Mapping-out the new contractual relations between the European Union and its Neighbours: Learning from the EU-Ukraine 'Enhanced Agreement'

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 169-182

  Hillion, Christophe ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

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EID: 85050781726     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2007016     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, 'European Neighbourhood Policy - Strategy Paper', COM (2004) 373.
2. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, 'Wider Europe-Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with Our Eastern and Southern Neighbours', COM (2003) 104
3. GAERC conclusions, 22 January 2007 [5463/07]. The negotiations formally started on 5 March 2007. See 'EU-Ukraine start negotiations on new Enhanced Agreement', available under , (last visited 16 March 2007).
4. While all EU agreements with the ENP countries may not be identical in content, it may be assumed that the agreement with Ukraine will nonetheless comprise the key components of the new neighbourhood agreements. Support for this proposition can be found in the Commission's 2006 Communication 'On strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy', COM (2006) 726, p. 4.
5. COM (2006) 726, pp. 4-5.
6. Further on this terminology, see M. Emerson (ed.), 'The Prospect of Deep Free Trade between the European Union and Ukraine', Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, 2006.
7. See Article XXIV GATT and Article V GATS, respectively. Further: P. Van den Bossche, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005), esp. p. 658.
8. COM (2006) 726, p. 3.
9. Article 4 PCA Ukraine. Further from this author: 'Partnership and Cooperation Agreements between the EU and the NIS of the Ex-Soviet Union' (1998) 3 EFA Rev., pp. 399-420
10. R. Petrov, 'The Partnership and Cooperation Agreements with the Newly Independent States' in A. Ott and K. Inglis (eds), European Enlargement Handbook (Asser Press, The Hague, 2002), p. 175.
11. Negotiations are already under way to extend free trade agreements with Mediterranean partners in terms of agricultural coverage and services, thereby suggesting that the neighbourhood agreements would not bring much in terms deepening of trade relations. Further: R.A. Del Sarto and T. Schumacher, 'From EMP to ENP: What's at Stake with the European Neighbourhood Policy towards the Southern Mediterranean?' (2005) 10 EFA Rev., pp. 17-38
12. S. Pardo and L. Zemer, 'Towards a New Euro-Mediterranean Neighbourhood Space' (2005) 10 EFA Rev., pp. 39-77.
13. e.g. technical norms and standards, sanitary and phytosanitary rules, competition policy, enterprise competitiveness, innovation and industrial policy, research cooperation, intellectual property rights, trade facilitation, customs measures and administrative capacity in the area of rules of origin, good governance in the tax area, company law, public procurement and financial services; COM (2006) 726, p. 4.
14. This legal approximation also builds on the provisions on legislative cooperation in the EMAs (Article 52, EMA Morocco) and the PCAs (e.g. Article 51 PCA Ukraine). Further: R. Petrov, 'Recent Developments in the Adaptation of Ukrainian Legislation to EU Law' (2003) 8 EFA Rev., pp. 125-141.
15. e.g Stabilization and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Croatia, of the other part [OJEU 2005 L26]. Further on the SAAs: S. Blockmans, 'Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro, including Kosovo)' in S. Blockmans and A. Łazowski (eds), The European Union and Its Neighbours - A Legal Appraisal of the EU's Policies of Stabilisation, Partnership and Integration (Asser Press, 2006), p. 315
16. C. Pippan, 'The Rocky Road to Europe: The EU's Stabilisation and Association Process for the Western Balkans and the Principle of Conditionality' (2004) 9 EFA Rev., pp. 219-245
17. D. Phinnemore, 'Stabilisation and Association Agreements: Europe Agreements for the Western Balkans?' (2003) 8 EFA Rev., pp. 77-103.
18. e.g. Europe Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Poland, of the other part [OJEC 1993 L348/2]. Further on the EAs: M. Maresceau, 'A Legal Analysis of the Community's Association Agreements with Central and Eastern Europe: General Framework, Accession Objectives and Trade Liberalisation' in S.V. Konstadinidis (ed.), The Legal Regulation of the European Community's External Relations after the Completion of the Internal Market (Darmouth Press, 1996), p. 125.
19. In this regard, see 'EU-Ukraine start negotiations on new Enhanced Agreement', available under , (last visited 16 March 2007).
20. Further: M. Cremona and C. Hillion, 'L'Union fait la force? Potential and Limitations of the European Neighbourhood Policy as an Integrated EU Foreign and Security Policy' (2006) EUI Law Working Papers, No. 39, Florence.
21. Action Plans have been 'adopted' as recommendations of the Councils established by the agreements between the EC/Member States and the various ENP partners. In the case of Ukraine, the AP was adopted as Recommendation No. 1/2005 of the EU-Ukraine Cooperation Council of 21/02/2005 on the implementation of the EU/Ukraine Action Plan. Further: C. Hillion, '"Thou Shalt Love thy Neighbour": The Draft European Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan between the EU and Ukraine' in A. Mayhew and N. Copsey (eds), Ukraine and European Neighbourhood Policy (Sussex European Institute, 2005), 17.
22. Agence Europe, No. 9349, 23 January 2007.
23. Case 12/86 Meryem Demirel v. Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd [1987] ECR 3719. Further on association agreements, see the contributions in M.-F. Christophe-Tchakaloff (ed.), Le concept d'association dans les accords passés par la Communauté: essai de clarification (Bruylant, Brussels, 1999).
24. COM (2004) 373 final, p. 3.
25. COM (2004) 373 final, p. 5
26. Commission's 'Communication on Association Agreements with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe: A General Outline', COM (90) 398.
27. K. Inglis, 'The Europe Agreements Compared in the Light of their Pre-accession Reorientation' (2000) 37 CML Rev., 1173.
28. It was also felt on the EC side that the post-Soviet states (the so-called 'Newly Independent States') should be approached differently from the CEECs, because of their potential re-integration, e.g. in the form of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Further: J. Raux, 'Les instruments juridiques de la Communauté avec les Etats de l'Europe de l'Est' in J.C. Gautron (ed.), Les relations Communauté européenne - Europe de l'Est (Economica, Paris, 1991), p. 41.
29. See in this regard: J. Raux, 'Towards a Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Strategy: Association of Proximity' in M. Maresceau and E. Lannon (eds), The EU's Enlargement and Mediterranean Strategies (Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2001), p. 42
30. J. Raux, 'Association et perspectives partenariales' in M.-F. Christophe-Tchakaloff (ed.), Le concept d'association dans les accords passés par la Communauté: essai de clarification (Bruylant, Brussels, 1999), p. 89.
31. Further: M. Petite, 'Current Legal Issues in the External Relations of the European Union' (2006) EUI Law Working Papers, No. 38, Florence.
32. COM (2006) 726, p. 13.
33. COM (2004) 373, p. 8.
34. Communication from the Commission: 'Unlocking Europe's full potential - Commission Legislative and Work Programme 2006', COM (2005) 531, p. 10.
35. Further on conditionality, e.g. K. Smith, 'The Use of Political Conditionality in the EU's Relations with Third Countries: How Effective?' (1998) 3 EFA Rev., p. 265
36. T. Haenebalcke, K. Inglis and E. Lannon, 'The Many Faces of EU Conditionality in Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Relations' in Maresceau and Lannon (eds), note 44 above, p. 97.
37. J. Kelley, 'New Wine in Old Wineskins: Policy Learning and Adaptation in the New European Neighborhood Policy' (2006) 44 Journal of Common Market Studies, p. 29