Exploitation and biorefinery of microalgae

Waste Biorefinery: Potential and Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 571-601

  Sankaran, Revathy ^a   Show, Pau L ^a   Nagarajan, Dillirani ^b   Chang, Jo Shu ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM MALAYSIA CAMPUS   (Malaysia)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Biomass; Biorefinery; Microalgae; Microalgae cultivation; Recycling nutrients; Spent microalgal biomass

Indexed keywords

EID: 85050488880     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63992-9.00019-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (149)

1. I. Ozkurt Qualifying of safflower and algae for energy Energy Educ. Sci. Technol. Part A Energy Sci. Res. 23 2009 145-151.
2. J. Venkatesan., P. Manivasagan., S.-K. Kim Marine Microalgae Biotechnology 2015 Elsevier Inc. United States 10.1016/B978-0-12-800776-1.00001-7.
3. L.D. Zhu., E. Hiltunen., E. Antila., J.J. Zhong., Z.H. Yuan., Z.M. Wang Microalgal biofuels: flexible bioenergies for sustainable development Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 30 2014 1035-1046 10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.003.
4. T. Suganya., M. Varman., H.H. Masjuki., S. Renganathan Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: a biorefinery approach Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 55 2016 909-941 10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.026.
5. A. Richmond Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology vol. 1002 2008 Wiley Oxford, United Kingdom 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.40502.x.
6. T. Mutanda., D. Ramesh., S. Karthikeyan., S. Kumari., A. Anandraj., F. Bux Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production Bioresour. Technol. 102 2011 57-70 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.077.
7. R. Sayre Microalgae: the potential for carbon capture Bioscience 60 2010 722-727 10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.9.
8. J.H. Mussgnug., V. Klassen., A. Schlüter., O. Kruse Microalgae as substrates for fermentative biogas production in a combined biorefinery concept J. Biotechnol. 150 2010 51-56 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.07.030.
9. A. Varol., A. Ugurlu Biogas production from microalgae (Spirulina platensis) in a two stage anaerobic system Waste Biomass Valoriz. 7 2015 1-8 10.1007/s12649-015-9442-8.
10. M.A. Borowitzka High-value products from microalgae-their development and commercialisation J. Appl. Phycol. 25 2013 743-756 10.1007/s10811-013-9983-9.
11. M. Frac., S. Jezierska-tys., J. Tys Microalgae for biofuels production and environmental applications: a review J. Biotechnol. 9 2010 9227-9236.
12. J. Grobbelaaqr Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology 2003 Blackwell New Delhi.
13. W.G. Sunda., N. Price., F. Morel Trace metal ion buffers and their use in culture studies R. Andersen. Algal Culturing Techniques 2005 Elsevier Academic Press San Diego, California, USA.
14. L. Brennan., P. Owende Biofuels from microalgae-a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 14 2010 557-577 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009.
15. C. Rösch., J. Skarka., N. Wegerer Materials flow modeling of nutrient recycling in biodiesel production from microalgae Bioresour. Technol. 107 2012 191-199 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.016.
16. W. Farooq., W.I. Suh., M.S. Park., J.W. Yang Water use and its recycling in microalgae cultivation for biofuel application Bioresour. Technol. 184 2015 73-81 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.140.
17. S. Fon Sing., A. Isdepsky., M.A. Borowitzka., D.M. Lewis Pilot-scale continuous recycling of growth medium for the mass culture of a halotolerant Tetraselmis sp. in raceway ponds under increasing salinity: a novel protocol for commercial microalgal biomass production Bioresour. Technol. 161 2014 47-54 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.010.
18. W. Farooq., M. Moon., R.B. gon., W.I. Suh., A. Shrivastav., M.S. Park., et al. Effect of harvesting methods on the reusability of water for cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris, its lipid productivity and biodiesel quality Algal Res. 8 2015 1-7 10.1016/j.algal.2014.12.007.
19. L.D. Zhu., J. Takala., E. Hiltunen., Z.M. Wang Recycling harvest water to cultivate Chlorella zofingiensis under nutrient limitation for biodiesel production Bioresour. Technol. 144 2013 14-20 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.061.
