메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 187, Issue 9, 2018, Pages 1990-2001

Medication side effects and retention in HIV treatment: A regression discontinuity study of tenofovir implementation in South Africa and Zambia

(14)  Brennan, Alana T a,b   Bor, Jacob a,b   Davies, Mary Ann c   Wandeler, Gilles e,f   Prozesky, Hans g   Fatti, Geoffrey h   Wood, Robin c   Stinson, Kathryn c   Tanser, Frank i,j,k   Bärnighausen, Till i,l,m   Boulle, Andrew c,d   Sikazwe, Izukanji n   Zanolini, Arianna n   Fox, Matthew P a,b  


Author keywords

Africa; Antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus; Low and middle income countries; Regression discontinuity; Stavudine; Tenofovir; Treatment outcomes

Indexed keywords

TENOFOVIR; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT;

EID: 85050554254     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: 14766256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy093     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (9)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 84864877975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmaceutical research and development: What do we get for all that money?
    • Light DW, Lexchin JR. Pharmaceutical research and development: what do we get for all that money? BMJ. 2012; 345:e4348.
    • (2012) BMJ. , vol.345 , pp. e4348
    • Light, D.W.1    Lexchin, J.R.2
  • 2
    • 84942094322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. November 18, 2014. Boston, MA: Tufts University
    • Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. Briefing: Cost of Developing a New Drug. November 18, 2014. Boston, MA: Tufts University; 2014. https://www. scribd. com/ document/330419323/Tufts-CSDD-Briefing-on-RD-Cost-Study-Nov-18-2014. Accessed September 1, 2017.
    • (2014) Briefing: Cost of Developing A New Drug
  • 3
    • 84926238712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration. Accessed September 1, 2017
    • Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. Drug Approval Process. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration; http://www. fda. gov/ downloads/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ UCM284393. pdf. Accessed September 1, 2017.
    • Drug Approval Process
  • 4
    • 85055165833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. More Than 50 Medicines and Vaccines in Development for HIV/AIDS Infection Treatment and Prevention. Washington, DC: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. Accessed September 1, 2017
    • Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. Medicines in Development for HIV 2017 Report. More Than 50 Medicines and Vaccines in Development for HIV/AIDS Infection Treatment and Prevention. Washington, DC: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America; 2017. http://www. phrma. org/report/medicines-indevelopment-for-hiv-2017-report. Accessed September 1, 2017.
    • (2017) Medicines in Development for HIV 2017 Report
  • 5
    • 84882279538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Accessed October 29, 2017
    • World Health Organization. Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection. Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013. http:// www. who. int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/en/. Accessed October 29, 2017.
    • (2013) Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection
  • 6
    • 65349104025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of non-adherence to subsidized anti-retroviral treatment in southeast Nigeria
    • Uzochukwu BS, Onwujekwe OE, Onoka AC, et al. Determinants of non-adherence to subsidized anti-retroviral treatment in southeast Nigeria. Health Policy Plan. 2009;24(3): 189-196.
    • (2009) Health Policy Plan. , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 189-196
    • Uzochukwu, B.S.1    Onwujekwe, O.E.2    Onoka, A.C.3
  • 7
    • 77954543750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria: An overview of research studies and implications for policy and practice
    • Monjok E, Smesny A, Okokon IB, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria: an overview of research studies and implications for policy and practice. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2010;2:69-76.
    • (2010) HIV AIDS (Auckl). , vol.2 , pp. 69-76
    • Monjok, E.1    Smesny, A.2    Okokon, I.B.3
  • 8
    • 84963893833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raltegravir in second-line antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings (SELECT): A randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study
    • La Rosa AM, Harrison LJ, Taiwo B, et al. Raltegravir in second-line antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings (SELECT): a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(6):e247-e258.
