Privatizing economic crime enforcement: exploring the role of private sector investigative agencies in combating money laundering

Policing and Society

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 285-312

  Schneider, Stephen ^a  

^a SAINT MARY S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Forensic accounting; Money laundering; Private policing; Private public policing partnerships; Suspicious transaction reporting; Terrorist financing

Indexed keywords

EID: 85050831442     PISSN: 10439463     EISSN: 14772728     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10439460600812065     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Bayley, D., and Shearing, C., 2001. The New Structure of Policing: Description, Conceptualization and Research Agenda, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
2. Beck, U., 1991. The Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage.
3. Bradford, C., and Simonsen, C., 1998. “Need for cooperative efforts between private security and public law enforcement in the prevention, investigation and prosecution of fraud-related criminal activity”. Security Journal, 10 (3): 161-168.
4. Brocklet, R., (1990), “Police-private security cooperation”, Law and Order (December), pp. 54-59.
5. Bronskill, J., (2003), Proceeds of crime units are shackled, National Post, 3 June, p. A7.
6. Button, M., 2002. Private Policing, Portland, OR: Willan.
7. Button, M., 2004. “Softly, softly”: Private security and the policing of corporate space ”. In From Hard Cop, Soft Cop: Dilemmas and Debates in Contemporary Policing, Edited by: Hopkins Burke, R., Portland, OR: Willan.
8. Campbell, G., & Reingold, B., (1994), “Private security and public policing in Canada”, Juristat (Statistics Canada), Vol. 14, no. 10, whole issue.
9. Canadian Banker's Association (2006), Credit Card Statistics Visa and Mastercard. Ottawa: Canadian Banker's Association, Research Data Services. Available at: http://www.cba.ca, last accessed June 16, 2006.
10. Connors, E., 2000. Operation Cooperation: Guidelines for Partnerships Between Law Enforcement and Private Security Organizations, Rockville, MD: National Institute of Justice/NCJRS.
11. Crawford, A., 1997. The Local Governance of Crime: Appeals to Community and Partnerships, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
12. Cunningham, W., (2003), US Private Security Trends. Paper presented at In Search of Security: An International Conference on Policing and Security, sponsored by the Law Commission of Canada, 19-22 February.
13. Cunningham, W., and Taylor, T., 1985. The Hallcrest Report: Private Security and Police in America, New York: Chancellor Press.
14. Cunningham, W., Strauchs, J.J., and Meter, C.W. van., 1990. Private Security Trends, 1970-2000: The Hallcrest Report II, Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
15. Deloitte and Touche. (2002), Anti-money Laundering Services (promotional literature), Deloitte and Touche, London.
16. De Waard, J., 1999. Private security industry in international perspective. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 7 (2): 143-174.
17. Edmonds, S., (1999), “Toronto stock cops struggle to regulate unruly market”, Reuters, 5 April.
18. Ernst and Young. (2003), Fraud the Unmanaged Risk: 8th Global Survey, Ernst and Young, London.
19. Ericson, R.V., and Haggerty, K.D., 1997. Policing the Risk Society, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
20. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1995), Eurasian criminal enterprises, in: Overview of International Organized Crime, Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
21. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1998), Crime in the United States: Uniform Crime Reports, 1997, Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
22. Federal Trade Commission. (2004). Consumer Fraud in the United States: An FTC Survey (staff report). Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC. Available online at: www.ftc.gov/opa/2004/08/fraudsurvey.htm.
23. Garland, D., 1996. “The limits of the sovereign state: Strategies of crime control in contemporary society”. British Journal of Criminology, 36 (4): 445-471.
24. Garland, D., 2001. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
25. Gerden, R., 1998. Private Security: A Canadian Perspective, Toronto: Prentice Hall.
26. Gill, M., and Hart, J., 1999. “Enforcing corporate security policy using private investigators”. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 7: 245-261.