20. L. Bacellar Mendes., A. Vermelho Allelopathy as a potential strategy to improve microalgae cultivation Biotechnol. Biofuels 6 2013 152 10.1186/1754-6834-6-152.
21. L. Rodolfi., G.C. Zittelli., L. Barsanti., G. Rosati., M.R. Tredici Growth medium recycling in Nannochloropsis sp. mass cultivation Biomol. Eng. 20 2003 243-248 10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00063-7.
22. W.Y. Cheah., T.C. Ling., P.L. Show., J.C. Juan., J.-S. Chang., D.-J. Lee Cultivation in wastewaters for energy: a microalgae platform Appl. Energy 179 2016 609-625 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.015.
23. P. Biller., A.B. Ross., S.C. Skill., A. Lea-Langton., B. Balasundaram., C. Hall., et al. Nutrient recycling of aqueous phase for microalgae cultivation from the hydrothermal liquefaction process Algal Res. 1 2012 70-76 10.1016/j.algal.2012.02.002.
24. W.-H. Chen., B.-J. Lin., M.-Y. Huang., J.-S. Chang Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass into biofuels: a review Bioresour. Technol. 184 2015 314-327 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.050.
25. L. Garcia Alba., C. Torri., D. Fabbri., S.R.A. Kersten., (.W.).B. DWF Microalgae growth on the aqueous phase from hydrothermal liquefaction of the same microalgae Chem. Eng. J. 228 2013 214-223 10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.097.
26. C.-H. Liu., C.-Y. Chang., Q. Liao., X. Zhu., C.-F. Liao., J.-S. Chang Biohydrogen production by a novel integration of dark fermentation and mixotrophic microalgae cultivation Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 38 2013 15807-15814 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.05.104.
27. V. Turon., E. Trably., A. Fayet., E. Fouilland., J.P. Steyer Raw dark fermentation effluent to support heterotrophic microalgae growth: microalgae successfully outcompete bacteria for acetate Algal Res. 12 2015 119-125 10.1016/j.algal.2015.08.011.
28. T. Minowa., S. Sawayama A novel microalgal system for energy production with nitrogen cycling Fuel 78 1999 1213-1215 10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00047-2.
29. J. Singh., S. Gu Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 14 2010 2596-2610 10.1016/j.rser.2010.06.014.
30. D. Mohan., C.U. Pittman., P.H. Steele Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review Energy Fuel 20 2006 848-889 10.1021/ef0502397.
31. C. Briens., J. Piskorz., F. Berruti Biomass valorization for fuel and chemicals production-a review Int. J. Chem. React. Eng. 6 2008 10.2202/1542-6580.1674.
32. S. Grierson., V. Strezov., G. Ellem., R. Mcgregor., J. Herbertson Thermal characterisation of microalgae under slow pyrolysis conditions J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 85 2009 118-123 10.1016/j.jaap.2008.10.003.
33. Q. Xie., M. Addy., S. Liu., B. Zhang., Y. Cheng., Y. Wan., et al. Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of microalgae and scum for bio-oil production Fuel 160 2015 577-582 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.08.020.
34. P. Pan., C. Hu., W. Yang., Y. Li., L. Dong., L. Zhu., et al. The direct pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of Nannochloropsis sp. residue for renewable bio-oils Bioresour. Technol. 101 2010 4593-4599 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.070.
35. X. Miao., Q. Wu., C. Yang Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 71 2004 855-863 10.1016/j.jaap.2003.11.004.
36. X. Miao., Q. Wu High yield bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis by metabolic controlling of Chlorella protothecoides J. Biotechnol. 110 2004 85-93 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.01.013.
37. S. Grierson., V. Strezov., P. Shah Properties of oil and char derived from slow pyrolysis of Tetraselmis chui Bioresour. Technol. 102 2011 8232-8240 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.010.
38. A. Raheem., W.A.K.G. Wan Azlina., Y.H. Taufiq Yap., M.K. Danquah., R. Harun Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 49 2015 990-999 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.186.