    • (2016) Lancet HIV. , vol.3 , Issue.6 , pp. e247-e258
    • La Rosa, A.M.1    Harrison, L.J.2    Taiwo, B.3
  • 9
    • 84947041539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protease inhibitor monotherapy for long-term management of HIV infection: A randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial
    • Paton NI, Stöhr W, Arenas-Pinto A, et al. Protease inhibitor monotherapy for long-term management of HIV infection: a randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2(10):e417-e426.
    • (2015) Lancet HIV. , vol.2 , Issue.10 , pp. e417-e426
    • Paton, N.I.1    Stöhr, W.2    Arenas-Pinto, A.3
  • 10
    • 84919458152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ritonavir-boosted darunavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir-emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults infected with HIV-1: 96 week results from the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised noninferiority trial
    • Raffi F, Babiker AG, Richert L, et al. Ritonavir-boosted darunavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir-emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults infected with HIV-1: 96 week results from the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised noninferiority trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9958):1942-1951.
    • (2014) Lancet. , vol.384 , Issue.9958 , pp. 1942-1951
    • Raffi, F.1    Babiker, A.G.2    Richert, L.3
  • 11
    • 84901282923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simplification to abacavir/ lamivudine + atazanavir maintains viral suppression and improves bone and renal biomarkers in ASSURE, a randomized, open label, non-inferiority trial
    • Wohl DA, Bhatti L, Small CB, et al. Simplification to abacavir/ lamivudine + atazanavir maintains viral suppression and improves bone and renal biomarkers in ASSURE, a randomized, open label, non-inferiority trial. PLoS One. 2014; 9(5):e96187.
    • (2014) PLoS One. , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. e96187
    • Wohl, D.A.1    Bhatti, L.2    Small, C.B.3
  • 12
    • 85055205488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e103925
    • (2014) PLoS One. , vol.9 , Issue.7 , pp. e103925
  • 13
    • 84880238252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rilpivirine versus efavirenz in HIV-1-infected subjects receiving emtricitabine/ tenofovir DF: Pooled 96-week data from ECHO and THRIVE studies
    • Nelson MR, Elion RA, Cohen CJ, et al. Rilpivirine versus efavirenz in HIV-1-infected subjects receiving emtricitabine/ tenofovir DF: pooled 96-week data from ECHO and THRIVE studies. HIV Clin Trials. 2013;14(3):81-91.
    • (2013) HIV Clin Trials. , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 81-91
    • Nelson, M.R.1    Elion, R.A.2    Cohen, C.J.3
  • 14
    • 84868678578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARIES 144 week results: Durable virologic suppression in HIV-infected patients simplified to unboosted atazanavir/abacavir/lamivudine
    • Squires KE, Young B, DeJesus E, et al. ARIES 144 week results: durable virologic suppression in HIV-infected patients simplified to unboosted atazanavir/abacavir/lamivudine. HIV Clin Trials. 2012;13(5):233-244.
    • (2012) HIV Clin Trials. , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 233-244
    • Squires, K.E.1    Young, B.2    DeJesus, E.3
  • 15
    • 84870542727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy after 24 weeks of second-line antiretroviral therapy in Africa: A randomized controlled trial (SARA)
    • Gilks CF, Walker AS, Dunn DT, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy after 24 weeks of second-line antiretroviral therapy in Africa: a randomized controlled trial (SARA). Antivir Ther. 2012;17(7):1363-1373.
    • (2012) Antivir Ther. , vol.17 , Issue.7 , pp. 1363-1373
    • Gilks, C.F.1    Walker, A.S.2    Dunn, D.T.3
  • 16
    • 3042848853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: A 3-year randomized trial
    • Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(2):191-201.
    • (2004) JAMA. , vol.292 , Issue.2 , pp. 191-201
    • Gallant, J.E.1    Staszewski, S.2    Pozniak, A.L.3
  • 17
    • 39049101609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz compared with zidovudine/lamivudine and efavirenz in treatment-naive patients: 144-week analysis
    • Arribas JR, Pozniak AL, Gallant JE, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz compared with zidovudine/lamivudine and efavirenz in treatment-naive patients: 144-week analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(1):74-78.