27. Golsby, M., 1998. “Formalizing cooperation in crime prevention: Police and security sectors working together”. Security Journal, 10: 121-129.
28. Greene, J.R., Levy, P.R., and Seamon, T.M., 1995. “Merging public and private security for collective benefit: Philadelphia's Center City District”. American Journal of Police, 14 (2): 3-20.
29. Harrington, C., (1998), Global swindlers at home in Canada, Edmonton Journal, 28 June, p. A3.
30. Hunt, D., (2000), Private investigation: A effective response to the national and international crime challenge, in: Richardson, J., (ed.) Police and Private Security: What the Future Holds (Police Futures Group Study Series 1), Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, Ottawa.
31. Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. (2002), Statement of Forensic Accounting Standards-APS 11. Available at: www.cpaaustralia.com.au/01_information_centre/17_standards/docs/aps11.pdf.
32. Institute for Law and Justice. (2001), “Operation Cooperation”, Sheriff, Vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 4-5.
33. Janhevich, D., (1998), “The changing nature of fraud in Canada”, Juristat, Vol. 18, no. 4 (full issue). Ottawa, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.
34. Johnston, L., 1999. “Private policing in context”. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 7 (2): 175-196.
35. Johnston, L., 2001. “Crime, fear and civil policing”. Urban Studies, 38 (5/6): 959-966.
36. Judge, A., 1988. “Is there a profit to be made out of policing?”. Police: Monthly Magazine of the Police Federation, 21 (4): 12-23.
37. Killam, E.W., (1982), “Real scoop on private investigators”, Security Management, Vol. 26, nos. 9 and 10, pp. 95-97 and 45-48.
38. Kinnear, D., (2000), Privatization: A threat to the public good, in: Richardson, J., (ed.) Police and Private Security: What the Future Holds (Police Futures Group Study Series 1), Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, Ottawa.
39. KPMG. (1995), 1995 Police Chief Survey Report, KPMG Investigation and Security, Toronto.
40. KPMG. (1998a), Annual Fraud Survey, 1998, KPMG Forensics, New York.
41. KPMG. (1998b), 1998 Annual Fraud Survey, KPMG Investigation and Security, Toronto.
42. KPMG. (1998c), RCMP Economic Crime Study (unpublished report), KPMG, Ottawa.
43. KPMG. (1999), Money Laundering: Know Your Customer (marketing brochure), KPMG Forensic and Litigation Services, New York.
44. KPMG. (2002), Money Laundering: Know Your Customer (marketing brochure), KPMG Forensic and Litigation Services, New York.
45. Kuitenbrouwer, P., (1998), “Private justice: Companies turn to former Mounties for swift, discreet crime-fighting”, The Financial Post, 4 July, p. 8.
46. Law Commission of Canada. (n.d.), In Search of Security: The Roles of Public Police and Private Agencies, Law Commission of Canada, Ottawa.
47. Leblanc, D., (1999), “Credit-card forgers sharpen their skills Canada catching up to Asia, RCMP say”, Globe and Mail, 6 May.
48. Levi, M., & Sherwin, D., (2000), Fraud, the Unmanaged Risk: An International Survey of the Effects of Fraud on Business, Ernst and Young, London.
49. Lorinc, J., (1998), “They like to watch”, Report on Business (Globe and Mail), May.
50. Mitchell, K., (1999), Critique of Certain Provisions of Bill C54: Draft Legislation Known as the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. Submission to the Chairman and Members of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, 16 March.
51. Murphy, C., (2000), Public policing and private security in postmodern Canada, in: Richardson, J., (ed.) Police and Private Security: What the Future Holds (Police Futures Group Study Series 1), Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, Ottawa.
52. Murphy, C., and Clarke, C., 2002. Policing Communities and Communities of Policing: A Comparative Case Study of Policing in Two Urban Communities, Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada.
53. Murray, T., & McKim, E., (2000), Introduction: The policy issues in policing and private security, in: Richardson, J., (ed.) Police and Private Security: What the Future Holds (Police Futures Group Study Series 1), Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, Ottawa.
54. Neumeister, L., (2000), “Mob said to infiltrate Wall Street”, Associated Press, 2 March.
55. Normandeau, A., and Leighton, B., 1990. A Vision of the Future of Policing in Canada: Police Challenge, 2000, Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada.
56. O'Grady, T., (2000), Quality public safety in the future, in: Richardson, J., (ed.) Police and Private Security: What the Future Holds (Police Futures Group Study Series 1), Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, Ottawa.