39. K. Tsukahara., T. Kimura., T. Minowa., S. Sawayama., T. Yagishita., S. Inoue., et al. Microalgal cultivation in a solution recovered from the low-temperature catalytic gasification of the microalga J. Biosci. Bioeng. 91 313 2001 311 10.1016/S1389-1723(01)80140-7.
40. Q. Guan., P.E. Savage., C. Wei Gasification of alga Nannochloropsis sp. in supercritical water J. Supercrit. Fluids 61 2012 139-145 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.09.007.
41. A. Hirano., K. Hon-Nami., S. Kunito., M. Hada., Y. Ogushi Temperature effect on continuous gasification of microalgal biomass: theoretical yield of methanol production and its energy balance Catal. Today 45 1998 399-404 10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00275-2.
42. K. Tsukahara., S. Sawayama Liquid fuel production using microalgae J. Japan Pet. Inst. 48 2005 251-259.
43. A.A. Peterson., F. Vogel., R.P. Lachance., M. Fröling., M.J. Antal Jr., J.W. Tester Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: a review of sub- and supercritical water technologies Energy Environ. Sci. 1 2008 32 10.1039/b810100k.
44. Z. Shuping., W. Yulong., Y. Mingde., I. Kaleem., L. Chun., J. Tong Production and characterization of bio-oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta cake Energy 35 2010 5406-5411 10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.013.
45. P. Biller., A.B. Ross Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content Bioresour. Technol. 102 2011 215-225 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028.
46. D.R. Vardon., B.K. Sharma., G.V. Blazina., K. Rajagopalan., T.J. Strathmann Thermochemical conversion of raw and defatted algal biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction and slow pyrolysis Bioresour. Technol. 109 2012 178-187 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.008.
47. U. Jena., K.C. Das., J.R. Kastner Effect of operating conditions of thermochemical liquefaction on biocrude production from Spirulina platensis Bioresour. Technol. 102 2011 6221-6229 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.057.
48. W.-H. Chen., M.-Y. Huang., J.-S. Chang., C.-Y. Chen Thermal decomposition dynamics and severity of microalgae residues in torrefaction Bioresour. Technol. 169 2014 258-264 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.086.
49. T.M. Brown., P. Duan., P.E. Savage Hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification of Nannochloropsis sp. Energy Fuel 24 2010 3639-3646 10.1021/ef100203u.
50. Y. Dote., S. Sawayama., S. Inoue., T. Minowa., S. Yokoyama Recovery of liquid fuel from hydrocarbon-rich microalgae by thermochemical liquefaction Fuel 73 1994 1855-1857 10.1016/0016-2361(94)90211-9.
51. W.-H. Chen., P.-C. Kuo Torrefaction and co-torrefaction characterization of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin as well as torrefaction of some basic constituents in biomass Energy 36 2011 803-811 10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.036.
52. W.-H. Chen., W. Z-Y., J.-S. Chang Isothermal and non-isothermal torrefaction characteristics and kinetics of microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N Bioresour. Technol. 155 2014 245-251 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.116.
53. W. K-T., C.-J. Tsai., C.-S. Chen., H.-W. Chen The characteristics of torrefied microalgae Appl. Energy 100 2012 52-57 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.002.
54. J. Milano., H.C. Ong., H.H. Masjuki., W.T. Chong., M.K. Lam., P.K. Loh., et al. Microalgae biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuel for power generation Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 58 2016 180-197 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.150.
55. 2 capture, wastewater treatment and biofuel production by microalgae culturing-a review Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 27 2013 622-653 10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.063.
56. D.E. López., J.G. Goodwin., D.A. Bruce., E. Lotero Transesterification of triacetin with methanol on solid acid and base catalysts Appl. Catal. A Gen. 295 2005 97-105 10.1016/j.apcata.2005.07.055.
57. E. Suali., R. Sarbatly Conversion of microalgae to biofuel Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16 2012 4316-4342 10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.047.