    • (2008) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 74-78
    • Arribas, J.R.1    Pozniak, A.L.2    Gallant, J.E.3
  • 18
    • 84877733753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of tenofovir, zidovudine, or stavudine as part of first-line antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited-setting: A cohort study
    • Velen K, Lewis JJ, Charalambous S, et al. Comparison of tenofovir, zidovudine, or stavudine as part of first-line antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited-setting: a cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64459.
    • (2013) PLoS One. , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. e64459
    • Velen, K.1    Lewis, J.J.2    Charalambous, S.3
  • 19
    • 79951812401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementing a tenofovir-based first-line regimen in rural Lesotho: Clinical outcomes and toxicities after two years
    • Bygrave H, Ford N, van Cutsem G, et al. Implementing a tenofovir-based first-line regimen in rural Lesotho: clinical outcomes and toxicities after two years. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56(3):e75-e78.
    • (2011) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. e75-e78
    • Bygrave, H.1    Ford, N.2    Van Cutsem, G.3
  • 20
    • 77951684469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early clinical and programmatic outcomes with tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy in Zambia
    • Chi BH, Mwango A, GigantiM, et al. Early clinical and programmatic outcomes with tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy in Zambia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54(1): 63-70.
    • (2010) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-70
    • Chi, B.H.1    Mwango, A.2    Giganti, M.3
  • 21
    • 84878052800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of switching antiretroviral drugs in a primary care service in South Africa before and after introduction of tenofovir
    • Njuguna C, Orrell C, Kaplan R, et al. Rates of switching antiretroviral drugs in a primary care service in South Africa before and after introduction of tenofovir. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5):e63596.
    • (2013) PLoS One. , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. e63596
    • Njuguna, C.1    Orrell, C.2    Kaplan, R.3
  • 22
    • 84898896149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and predictors of first line antiretroviral regimen modification in western Kenya
    • Inzaule S, Otieno J, Kalyango J, et al. Incidence and predictors of first line antiretroviral regimen modification in western Kenya. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93106.
    • (2014) PLoS One. , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. e93106
    • Inzaule, S.1    Otieno, J.2    Kalyango, J.3
  • 23
    • 84866332722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adoption of new HIV treatment guidelines and drug substitutions within first-line as a measure of quality of care in rural Lesotho: Health centers and hospitals compared
    • Labhardt ND, Sello M, Lejone T, et al. Adoption of new HIV treatment guidelines and drug substitutions within first-line as a measure of quality of care in rural Lesotho: health centers and hospitals compared. Trop Med Int Health. 2012;17(10): 1245-1254.
    • (2012) Trop Med Int Health. , vol.17 , Issue.10 , pp. 1245-1254
    • Labhardt, N.D.1    Sello, M.2    Lejone, T.3
  • 24
    • 84898040263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of choice of NRTI in first-line antiretroviral therapy: A cohort analysis of stavudine vs
    • Brennan AT, Shearer K, Maskew M, et al. Impact of choice of NRTI in first-line antiretroviral therapy: a cohort analysis of stavudine vs. tenofovir. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(5): 490-498.
    • (2014) Tenofovir. Trop Med Int Health. , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 490-498
    • Brennan, A.T.1    Shearer, K.2    Maskew, M.3
  • 25
    • 34548282967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiretroviral treatment regimen outcomes among HIV infected prisoners
    • Springer SA, Friedland GH, Doros G, et al. Antiretroviral treatment regimen outcomes among HIV infected prisoners. HIV Clin Trials. 2007;8(4):205-212.
    • (2007) HIV Clin Trials. , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 205-212
    • Springer, S.A.1    Friedland, G.H.2    Doros, G.3
  • 26
    • 34447567139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adherence, virological and immunological outcomes for HIV-infected veterans starting combination antiretroviral therapies
    • Braithwaite RS, Kozal MJ, Chang CC, et al. Adherence, virological and immunological outcomes for HIV-infected veterans starting combination antiretroviral therapies. AIDS. 2007; 21(12):1579-1589.