57. Police Futures Group. (n.d.), Private Policing: A Policy Discussion Paper (draft), Police Futures Group, Ottawa. Available at: www.policefutures.org/docs/Private_Police.pdf.
58. Prenzler, T., and Sarre, R., 1999. “Survey of security legislation and regulatory strategies in Australia”. Security Journal, 12 (3): 7-17.
59. Prenzler, T., & King, M., (2002), “The role of private investigators and commercial agents in law enforcement”, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, no. 234 (August), Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.
60. Sanders, T., (2003), Rise of the Rent-a-cop: Private Security in Canada, 1991-2002. Paper presented at In Search of Security: An International Conference on Policing and Security, sponsored by the Law Commission of Canada, 19-22 February.
61. Sarre, R., and Prenzler, T., 2000. “The relationship between police and private security: Models and future directions”. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 24 (1): 91-113.
62. Schneider, S., 2004. Money Laundering in Canada: An Analysis of RCMP Cases, Toronto: Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption.
63. Seamon, T., (1995), “Private forces for public good”, Security Management (September), pp. 92-97.
64. Secretary of State for the Home Department. (2001), Criminal Justice: The Way Ahead, The Stationery Office, London.
65. Shearing, C., & Stenning, P., (1983), Private Security and Private Justice: The Challenges of the 80s, Institute for Research on Public Policy, Montreal.
66. Shearing, C., Stenning, P., & Addario, S., (1985), “Police perceptions of private security”, Canadian Police College Journal, no. 9, pp. 127-154.
67. Stenning, P., 2000. “Powers and accountability of private police”. European Journal of Criminal Police and Research, 8 (3): 325-352.
68. Stenning, P., and Shearing, C., 1980. “The quiet revolution: The nature, development and general legal implications of private security in Canada”. Criminal Law Quarterly, 22: 220-248.
69. Swol, K., (1999), “Private security and public policing”, Perspectives (Statistics Canada) (Spring), pp. 36-38.
70. United States Congress. (1997). Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Hearing on Financial Instruments Fraud: Prepared Testimony of Mr Dana Brown, Deputy Special Agent-in-Charge, Financial Crimes Division United States Secret Service, 16 September 1997, United States Congress, Washington, DC.
71. Van den Berg, E., 1995. “Crime prevention on industrial sites: Security through public-private partnerships”. Security Journal, 6: 27-35.
72. Waldern, B., 1998. “When crime prevention becomes criminal: Growing use of private security guards alarming”. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Monitor, 4 (7): 4-5.
73. Wall Street Journal. (1998), “Organized crime begins using Canada as a base for operations ranging from drugs to car theft”, Wall Street Journal, 6 July, p. 1.
74. Young, L., 2003. “Canada becomes fraud haven”. Marketing Magazine, 108 (29): 3
75. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners: www.afc.org/newsandfacts/fraudstatistics (accessed 9 July 1998).
76. Deloitte and Touche: www.deloitte.com/vc/0,1639, sid%253D3939%2526cid%253D6158,00.html (accessed 16 January 2003).
77. Ernst and Young: www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/US/AABS_-_Specialty_Advisor_-_LAS_-_Services_-_Anti-Money_Laundering (accessed 19 April 2003).
78. Ernst and Young: www.ey.com/GLOBAL/content.nsf/UK/CF_-_Services_-_Forensics_-_Special_Investigations_-_Antimoney (accessed 19 April 2003).
79. Ernst and Young: www.ey.com/GLOBAL/content.nsf/Belgium_E/Forensic_Services_-_Computer_Forensics_-_Forensic_Data_Analysis (accessed 19 April 2003b).
80. Grant and Thornton: www.grantthornton.ca/FAIS/S3-2_mstr.asp (accessed 30 January 2003).
81. KPMG: www.kpmg.ca/English/services/fas/forensic/anti_money_laundering.html (accessed 30 January 2003).
82. Kroll: www.krollworldwide.com/home/homepage.cfm (accessed 30 January 2002).
83. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University: www.law.cornell.edu/topics/white_collar.html (accessed 5 November 2004).
84. PriceWaterhouseCoopers: www.pwcglobal.com/ch/eng/about/svcs/fas/fs/index.html (accessed 15 March 2003).
85. Royal Canadian Mounted Police: www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/scams/ecbweb2_e.htm#Mandate (accessed 15 May 2003).
86. Zysman, Alan, (Chartered Accountant): www.forensicaccounting.com/one.htm#start (accessed 30 October 2002).