58. 2 extraction of carotenoids and other lipids from Chlorella vulgaris Food Chem. 53 1995 99-103 10.1016/0308-8146(95)95794-7.
59. S. Balasubramanian., J.D. Allen., A. Kanitkar., D. Boldor Oil extraction from Scenedesmus obliquus using a continuous microwave system-design, optimization, and quality characterization Bioresour. Technol. 102 2011 3396-3403 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.119.
60. 2 fixation to biofuel production Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 15 2011 3252-3260 10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.014.
61. S.B. Velasquez-Orta., J.G.M. Lee., A. Harvey Alkaline in situ transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris Fuel 94 2012 544-550 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.045.
62. C.-L. Chen., C.-C. Huang., K.-C. Ho., P.-X. Hsiao., W. M-S., J.-S. Chang Biodiesel production from wet microalgae feedstock using sequential wet extraction/transesterification and direct transesterification processes Bioresour. Technol. 194 2015 179-186 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.021.
63. C.-L. Chen., J.-S. Change., C.-C. Huang., K.-C. Ho., P.-X. Hsiao., M.-S. Wu A novel biodiesel production method consisting of oil extraction and transesterification from wet microalgae Energy Procedia 61 2014 1294-1297 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1084.
64. D.-T. Tran., C.-L. Chen., J.-S. Chang Effect of solvents and oil content on direct transesterification of wet oil-bearing microalgal biomass of Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 for biodiesel synthesis using immobilized lipase as the biocatalyst Bioresour. Technol. 135 2013 213-221 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.101.
65. G. Suman., M. Nupur., S. Anuradha., B. Pradeep Single cell protein-a review Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 4 2015 251-262.
66. C.-Y. Chen., X.-Q. Zhao., H.-W. Yen., S.-H. Ho., C.-L. Cheng., D.-J. Lee., et al. Microalgae-based carbohydrates for biofuel production Biochem. Eng. J. 78 2013 1-10 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.006.
67. Y. Wang., W. Guo., B.-Y. Chen., C.-L. Cheng., Y.-C. Lo., S.-H. Ho., et al. Exploring the inhibitory characteristics of acid hydrolysates upon butanol fermentation: a toxicological assessment Bioresour. Technol. 198 2015 571-576 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.075.
68. A. Pandey., S. Negi., P. Binod., C. Larroche Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies 2014 Elsevier Science Waltham, MA, USA.
69. R. Harun., M.K. Danquah Influence of acid pre-treatment on microalgal biomass for bioethanol production Process Biochem. 46 2011 304-309 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.08.027.
70. R. Harun., W.S.Y. Jason., T. Cherrington., M.K. Danquah Exploring alkaline pre-treatment of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production Appl. Energy 88 2011 3464-3467 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.10.048.
71. Y. Wang., W. Guo., C.-L. Cheng., S.-H. Ho., J.-S. Chang., N. Ren Enhancing bio-butanol production from biomass of Chlorella vulgaris JSC-6 with sequential alkali pretreatment and acid hydrolysis Bioresour. Technol. 200 2016 557-564 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.056.
72. M.J. Taherzadeh., K. Karimi Enzyme-based hydrolysis process for ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: a review Bioresour. Technol. 2 2007 707-738 10.15376/biores.2.4.707-738.
73. S.H. Ho., S.W. Huang., C.Y. Chen., T. Hasunuma., A. Kondo., J.S. Chang Bioethanol production using carbohydrate-rich microalgae biomass as feedstock Bioresour. Technol. 135 2013 191-198 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.015.
74. R. Harun., M.K. Danquah Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production Chem. Eng. J. 168 2011 1079-1084 10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.088.
75. K. Gao., V. Orr., L. Rehmann Butanol fermentation from microalgae-derived carbohydrates after ionic liquid extraction Bioresour. Technol. 206 2016 77-85 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.036.
76. H.-H. Cheng., L.-M. Whang., K.-C. Chan., M.-C. Chung., W. S-H., C.-P. Liu., et al. Biological butanol production from microalgae-based biodiesel residues by Clostridium acetobutylicum Bioresour. Technol. 184 2015 379-385 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.017.