    • (2007) AIDS. , vol.21 , Issue.12 , pp. 1579-1589
    • Braithwaite, R.S.1    Kozal, M.J.2    Chang, C.C.3
  • 27
    • 46349105916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durability and outcome of initial antiretroviral treatments received during 2000-2005 by patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
    • Vo TT, Ledergerber B, Keiser O, et al. Durability and outcome of initial antiretroviral treatments received during 2000-2005 by patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Infect Dis. 2008; 197(12):1685-1694.
    • (2008) J Infect Dis. , vol.197 , Issue.12 , pp. 1685-1694
    • Vo, T.T.1    Ledergerber, B.2    Keiser, O.3
  • 28
    • 44449142338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of antiretroviral regimens in patients with viral suppression
    • Lodwick RK, Smith CJ, Youle M, et al. Stability of antiretroviral regimens in patients with viral suppression. AIDS. 2008;22(9):1039-1046.
    • (2008) AIDS. , vol.22 , Issue.9 , pp. 1039-1046
    • Lodwick, R.K.1    Smith, C.J.2    Youle, M.3
  • 29
    • 28944445883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasons for modification of generic highly active antiretroviral therapeutic regimens among patients in southern India
    • Kumarasamy N, Vallabhaneni S, Cecelia AJ, et al. Reasons for modification of generic highly active antiretroviral therapeutic regimens among patients in southern India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41(1):53-58.
    • (2006) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-58
    • Kumarasamy, N.1    Vallabhaneni, S.2    Cecelia, A.J.3
  • 31
    • 34249984379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HIV infection in adults: The first 4 years
    • Nelson MR, Katlama C, Montaner JS, et al. The safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HIV infection in adults: the first 4 years. AIDS. 2007;21(10): 1273-1281.
    • (2007) AIDS. , vol.21 , Issue.10 , pp. 1273-1281
    • Nelson, M.R.1    Katlama, C.2    Montaner, J.S.3
  • 32
    • 76649085856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic effects associated to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in AIDS patients
    • Domingos H, Cunha RV, Paniago AM, et al. Metabolic effects associated to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in AIDS patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2009;13(2):130-136.
    • (2009) Braz J Infect Dis. , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 130-136
    • Domingos, H.1    Cunha, R.V.2    Paniago, A.M.3
  • 33
    • 75449111630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stavudineand nevirapine-related drug toxicity while on generic fixeddose antiretroviral treatment: Incidence, timing and risk factors in a three-year cohort in Kigali, Rwanda
    • van Griensven J, Zachariah R, Rasschaert F, et al. Stavudineand nevirapine-related drug toxicity while on generic fixeddose antiretroviral treatment: incidence, timing and risk factors in a three-year cohort in Kigali, Rwanda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104(2):148-153.
    • (2010) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. , vol.104 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-153
    • Van Griensven, J.1    Zachariah, R.2    Rasschaert, F.3
  • 34
    • 39549111889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiretroviral therapy-associated toxicities in the resource-poor world: The challenge of a limited formulary
    • Murphy RA, Sunpath H, Kuritzkes DR, et al. Antiretroviral therapy-associated toxicities in the resource-poor world: the challenge of a limited formulary. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(suppl 3):S449-S456.
    • (2007) J Infect Dis. , vol.196 , pp. S449-S456
    • Murphy, R.A.1    Sunpath, H.2    Kuritzkes, D.R.3
  • 35
    • 54049107692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral efficacy maintained and safety parameters improved with a reduced dose of stavudine: A pilot study
    • Ait-Mohand H, Bonmarchand M, Guiguet M, et al. Viral efficacy maintained and safety parameters improved with a reduced dose of stavudine: a pilot study. HIV Med. 2008;9(9): 738-746.
