Pilot study assessing the direct medical cost of treating patients with cancer in Kenya; findings and implications for the future

Journal of Medical Economics

Volumn 21, Issue 9, 2018, Pages 878-887

  Atieno, Omondi Michelle ^a   Opanga, Sylvia ^a   Martin, Antony ^b,c   Kurdi, Amanj ^d,e   Godman, Brian ^b,d,f,g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c The Innovation Centre   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^e HAWLER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Iraq)

^f KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^g SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Cancer; chemotherapy; cost of illness; direct medical costs; Kenya; medicine costs; radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; COST OF ILLNESS; GOVERNMENT; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; INSURANCE; KENYA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATIENT REFERRAL; PILOT STUDY; RADIOTHERAPY; SURGERY; TEACHING; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TEACHING HOSPITAL;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES; FEMALE; HEALTH EXPENDITURES; HOSPITALS, TEACHING; HUMANS; KENYA; MALE; MODELS, ECONOMETRIC; NEOPLASMS; PALLIATIVE CARE; PILOT PROJECTS; RADIOTHERAPY; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE;

EID: 85048759386     PISSN: 13696998     EISSN: 1941837X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2018.1484372     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015;136(5):E359-8
2. Stewart BW, Wild CP, editors. World Cancer Report 2014. IARC. WHO. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/publications/bookstore/documents/9283204298/en/ [Accessed 14 January 2018]
3. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. Cancer J Clin 2015;65:87-108
4. Anderson T. Taking up Africa’s cancer challenge. Botswana, Kenya and Rwanda have started to provide cancer care in their national efforts to achieve universal coverage of health services. Bull WHO 2018;96:229-30
5. Chalkidou K, Marquez P, Dhillon PK, et al. Evidence-informed frameworks for cost-effective cancer care and prevention in low, middle, and high-income countries. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:e119-31
6. KNCO. Kenya Cancer Statistics & National Strategies. Kenyan Network of Cancer Organizations. Available from: https://kenyacancernetwork.wordpress.com/kenya-cancer-facts/ [Accessed 10 February 2018]
7. Uyl-de Groot CA, dVE, Verweij J, Sullivan R. Dispelling the myths around cancer care delivery: It’s not all about costs. J Cancer Policy 2014;2:22-9
8. Korir A, Gakunga R, Subramanian S, et al. Economic analysis of the Nairobi Cancer Registry: implications for expanding and enhancing cancer registration in Kenya. Cancer Epidemiol 2016;45(Suppl 1):S20-S9
9. Korir A, Yu Wang E, Sasieni P, et al. Cancer risks in Nairobi (2000–2014) by ethnic group. Int J Cancer 2017;140:788-97
10. Osman OM. Meet the Kenyans too poor to afford cancer treatment. Available from: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/02/meet-kenyans-poor-afford-cancer-treatment-16020109563-0008.html [Accessed 10 February 2018]
11. KNCO. Cancer facts. Kenyan Network of Cancer Organizations. Available from: https://kenyacancernetwork.wordpress.com/cancer-facts/ [Accessed 10 February 2018]
12. Mbui JM, Oluka MN, Guantai EM, et al. Prescription patterns and adequacy of blood pressure control among adult hypertensive patients in Kenya; findings and implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017;10:1263-71
13. Situma E. High cost of cancer treatment burdens patients. Business Daily. Available from: https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/High-cost-of-cancer-treatment-burdens-patients/-/539444/1683676/-/rxfm7xz/-/index.html [Accessed 10 January 2018]
14. Chuma J, Okungu V. Viewing the Kenyan health system through an equity lens: implications for universal coverage. Int J Equity Health 2011;10:22
15. Goldstein DA, Clark J, Tu Y, et al. A global comparison of the cost of patented cancer drugs in relation to global differences in wealth. Oncotarget 2017;8:71548-55
16. Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, et al. Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet 2009;373:240-9
17. Kelly RJ, Smith TJ. Delivering maximum clinical benefit at an affordable price: engaging stakeholders in cancer care. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:e112-18
18. WHO. Access to new medicines in Europe: technical review of policy initiatives and opportunities for collaboration and research. WHO. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/306179/Access-new-medicines-TR-PIO-collaboration-research.pdf?ua =1 [Accessed 10 January 2018]