77. C.-H. Liu., C.-Y. Chang., C.-L. Cheng., D.-J. Lee., J.-S. Chang Fermentative hydrogen production by Clostridium butyricum CGS5 using carbohydrate-rich microalgal biomass as feedstock Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 37 2012 15458-15464 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.076.
78. Z. Yang., R. Guo., X. Xu., X. Fan., X. Li Enhanced hydrogen production from lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues through pretreatment Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 35 2010 9618-9623 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.07.017.
79. A. Torres., F.G. Fermoso., P. Neumann., L. Azocar., D. Jeison Anaerobic digestion as a tool for resource recovery from a biodiesel production process from microalgae J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy 2014 (in press) https://doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2015.1522.
80. A.J. Ward., D.M. Lewis., F.B. Green Anaerobic digestion of algae biomass: a review Algal Res. 5 2014 204-214 10.1016/j.algal.2014.02.001.
81. A.-M. Lakaniemi., C.J. Hulatt., D.N. Thomas., O.H. Tuovinen., P. J a Biogenic hydrogen and methane production from Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella tertiolecta biomass Biotechnol. Biofuels 4 2011 34 10.1186/1754-6834-4-34.
82. L. De Schamphelaire., W. Verstraete Revival of the biological sunlight-to-biogas energy conversion system Biotechnol. Bioeng. 103 2009 296-304 10.1002/bit.22257.
83. P.H. Chen., W.J. Oswald Thermochemical treatment for algal fermentation Environ. Int. 24 1998 889-897 10.1016/S0160-4120(98)00080-4.
84. F. Passos., E. Uggetti., H. Carrère., I. Ferrer Pretreatment of microalgae to improve biogas production: a review Bioresour. Technol. 172 2014 403-412 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.114.
85. L. Mendez., A. Mahdy., M. Demuez., M. Ballesteros., C. González-Fernández Effect of high pressure thermal pretreatment on Chlorella vulgaris biomass: organic matter solubilisation and biochemical methane potential Fuel 117 2014 674-679 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.032.
86. I. Priyadarshani., B. Rath Commercial and industrial applications of micro algae-a review J. Algal Biomass Util. 3 2012 89-100.
87. K. Yamaguchi Recent advances in microalgal bioscience in Japan, with special reference to utilization of biomass and metabolites: a review J. Appl. Phycol. 8 1996 487-502 10.1007/BF02186327.
88. S. Liang., X. Liu., F. Chen., Z. Chen Current microalgal health food R & D activities in China Asian Pacific Phycol. 21st Century Prospect. Challenges 2004 Springer Netherlands Dordrecht 45-48 10.1007/978-94-007-0944-7_7.
89. P. Spolaore., C. Joannis-Cassan., E. Duran., A. Isambert Commercial applications of microalgae J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101 2006 87-96 10.1263/jbb.101.87.
90. K. Iwata., T. Inayama., T. Kato Effects of Spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 1990 36.
91. S.M.S. Mostafa Microalgal biotechnology: prospects and applications Plant Science 2012 Intech Rijeka, Croatia 10.5772/53694.
92. A.L. Lupatini., L.M. Colla., C. Canan., E. Colla Potential application of microalga Spirulina platensis as a protein source J. Sci. Food Agric. 97 2017 724-732 10.1002/jsfa.7987.
93. J.-S. Chang., P.-L. Show., T.-C. Ling., C.-Y. Chen., S.-H. Ho., C.-H. Tan., et al. Photobioreactors Curr. Dev. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017 313-352 Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63663-8.00011-2.
94. R.-E. Go., K.-A. Hwang., G.-T. Park., H.-M. Lee., G.-A. Lee., C.-W. Kim., et al. Effects of microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acid oil on body weight and lipid accumulation in the liver of C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat diet J. Biomed. Res. 30 2016 234-242 10.7555/JBR.30.2016K0004.
