of chromosomal recombination maps of three genomes of lilies (Lilium) based on GISH analysis. Genome 52: 238-251.
50. Khan, N., Zhou, S., M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens, J. Herrera, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2009b. Potential for analytic breeding in allopolyploids: an illustration from Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium). Euphytica 166: 399-409.
51. Kho, Y.O. and J. Baër. 1971. Incompatibility problems in species crosses of tulips. Euphytica 20: 30-35.
52. Killingback, S. 1990. Tulips - an illustrated identifier and guide to their cultivation. Apple Press, London, pp. 9-13.
53. Kitamura, S., M. Akutsu and K. Okazaki. 2009. Mechanism of action of nitrous oxide gas applied as a polyploidizing agent during meiosis in lilies. Sex Plant Rep 22: 9-14.
54. Kono, Y., M.C. Chung and C.I. Peng. 2012. Identification of genome constitutions in Begonia × chungii and its putative parents, B. longifolia and B. palmata, by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Plant Science 185-186: 156-160.
55. Kroon, G.H. 1975. Chromosome numbers of garden tulips. Acta Bot Neer 24: 489-490.
56. Kroon, G.H. 1993. Breeding research in Begonia. Acta Hort 337: 53-58.
57. Kroon, G.H. and M.C. Jongerius. 1986. Chromosome numbers of Tulipa species and the occurrence of hexaploidy. Euphytica 35: 73-76.
58. Kroon, G.H. and J.P. Van Eijk. 1977. Polyploidy in tulips (Tulipa L.). The occurrence of diploid gametes. Euphytica 26: 63-66.
59. Legro, R.A.H. and J.F.V. Haegeman. 1971. Chromosome number of hybrid tuberous Begonias. Euphytica 20: 1-13.
60. Lim, K.B., J.D. Chung, B.C.E. Van Kronenburg, M.S. Ramanna, J.H. De Jong and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2000. Introgression of Lilium rubellum Baker chromosomes into L. longiflorum Thunb.: a genome painting study of the F1 hybrid, BC1 and BC2 progenies. Chromosome Res 8: 119-125.
61. Lim, K.B., M.S. Ramanna, J.H. De Jong, E. Jacobsen and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2001. Indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR): a novel type of meiotic nuclear restitution mechanism detected in interspecific lily hybrids by GISH. Theor Appl Genet 103: 219-230.
62. Lim, K.B., M.S. Ramanna, E. Jacobsen and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2003. Evaluation of BC2 progenies derived from 3x-2x and 3x-4x crosses of Lilium hybrids: a GISH analysis. Theor Appl Genet 106: 568-574.
63. Lim, K.B. and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2006. Lily, Lilium hybrids. Chapter 19 page 517-537 Flower breeding and genetics: Issues, challenges and opportunities for the 21st century. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (Ed. N.O. Anderson).
64. Lu, C. and M. Bridgen. 1997. Chromosome doubling and fertility study of Alstroemeria aurea × A. caryophyllaea. Euphytica 94: 75-81.
65. Luo, J.R., J.M. Van Tuyl, P. Arens and L.X. Niu. 2013. Cytogenetic studies on meiotic chromosome behaviors in sterile Oriental × Trumpet lily Genetics and molecular research: GMR 12(4): 6673-84.
66. Marasek, A. and K. Okazaki. 2008. Analysis of introgression of the Tulipa fosteriana genome into Tulipa gesneriana using GISH and FISH. Euphytica 160: 217-230.
67. Marasek, A., H. Mizuochi and K. Okazaki. 2006. The origin of Darwin hybrid tulips analyzed by flow cytometry, karyotype analyses and genomic in situ hybridization. Euphytica 151: 279-290.
68. Marasek-Ciolakowska, A., M.S. Ramanna, W.A. Ter Laak and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2010. Genome composition of ‘Elatior’-begonias hybrids analyzed by genomic in situ hybridisation. Euphytica 171: 273-282.