19. Davis C, Naci H, Gurpinar E, et al. Availability of evidence of benefits on overall survival and quality of life of cancer drugs approved by European Medicines Agency: retrospective cohort study of drug approvals 2009–13. BMJ 2017;359:j4530
20. Godman B, Wild C, Haycox A. Patent expiry and costs for anti-cancer medicines for clinical use. Generics Biosim Init J 2017;6:1-2
21. Bach PB, Saltz LB. Raising the dose and raising the cost: the case of pembrolizumab in lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017;109
22. Lopes G, Vulto A, Wilking N, et al. Potential solutions for sustaining the costs of cancer drugs. Eur Oncol Haematol 2017;13:102-7
23. Howard DH, Bach P, Berndt ER, Conti RM. Pricing in the market for anticancer drugs. J Econ Perspect 2015;29:139-62
24. Barron A, Wilsdon T. Challenging perceptions about oncology product pricing in breast and colorectal cancer. Pharm Med 2016;30:321-6
25. Hill A, Gotham D, Fortunak J, et al. Target prices for mass production of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for global cancer treatment. BMJ Open 2016;6:e009586
26. Sterling L, van Lonkhuijzen L, Nyangena J, et al. Protocol development for ovarian cancer treatment in Kenya: a brief report. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011;21:424-7
27. Ubel PA, Abernethy AP, Zafar SY. Full disclosure—out-of-pocket costs as side effects. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1484-6
28. KENCASA. Kenya Cancer Association fact sheet. Kenya Cancer Association. Available from: https://www.uicc.org/membership/kenya-cancer-association [Accessed 11 January 2018]
29. Ministry of Health (Kenya). National guidelines for cancer management Kenya. Ministry of Health; 2013. Available from: http://kehpca.org/wp-content/uploads/National-Cancer-Treatment-Guidelines2.pdf [Accessed 20 February 2018]
30. Mudenyo M, Mugo M, Muchiri L, et al. Trends of leading cancer cases at KNH cancer registry. KASH. Available from: https://wwwkemriorg/KASH/ojs-248-1/indexphp/KCAB/article/view/19 [Accessed 22 February 2018]
31. Taghizadeh-Ghehi M, Amouei A, Mansouri A, et al. Prescribing pattern and prescription-writing quality of antineoplastic agents in the capital city of a middle-income developing country. J Res Pharm Prac 2018;7:46-50
32. Korir A, Okerosi N, Ronoh V, et al. Incidence of cancer in Nairobi, Kenya (2004–2008). Int J Cancer 2015;137:2053-9
33. de Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:607-15
34. Cois A, Day C. Obesity trends and risk factors in the South African adult population. BMC Obesity 2015;2:42
35. Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Kurzer MS. Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:1531-43
36. Becker S, Kaaks R. Exogenous and endogenous hormones, mammographic density and breast cancer risk: can mammographic density be considered an intermediate marker of risk? Recent Results Cancer Res 2009;181:135-57
37. Bernstein L, Ross RK. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:48-65
38. Henderson BE, Feigelson HS. Hormonal carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2000;21:427-33
39. Jakupi A, Godman B, Martin A, et al. Utilization and expenditure of anti-cancer medicines in Kosovo: findings and implications. Pharmacoecon Open 2018
40. Barron JJ, Quimbo R, Nikam PT, et al. Assessing the economic burden of breast cancer in a US managed care population. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;109:367-77
41. Kendall D, Quill E. Reduce unnecessary radiological exams. Third Way. Available from: http://www.thirdway.org/report/reduce-unnecessary-radiological-exams [Accessed 20 February 2018]
42. Hsia RY, Akosa Antwi Y, Nath JB. Variation in charges for 10 common blood tests in California hospitals: a cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open 2014;4:e005482
43. Kamanda MI. Determinants of factors affecting adherence to radiotherapy treatment among patients with cervical cancer at the MP Shah Hospital. Available from: file:///C:/Users/mail/Desktop/My%20documents/Ongoing%20papers/Kenya%20publications/Anti%20cancer%20medicines/Kamanda%20.pdf [Accessed 22 February 2018]
44. Novartis. Kenya first country to launch ‘Novartis Access’, expanding affordable treatment options against chronic diseases. Novartis; 2015. Available from: https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/kenya-first-country-launch-novartis-access-expanding-affor-dable-treatment [Accessed 11 January 2018]
45. Yang YT, Nagai S, Chen BK, et al. Generic oncology drugs: are they all safe? Lancet Oncol 2016;17:e493-e501