95. R.D.R. Kumaravel., J.G. Mohammad., N. Azim Microalgae as bio-fertilizers for rice growth and seed yield productivity Waste Biomass Valoriz. 2017 10.1007/s12649-017-9873-5.
96. R. Maurya., C. Paliwal., T. Ghosh., I. Pancha., K. Chokshi., M. Mitra., et al. Applications of de-oiled microalgal biomass towards development of sustainable biorefinery Bioresour. Technol. 214 2016 787-796 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.115.
97. Y. Chisti Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol Trends Biotechnol. 26 2008 126-131 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002.
98. G.F. Torres lvaro., B. Rincn., J. Bartacek., R. Borja., D. Jeiso Challenges for cost-effective microalgae anaerobic digestion Biodegradation: Engineering and Technology 2013 InTech London, United Kingdom 10.5772/55975.
99. R. Davis., A. Aden., P.T. Pienkos Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production Appl. Energy 88 2011 3524-3531 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.018.
100. F. Delrue., P.A. Setier., C. Sahut., L. Cournac., A. Roubaud., G. Peltier., et al. An economic, sustainability, and energetic model of biodiesel production from microalgae Bioresour. Technol. 111 2012 191-200 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.020.
101. R. Maurya., C. Paliwal., K. Chokshi., I. Pancha., T. Ghosh., G.G. Satpati., et al. Hydrolysate of lipid extracted microalgal biomass residue: an algal growth promoter and enhancer Bioresour. Technol. 207 2016 197-204 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.018.
102. L. Mendez., A. Mahdy., M. Ballesteros., C. González-Fernández Methane production of thermally pretreated Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus sp. biomass at increasing biomass loads Appl. Energy 129 2014 238-242 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.110.
103. Z. Yang., R. Guo., X. Xu., X. Fan., S. Luo Fermentative hydrogen production from lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues Appl. Energy 88 2011 3468-3472 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.09.009.
104. H. Zheng., Z. Gao., F. Yin., X. Ji., H. Huang Lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris from lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues through two-step enzymatic hydrolysis Bioresour. Technol. 117 2012 1-6 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.007.
105. Z. Yang., R. Guo., X. Xu., X. Fan., S. Luo Hydrogen and methane production from lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 36 2011 3465-3470 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.018.
106. M.E. Alzate., R. Muñoz., F. Rogalla., F. Fdz-Polanco., S.I. Pérez-Elvira Biochemical methane potential of microalgae biomass after lipid extraction Chem. Eng. J. 243 2014 405-410 10.1016/j.cej.2013.07.076.
107. M.T. Gao., T. Shimamura., N. Ishida., H. Takahashi Investigation of utilization of the algal biomass residue after oil extraction to lower the total production cost of biodiesel J. Biosci. Bioeng. 114 333 2012 330 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.04.002.
108. M.M.R. Talukder., P. Das., J.C. Wu Microalgae (Nannochloropsis salina) biomass to lactic acid and lipid Biochem. Eng. J. 68 2012 109-113 10.1016/j.bej.2012.07.001.
109. P. Lv., C. Wu., L. Ma., Z. Yuan A study on the economic efficiency of hydrogen production from biomass residues in China Renew. Energy 33 2008 1874-1879 10.1016/j.renene.2007.11.002.
110. G. Venkata Subhash., S. Venkata Mohan Deoiled algal cake as feedstock for dark fermentative biohydrogen production: an integrated biorefinery approach Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 2014 9573-9579 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.003.
111. J.H. Park., J.J. Yoon., H.D. Park., D.J. Lim., S.H. Kim Anaerobic digestibility of algal bioethanol residue Bioresour. Technol. 113 2012 78-82 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.123.
112. E.A. Ehimen., S. Connaughton., Z.F. Sun., G.C. Carrington Energy recovery from lipid extracted, transesterified and glycerol codigested microalgae biomass Glob. Chang. Biol. Bioenergy 1 2009 371-381 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2009.01029.x.