69. Marasek-Ciolakowska, A., M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2011. Introgression of chromosome segments of Tulipa fosteriana into T. gesneriana detected through GISH and its implications for breeding virus resistant tulips. Acta Hort 885: 175-182.
70. Marasek-Ciolakowska, A., M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2009. Introgression Breeding in Genus Tulipa Analysed by GISH. Acta Hort 836: 105-110.
71. Marasek-Ciolakowska, A., H. He, P. Bijman, M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2012a. Assessment of intergenomic recombination through GISH analysis of F1, BC1 and BC2 progenies of Tulipa gesneriana and T. fosteriana. Plant Syst Evol 298: 887-899.
72. Marasek-Ciolakowska, A., S. Xie, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2014. Ploidy manipulation and introgression breeding in Darwin hybrid tulips. Euphytica 198: 389-400.
73. Marasek-Ciolakowska, A., S. Xie, M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2012b. Meiotic polyploidization in Darwin Hybrid Tulips. Acta Hort 953: 187-192.
74. Matsuura, H. and S. Okuno. 1936. Cytological study in Begonia. Jpn J Genet 12: 42-43.
75. Matsuura, H. and S. Okuno. 1943. Cytological study on Begonia (Preliminary survey). Cytologia 13: 1-18.
76. Mikkelsen, J.C. 1976. Enlarging the scope of flower crop improvement mutation breeding. Acta Hort 63: 197-202.
77. M.S. Ramanna, Z. Sawor, A. Mincione, A. Van de Steen, E. Jacobsen. 1998. Pollen markers for gene-centromere mapping in diploid potato. Theor Appl Genet 93: 1040-1047.
78. Nakata, M., K. Guan, J. Li, Y. Lu and H. Li. 2007. Cytotaxonomy of Begonia rubropunctata and B. purpureofolia (Begoniaceae). Bot J Lin Soc 155: 513-517.
79. Noda, S. 1986. Cytogenetic behavior, chromosomal differences, and geographic distribution in L. lancifolium (Liliaceae). Plant Species Biol. (Kyoto) 1: 69-78.
80. 2O induces mitotic polyploidization in anther somatic cells and restores fertility in sterile interspecific hybrid lilies. Breed Science 61: 327-337.
81. Oginuma, K. and C.I. Peng. 2002. Karyomorphology of Taiwanese Begonia: taxonomic implications. J Plant Res 115: 225-235.
82. Okazaki, K. 2005. New aspects of tulip breeding: embryo culture and polyploid. Acta Hort 673: 127-140.
83. Okazaki, K. and M. Nishimura. 2000. Ploidy of progenies crossed between diploids, triploids and tetraploids in tulip. Acta Hort 522: 127-134.
84. Okazaki, K., K. Kurimoto and I. Miyajima. 2005. Induction of 2n pollen in tulips by arresting the meiotic process with nitrous oxide gas. Euphytica 143: 101-114.
85. Okuno, S. and S. Nagai. 1953. Cytological studies on Begonia evansiana Andr. with special reference to its meiotic chromosomes. Jpn J Genet 28: 132-136.
86. Okuno, S. and S. Nagai. 1954. Karyotypic polymorphism in Begonia tuberohybrida Voss. Jpn J Genet 29: 185-196.
87. Ørgaard, M., N. Jacobsen and I.S. Heslop-Harrison. 1995. The hybrid origin of two cultivars of Crocus (Iridaceae) analysed by molecular cytogenetics including genomic southern and in situ hybridization. Ann Bot 76: 253-262.
88. Peng, C.I. and C.Y. Sue. 2000. Begonia × taipeiensis (Begoniaceae), a new natural hybrid in Taiwan. Bot Bull Acad Sin 41: 151-158.
89. Podwyszyńska, M. 2012. In vitro tetraploid induction in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.). Acta Hort 961: 391-396.