    • (2008) HIV Med. , vol.9 , Issue.9 , pp. 738-746
    • Ait-Mohand, H.1    Bonmarchand, M.2    Guiguet, M.3
  • 36
    • 78651107916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced dose of stavudine and lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients in Cameroon
    • Cournil A, Coudray M, Kouanfack C, et al. Reduced dose of stavudine and lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients in Cameroon. Antivir Ther. 2010;15(7):1039-1043.
    • (2010) Antivir Ther. , vol.15 , Issue.7 , pp. 1039-1043
    • Cournil, A.1    Coudray, M.2    Kouanfack, C.3
  • 37
    • 79960082310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2010 Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Accessed October 29, 2017
    • World Health Organization. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents. Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2010 Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010. http://apps. who. int/iris/ bitstream/10665/44379/1/9789241599764-eng. pdf. Accessed October 29, 2017.
    • (2010) Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents
  • 38
    • 84860451265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Nepal: A mixedmethods study
    • Wasti SP, Simkhada P, Randall J, et al. Factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Nepal: a mixedmethods study. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35547.
    • (2012) PLoS One. , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. e35547
    • Wasti, S.P.1    Simkhada, P.2    Randall, J.3
  • 39
    • 84891504093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increases in regimen durability associated with the introduction of tenofovir at a large public-sector clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa
    • Brennan AT, Maskew M, Ive P, et al. Increases in regimen durability associated with the introduction of tenofovir at a large public-sector clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18794.
    • (2013) J Int AIDS Soc. , vol.16 , pp. 18794
    • Brennan, A.T.1    Maskew, M.2    Ive, P.3
  • 40
    • 3142684220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 year long term safety profile of tenofovir DF (TDF) in treatment-experienced patients from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials [poster 7. 3/7]
    • Warsaw, Poland, October 25-29. Accessed January 1, 2018
    • Cheng AK, Chen SS, Wulfsohn M, et al. 2 year long term safety profile of tenofovir DF (TDF) in treatment-experienced patients from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials [poster 7. 3/7]. Presented at the 9th European AIDS Conference, Warsaw, Poland, October 25-29, 2003. http://archives. who. int/eml/expcom/expcom15/applications/ newmed/tenofovir/Cheng-2003-9thEurAIDSConf- Poster737-EN6137. pdf. Accessed January 1, 2018.
    • (2003) 9th European AIDS Conference
    • Cheng, A.K.1    Chen, S.S.2    Wulfsohn, M.3
  • 41
    • 0001508790 scopus 로고
    • Regression-discontinuity analysis: An alternative to the ex-post facto experiment
    • Thistlethwaite DL, Campbell DT. Regression-discontinuity analysis: an alternative to the ex-post facto experiment. J Educ Psychol. 1960;51(6):309-317.
    • (1960) J Educ Psychol. , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 309-317
    • Thistlethwaite, D.L.1    Campbell, D.T.2
  • 42
    • 36849078566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice
    • Imbens GW, Lemieux T. Regression discontinuity designs: a guide to practice. J Econom. 2008;142(2):615-635.
    • (2008) J Econom. , vol.142 , Issue.2 , pp. 615-635
    • Imbens, G.W.1    Lemieux, T.2
  • 44
    • 84905587445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression discontinuity designs in epidemiology: Causal inference without randomized trials
    • Bor J, Moscoe E, Mutevedzi P, et al. Regression discontinuity designs in epidemiology: causal inference without randomized trials. Epidemiology. 2014;25(5):729-737.
    • (2014) Epidemiology. , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 729-737
    • Bor, J.1    Moscoe, E.2    Mutevedzi, P.3
  • 45
    • 84867592540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cohort profile: The International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Egger M, Ekouevi DK, Williams C, et al. Cohort profile: the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(5): 1256-1264.