113. I. Pancha., K. Chokshi., R. Maurya., S. Bhattacharya., P. Bachani., S. Mishra Comparative evaluation of chemical and enzymatic saccharification of mixotrophically grown de-oiled microalgal biomass for reducing sugar production Bioresour. Technol. 204 2016 9-16 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.078.
114. L.M. Chng., D.J.C. Chan., K.T. Lee Sustainable production of bioethanol using lipid-extracted biomass from Scenedesmus dimorphus J. Clean. Prod. 130 2016 68-73 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.016.
115. C. Torri., C. Samorì., A. Adamiano., D. Fabbri., C. Faraloni., G. Torzillo Preliminary investigation on the production of fuels and bio-char from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass residue after bio-hydrogen production Bioresour. Technol. 102 2011 8707-8713 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.064.
116. A. Sari., Ö.D. Uluozlü., M. Tüzen Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic investigations on biosorption of arsenic from aqueous solution by algae (Maugeotia genuflexa) biomass Chem. Eng. J. 167 2011 155-161 10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.014.
117. S. Mona., A. Kaushik., C.P. Kaushik Biosorption of reactive dye by waste biomass of Nostoc linckia Ecol. Eng. 37 2011 1589-1594 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.04.005.
118. Z. Aksu., Ü. Açikel Modelling of a single-staged bioseparation process for simultaneous removal of iron(III) and chromium(VI) by using Chlorella vulgaris Biochem. Eng. J. 4 2000 229-238 10.1016/S1369-703X(99)00053-4.
119. Y.R. Cao., Z. Liu., G.L. Cheng., X.B. Jing., H. Xu Exploring single and multi-metal biosorption by immobilized spent Tricholoma lobayense using multi-step response surface methodology Chem. Eng. J. 164 2010 183-195 10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.055.
120. D. Patterson., D.M. Gatlin Evaluation of whole and lipid-extracted algae meals in the diets of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) Aquaculture 416-417 2013 92-98 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.08.033.
121. M.L. Drewery Post-Extraction Algal Residue As A Protein Source For Cattle Consuming Forage 2012 Texas A&M University Texas, USA.
122. N. Rashid., M.S.U. Rehman., J.I. Han Recycling and reuse of spent microalgal biomass for sustainable biofuels Biochem. Eng. J. 75 2013 101-107 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.001.
123. M.K. Lam., I.S. Tan., K.T. Lee Utilizing lipid-extracted microalgae biomass residues for maltodextrin production Chem. Eng. J. 235 2014 224-230 10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.023.
124. B. Geun Goo., G. Baek., D. Jin Choi., Y. Il Park., A. Synytsya., R. Bleha., et al. Characterization of a renewable extracellular polysaccharide from defatted microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta Bioresour. Technol. 129 2013 343-350 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.077.
125. R. Maurya., K. Chokshi., T. Ghosh., K. Trivedi., I. Pancha., D. Kubavat., et al. Lipid extracted microalgal biomass residue as a fertilizer substitute for Zea mays L. Front. Plant Sci. 6 2016 1-10 10.3389/fpls.2015.01266.
126. Y. Chisti Biodiesel from microalgae Biotechnol. Adv. 25 2007 294-306 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001.
127. S.R. Hughes., W.R. Gibbons., B.R. Moser., J.O. Rich Sustainable multipurpose biorefineries for third-generation biofuels and value-added co-products Biofuels: Economy, Environment and Sustainability 2013 InTech Rijeka, Croatia 10.5772/54804.
128. H.T. Hsueh., H. Chu., S.T. Yu A batch study on the bio-fixation of carbon dioxide in the absorbed solution from a chemical wet scrubber by hot spring and marine algae Chemosphere 66 2007 878-886 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.022.
129. K.G. Zeiler., D.A. Heacox., S.T. Toon., K.L. Kadam., L.M. Brown The use of microalgae for assimilation and utilization of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel-fired power plant flue gas Energy Convers. Manag. 36 1995 707-712 10.1016/0196-8904(95)00103-K.