90. Podwyszyńska, M., E. Gabryszewska, B. Dyki, A.A. Stępowska, A. Kowalski and A. Jasiński. 2014. Phenotypic and genome size changes (variation) in synthetic tetraploids of daylily (Hemerocallis) in relation to their diploid counterparts’. Euphytica 203: 1-16.
91. Ramanna, M.S. 1992. The role of sexual polyploidization in the origins of horticultural crops: Alstroemeria as an example. In A. Mariani and S. Tavoletti (eds). Proceedings of Workshop: Gametes with somatic chromosome number in the evolution and breeding of polyploidy polysomic species: Achievements and perspectives Tipolitographia Porzuincola-Assisi (PG) Italy pp. 83-89.
92. Ramanna, M.S. and E. Jacobsen 2003. Relevance of sexual polyploidization for crop improvement-a review. Euphytica 133: 3-18.
93. Ramanna, M.S., A.G.J. Kuipers and E. Jacobsen. 2003. Occurrence of numerically unreduced (2n) gametes in Alstroemeria interspecific hybrids and their significance for sexual polyploidisation. Euphytica 133: 95-106.
94. Ramanna, M.S., A. Marasek-Ciolakowska, S. Xie, N. Khan and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2012. The Significance of Polyploidy for Bulbous Ornamentals: A Molecular Cytogenetic Assessment. Chapter in: Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology. Special Issue: Bulbous Ornamentals. Editors: Jaap Van Tuyl and Paul Arens. Global Science Books. Ltd. UK Vol 1, pp. 116-121.
95. Ramsey, J. and D.W. Schemske. 1998. Pathways, mechanisms and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. An Rev Ecol Syst 29: 467-501.
96. Roberts, A., D. Lloyd D and K. Short. 1990. In vitro procedures for the induction of tetraploidy in a diploid rose. Euphytica 49: 33-38.
97. Shahin, A., M. Van Kaauwen, D. Esselink, J.W. Bargsten, J.M.Van Tuyl, R.G.F. Visser and P. Arens. 2012. Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags in the extreme large genomes Lilium and Tulipa. BMC Genomics 13: 640.
98. Stewart, R.N. 1943. Occurrence of aneuploids in Lilium. Botanical Gazette 105: 620-626.
99. Straathof, Th.P. and W. Eikelboom. 1997. Tulip breeding at PRI. Daffodil and Tulip Yearbook 8: 27-33.
100. Taschetto, O.M. and M.S. Pagliarini. 2003. Occurrence of 2n and jumbo pollen in the Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata and P. tuberosa). Euphytica 133: 139-145.
101. Upcott, M. and J. Philip. 1939. The genetic structure of Tulipa. IV. Balance, selection and fertility. J Genet 38: 91-123.
102. Van Eijk, J.P., L.W.D. Van Raamsdonk, W. Eikelboom and R.J. Bino. 1991. Interspecific crosses between Tulipa gesneriana cultivars and wild Tulipa species: a survey. Sexual Plant Reproduction 4: 1-5.
103. Van Eijk, J.P. and W. Eikelboom. 1990. Evaluation of breeding research on resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in tulip. Acta Hort 266: 357-364.
104. Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D., J.P. Van Eijk and W. Eikelboom. 1995. Crossability analysis in subgenus Tulipa of the genus Tulipa L. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 147-158.
105. Van Scheepen, J. 1996. Classified list and international register of tulip names. Royal General Bulbgrowers’ Association KAVB, Hillegom, The Netherlands.
106. Van Tuyl, J.M. 1989. Research on mitotic and meiotic polyploidization in lily breeding. Herbertia 45: 97-103.
107. Van Tuyl, J.M. 1997. Interspecific hybridization of flower bulbs: A review. Acta Hort 430: 465-476.
108. Van Tuyl, J.M., M.P. Van Diën, M.G.M. Van Creij, T.C.M. Van Kleinwee, J. Franken and R.J. Bino. 1991. Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming Incongruity barriers in interspecific Lilium crosses. Plant Science 74: 115-126.