    • (2012) Int J Epidemiol. , vol.41 , Issue.5 , pp. 1256-1264
    • Egger, M.1    Ekouevi, D.K.2    Williams, C.3
  • 46
    • 78149477676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Department of Health, Republic of South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: National Department of Health. Accessed October 29, 2017
    • National Department of Health, Republic of South Africa. The South African Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines 2010. Pretoria, South Africa: National Department of Health; 2010. http://apps. who. int/medicinedocs/documents/s19153en/ s19153en. pdf. Accessed October 29, 2017.
    • (2010) The South African Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines 2010
  • 47
    • 80051885467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministry of Health, Republic of Zambia. Lusaka, Zambia: Ministry of Health. Accessed October 29, 2017
    • Ministry of Health, Republic of Zambia. Adult and Adolescent Antiretroviral Therapy Protocols. Lusaka, Zambia: Ministry of Health; 2010. http://www. who. int/hiv/pub/guidelines/zambia- art. pdf. Accessed October 29, 2017.
    • (2010) Adult and Adolescent Antiretroviral Therapy Protocols
  • 48
    • 85055210391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inclusion of a tenofovir-based first-line regimen in Zambia: A bold step forward?
    • Kigali, Rwanda, June 16-19
    • Mwinga A. Inclusion of a tenofovir-based first-line regimen in Zambia: a bold step forward? Presented at the 2007 HIV/ AIDS Implementer'sMeeting, Kigali, Rwanda, June 16-19, 2007.
    • (2007) 2007 HIV/ AIDS Implementer'sMeeting
    • Mwinga, A.1
  • 49
    • 17844403462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics South Africa Findings From Death Notification. Pretoria, South Africa: Statistics South Africa. (Statistical release P0309. 3). Accessed October 29, 2017.
    • Statistics South Africa. Mortality and Causes of Death in South Africa, 1997-2003. Findings From Death Notification. Pretoria, South Africa: Statistics South Africa; 2005. (Statistical release P0309. 3). https://www. statssa. gov. za/ publications/P03093/P03093. pdf. Accessed October 29, 2017.
    • (2005) Mortality and Causes of Death in South Africa, 1997-2003
  • 51
    • 84920626516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression discontinuity designs are underutilized in medicine, epidemiology, and public health: A review of current and best practice
    • Moscoe E, Bor J, Bärnighausen T. Regression discontinuity designs are underutilized in medicine, epidemiology, and public health: a review of current and best practice. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(2):122-133.
    • (2015) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.68 , Issue.2 , pp. 122-133
    • Moscoe, E.1    Bor, J.2    Bärnighausen, T.3
  • 52
    • 78751469926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression discontinuity designs in economics
    • Lee DS, Lemieux T. Regression discontinuity designs in economics. J Econ Lit. 2010;48(2):281-355.
    • (2010) J Econ Lit. , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 281-355
    • Lee, D.S.1    Lemieux, T.2
  • 53
    • 84922240568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression discontinuity designs: An approach to the evaluation of treatment efficacy in primary care using observational data
    • O'Keeffe AG, Geneletti S, Baio G, et al. Regression discontinuity designs: an approach to the evaluation of treatment efficacy in primary care using observational data. BMJ. 2014;349:g5293.
    • (2014) BMJ. , vol.349 , pp. g5293
    • O'Keeffe, A.G.1    Geneletti, S.2    Baio, G.3
  • 54
    • 84923974845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three approaches to causal inference in regression discontinuity designs
    • Bor J, Moscoe E, Bärnighausen T. Three approaches to causal inference in regression discontinuity designs. Epidemiology. 2015;26(2):e28-e30.
    • (2015) Epidemiology. , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. e28-e30
    • Bor, J.1    Moscoe, E.2    Bärnighausen, T.3
  • 55
    • 84943769420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quasiexperiments to establish causal effects of HIV care and treatment and to improve the cascade of care
    • Bor J, Geldsetzer P, Venkataramani A, et al. Quasiexperiments to establish causal effects of HIV care and treatment and to improve the cascade of care. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10(6):495-501.