130. C. Yoo., S.-Y. Jun., J.-Y. Lee., C.-Y. Ahn., H.-M. Oh Selection of microalgae for lipid production under high levels carbon dioxide Bioresour. Technol. 101 Suppl. 1 2010 S71-S74 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.030 Elsevier Ltd.
131. L.M.L. Laurens., N. Nagle., R. Davis., N. Sweeney., S. Van Wychen., A. Lowell., et al. Acid-catalyzed algal biomass pretreatment for integrated lipid and carbohydrate-based biofuels production Green Chem. 17 2015 1145-1158 10.1039/C4GC01612B.
132. R. Muñoz., R. Navia., G. Ciudad., C. Tessini., D. Jeison., R. Mella., et al. Preliminary biorefinery process proposal for protein and biofuels recovery from microalgae Fuel 150 2015 425-433 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.004.
133. F.A. Ansari., A. Shriwastav., S.K. Gupta., I. Rawat., A. Guldhe., F. Bux Lipid extracted algae as a source for protein and reduced sugar: a step closer to the biorefinery Bioresour. Technol. 179 2015 559-564 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.047.
134. E.W. Becker Microalgae for human and animal nutrition A. Richmond. Handbook of Microalgal Culture 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Oxford, UK 461-503 10.1002/9781118567166.ch25.
135. M. Martínez Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from urban wastewater by the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus Bioresour. Technol. 73 2000 263-272 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00121-2.
136. S. Aslan., I.K. Kapdan Batch kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by algae Ecol. Eng. 28 2006 64-70 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.04.003.
137. F. Berner., K. Heimann., M. Sheehan Microalgal biofilms for biomass production J. Appl. Phycol. 27 2015 1793-1804 10.1007/s10811-014-0489-x.
138. K. Heimann Novel approaches to microalgal and cyanobacterial cultivation for bioenergy and biofuel production Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 38 2016 183-189 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.024.
139. Y.K. Lee Commercial production of microalgae in the Asia-Pacific rim J. Appl. Phycol. 9 1997 403-411 10.1023/A:1007900423275.
140. A. Ben-Amotz., M. Avron Dunaliella: Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology 1992 CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida.
141. C. Vilchez., I. Garbayo., M.V. Lobato., J.M. Vega Microalgae-mediated chemicals production and wastes removal Enzym. Microb. Technol. 20 1997 562-572 10.1016/S0141-0229(96)00208-6.
142. E.A. Johnson., G.-H. An Astaxanthin from Microbial Sources Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 11 1991 297-326 10.3109/07388559109040622.
143. K.E. Apt., P.W. Behrens Commercial developments in microalgae biotechnology J. Phycol. 35 1999 215-226 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520215.x.
144. M. Garcia-Gonzalez., J. Moreno., J.C. Manzano., F.J. Florencio., M.G. Guerrero Production of Dunaliella salina biomass rich in 9-cis-B-carotene and lutein in a closed tubular photobioreactor J. Biotechnol. 115 2005 81-90 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.07.010.
145. M.L. Gerardo., S. Van Den Hende., H. Vervaeren., T. Coward., S.C. Skill Harvesting of microalgae within a biorefinery approach: a review of the developments and case studies from pilot-plants Algal Res. 11 2015 248-262 10.1016/j.algal.2015.06.019.
146. J.A. Raven The cost of photoinhibition Physiol. Plant. 142 2011 87-104 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01465.x.
147. S. Abu-Ghosh., D. Fixler., Z. Dubinsky., D. Iluz Flashing light in microalgae biotechnology Bioresour. Technol. 203 2016 357-363 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.057.
148. A. Ghosh., S. Khanra., M. Mondal., G. Halder., O.N. Tiwari., S. Saini., et al. Progress toward isolation of strains and genetically engineered strains of microalgae for production of biofuel and other value added chemicals: a review Energy Convers. Manag. 113 2016 104-118 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.050.
149. M. Vanthoor-Koopmans., R.H. Wijffels., M.J. Barbosa., M.H.M. Eppink Biorefinery of microalgae for food and fuel Bioresour. Technol. 135 2013 142-149 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.135.