The use of political conditionality in the EU's relations with third countries: How effective?

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 253-274

  Smith, Karen E ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84916944384     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr1998014     Document Type: Review

References (29)

1. As 'international actor' is defined by Gunnar Sjostedt in The External Role of the European Community (Saxon House, Westmead 1977), 15.
2. See Olav Stokke, 'Aid and political conditionality: core issues and state of the art' in Olav Stokke (ed.), Aid and Political Conditionality (Frank Cass, London 1995), 9.
3. R. J. Vincent, 'Human rights in foreign policy' in Dilys Hill (ed.), Human Rights and Foreign Policy: Principles and Practice (Macmillan, Houndmills 1989), 58.
4. See Mahmood Monshipouri, Democratization, Liberalization and Human Rights in the Third World (Lynne Rienner, Boulder 1995), 17-19.
5. Norms are 'shared (thus social) understandings of standards for behavior.' Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1995), 14.
6. Principled beliefs are 'normative ideas that specify criteria for distinguishing right from wrong and just from unjust.' Causal beliefs 'provide guides for individuals on how to achieve their objectives.' Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane, 'Ideas and foreign policy: an analytical framework', in Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane (eds.), Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1993), 9-10.
7. Ronald Jepperson, Alexander Wendt and Peter Katzenstein, 'Norms, identity, and culture in national security', in Peter Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (Columbia University Press, New York 1996), 56.
8. On enabling norms, see Gregory A. Raymond, 'Problems and prospects in the study of international norms' 41 Mershon International Studies Review (1997) 214.
9. For definitions, see Hugo Storey, 'Human rights and the new Europe: experience and experiment' in David Beetham (ed.), Politics and Human Rights (Blackwell, Oxford 1995), 134;
10. Joan Nelson, Encouraging Democracy: What Role for Conditioned Aid?', Policy Essay No. 4 (Overseas Development Council, Washington DC 1992), 9;
11. and Stokke, 'Aid and political conditionality', op. eft, 11-13.
12. Peter Uvin, 'Do as I say, not as I do: the limits of political conditionality', in Georg Sorensen (ed.), Political Conditionality (Frank Cass, London 1993), 70.
13. Katarina Tomasevski, Development Aid and Human Rights Revisited (Pinter, London 1993), 13-14.
14. Franklin L. Lavin, 'Asphyxiation or oxygen? the sanctions dilemma' 104 Foreign Policy (1996).
15. Enzo Grilli, The European Community and the Developing Countries (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993), 102.
16. Michael K. Addo, 'Some issues in European Community aid policy and human rights' 1 Legal Issues of European Integration (1988) 79-80.
17. Simon Nuttall reports that one Member State official criticized the Commission for its 'proclivity to afford comfort to international pariahs', as in Vietnam and Ethiopia. In 'The Commission: the struggle for legitimacy' in Christopher Hill (ed.), The Actors in Europe's Foreign Policy (Routledge, London 1996), 140.
18. See also Andrew Clapham, Human Rights and the European Community: A Critical Overview (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1991), 74
19. and Marcel Zwamborn, 'Human rights promotion and protection through the external relations of the European Community and the twelve' 7 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights (1989) 19.
20. Letter to the President of the European Parliament: Memorandum on EPC and Human Rights, Document No. 86/137, in 2 European Political Cooperation Documentation Bulletin (1986).
21. Peter R. Baehr, The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy (Macmillan, Houndmills 1994), Chapter 11. Development aid, however, would not be used as either a carrot or a stick, except in cases of gross and persistent violations of fundamental human rights.
22. Declaration on Human Rights, Document No. 86/230, 2 European Political Cooperation Documentation Bulletin (1986).
23. Demetrios James Marantis, 'Human rights, democracy, and development: the European Community model' 7 Harvard Human Rights Journal (1994) 8.
24. Gordon Crawford, Promoting Democracy, Human Rights and Good Governance Through Development Aid: A Comparative Study of the Policies of Four Northern Donors, Working Paper on Democratization No. 1 (University of Leeds, Centre for Democratization Studies, Leeds 1996), 32-33.
25. Karin Arts, 'Implementing the right to development? An analysis of European Community development and human rights policies' in Peter Baehr, Lalaine Sadiwa and Jacqueline Smith (eds.), Human Rights in Developing Countries Yearbook 1996 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague 1996), 60-61.
26. European Report No. 2236, 28 June 1997.
27. See Steven Weber, 'European Union conditionality' in Barry Eichengreen, Jeffry Frieden and Jiirgen von Hagen (eds.), Politics and Institutions in an Integrated Europe (Springer, Berlin 1995), 208-209.
28. See Martine Fouwels, 'The European Union's common foreign and security policy and human rights' 15 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights (1997) 318-321.
29. See Andrew Marshall, 'EU ponders the Russian riddle' The Independent, 18 March 1996.