109. Van Tuyl, J.M. and P. Arens. 2011. Lilium: breeding history of the modern cultivar assortment. Acta Hort 900: 223-230.
110. Van Tuyl, J.M. and M.G.M. Creij. 2006. Tulipa gesneriana and T. hybrids. In: Flower breeding and genetics: Issues, challenges and opportunities for the 21st century. Anderson NO (Eds.) Chapter 23. Springer Verlag. Pp. 623-641.
111. Van Tuyl, J.M., J. N. de Vries, R.J. Bino and T.A.M. Kwakkenbos. 1989. Identification of 2npollen producing interspecific hybrids of Lilium using flow cytometry. Cytologia 54: 737-745.
112. Van Tuyl, J.M., B. Meijer and M.P. Van Diën. 1992. The use of oryzalin as an alternative for colchicine in in-vitro chromosome doubling of Lilium and Nerine. Acta Hort 352: 625-630.
113. Van Tuyl, J.M., B. Meijer and M.P. Van Diën. 1992. The use of oryzalin as an alternative for colchicine in in-vitro chromosome doubling of Lilium. The Lily Yearbook of North American Lily Society 43: 19-22.
114. Van Tuyl, J.M. 1997. Interspecific hybridization of flower bulbs: A review. Acta Hort 430: 465-476.
115. Van Tuyl, J.M., K.B. Kim and M.S. Ramanna. 2002. Interspecific hybridization and introgression. In: Breeding for ornamentals: Classical and molecular approaches, ed. A. Vainstein, 85-103. Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
116. Wu, H., M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2011. Genome constitution of Narcissus variety, ‘Tête-à-Tête’, analysed through GISH and NBS profiling. Euphytica 181: 285-292.
117. Wagner, W.W. 1999. The French begonia society. The Begonian 66: 172-175.
118. Xie, S., N. Khan, M.S. Ramanna, L. Niu, A. Marasek-Ciolakowska, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2010a. An assessment of chromosomal rearrangements in neopolyploids of Lilium hybrids. Genome 53: 439-446.
119. Xie, S., M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2010b. Simultaneous identification of three different genomes in Lilium hybrids through multicolour GISH. Acta Hortic. 855: 299-304.
120. Xie, S., A. Marasek-Ciolakowska, M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2014. Characterization of B chromosomes in Lilium hybrids through GISH and FISH. Plant Syst Evol DOI10.1007/s00606-014-1004-1.
121. Yabuya, T. 1985. Amphidiploids between Iris laevigata Fisch. and I. ensata Thunb. induced through in vitro culture of embryos treated with colchicine. Jap. J. Breed. 35: 136-144.
122. Ye, H.G., F.G. Wang, Y.S. Ye and C.I. Peng. 2004. Begonia coptidifolia (Begoniaceae), a new species from China. Bot Bull Acad Sin 45: 259-266.
123. Zeilinga, A.E. 1962. Cytological investigation of hybrid varieties of Begonia semperflorens. Euphytica 11: 126-136.
124. Zeilinga, A.E. and H.P. Schouten. 1968a. Polyploidy in garden tulips. I. Survey of Tulipa varieties for polyploids. Euphytica 17: 252-264.
125. Zeilinga, A.E. and H.P. Schouten. 1968b. Polyploidy in garden tulips. II. The production of tetraploids. Euphytica 17: 303-310.
126. Zhou, S., M.S. Ramanna, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2008a. Genome composition of triploid lily cultivars derived from sexual polyploidization of Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrids (Lilium). Euphytica 160: 207-215.
127. 1 hybrids and their progenies. In Floriculture, ornamental and plant biotechnology vol. V, ed. J.A. Teixeira da Silva, 152-156. Isleworth, UK: Global Science Books.
128. Zlesak, D.C., C.A. Thill and N.O. Anderson. 2005. Trifluralin-mediated polyploidization of Rosa chinensis minima (Sims) Voss seedlings. Euphytica 141: 281-290.