    • (2015) Curr Opin HIV AIDS. , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 495-501
    • Bor, J.1    Geldsetzer, P.2    Venkataramani, A.3
  • 56
    • 84865193016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal bandwidth choice for the regression discontinuity estimator
    • Imbens GW, Kalyanaraman K. Optimal bandwidth choice for the regression discontinuity estimator. Rev Econ Stud. 2011; 79(3):933-959.
    • (2011) Rev Econ Stud. , vol.79 , Issue.3 , pp. 933-959
    • Imbens, G.W.1    Kalyanaraman, K.2
  • 57
    • 0000694661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating outcome distributions for compliers in instrumental variables models
    • Imbens GW, Rubin DB. Estimating outcome distributions for compliers in instrumental variables models. Rev Econ Stud. 1997;64(4):555-574.
    • (1997) Rev Econ Stud. , vol.64 , Issue.4 , pp. 555-574
    • Imbens, G.W.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 58
    • 0242471052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semiparametric instrumental variables estimation of treatment response models
    • Abadie A. Semiparametric instrumental variables estimation of treatment response models. J Econom. 2003;113(2): 231-263.
    • (2003) J Econom. , vol.113 , Issue.2 , pp. 231-263
    • Abadie, A.1
  • 59
    • 36849040414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: A density test
    • McCrary J. Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: a density test. J Econom. 2008;142(2):698-714.
    • (2008) J Econom. , vol.142 , Issue.2 , pp. 698-714
    • McCrary, J.1
  • 60
    • 0001599001 scopus 로고
    • Assignment to treatment group on the basis of a covariate
    • Rubin DB. Assignment to treatment group on the basis of a covariate. J Educ Behav Stat. 1977;2(1):1-26.
    • (1977) J Educ Behav Stat. , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-26
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 61
    • 67149102150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality of patients lost to follow-up in antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited settings: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Brinkhof MW, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Egger M. Mortality of patients lost to follow-up in antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2009;4(6):e5790.
    • (2009) PLoS One. , vol.4 , Issue.6 , pp. e5790
    • Brinkhof, M.W.1    Pujades-Rodriguez, M.2    Egger, M.3
  • 62
    • 85019590223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in viral hepatitis B screening practices over time in West African HIV clinics
    • Coffie PA, Patassi A, Doumbia A, et al. Changes in viral hepatitis B screening practices over time in West African HIV clinics. Med Mal Infect. 2017;47(6):394-400.
    • (2017) Med Mal Infect. , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 394-400
    • Coffie, P.A.1    Patassi, A.2    Doumbia, A.3
  • 63
    • 84886601971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Accessed October 29, 2017
    • World Health Organization. Global Update on HIV Treatment 2013: Results, Impact and Opportunities. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013. http://apps. who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/85326/1/9789241505734-eng. pdf. Accessed October 29, 2017.
    • (2013) Global Update on HIV Treatment 2013: Results, Impact and Opportunities
  • 64
    • 85036518157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment eligibility and retention in clinical HIV care: A regression discontinuity study in South Africa
    • Bor J, Fox MP, Rosen S, et al. Treatment eligibility and retention in clinical HIV care: a regression discontinuity study in South Africa. PLoS Med. 2017; 14(11):e1002463.
    • (2017) PLoS Med. , vol.14 , Issue.11 , pp. e1002463
    • Bor, J.1    Fox, M.P.2    Rosen, S.3
  • 65
    • 34447344808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinton Foundation. New York, NY: Clinton Foundation; 2009. Accessed September 1, 2017
    • Clinton Foundation. Antiretroviral (ARV) Price List. New York, NY: Clinton Foundation; 2009. http://www. givewell. org/files/DWDA%202009/Interventions/WJCF-ARVPrices-2009. pdf. Accessed September 1, 2017.
    • Antiretroviral (ARV) Price List


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.