How long do rapid diagnostic tests remain positive after anti-malarial treatment?

Malaria Journal

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2018, Pages

  Dalrymple, Ursula ^a,b   Arambepola, Rohan ^b   Gething, Peter W ^b   Cameron, Ewan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Fever; Malaria; RDT

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVE; CHLOROQUINE; HISTIDINE RICH PROTEIN II ANTIGEN; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MEFLOQUINE; PRIMAQUINE; PYRIMETHAMINE PLUS SULFADOXINE; QUININE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; PARASITE ANTIGEN;

ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; NONHUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM VIVAX MALARIA; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREDICTION; PROBABILITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT FAILURE; BLOOD; CLASSIFICATION; DEVICES; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG EFFECT; IMMUNOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PLASMODIUM; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN; ANTIMALARIALS; BAYES THEOREM; DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, ROUTINE; HUMANS; PLASMODIUM;

EID: 85048177024     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752875     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2371-9     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Fairhurst RM. Understanding artemisinin-resistant malaria: what a difference a year makes. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015;28:417-25.
2. WHO. Global report on antimalarial drug efficacy and drug resistance 2000-2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
3. WHO. World malaria report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
4. Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Planeamento, Ministério da Saúde (MINSA), ICF, Desenvolvimento Territorial (MINPLAN). Angola Inquérito de Indicadores Múltiplos e de Saúde (IIMS) 2015-2016. 2016.
5. National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Ministry of Health (MOH), Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS), ICF. Liberia malaria indicator survey. 2016.
6. Bhatt S, Weiss D, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207-11.
7. Gething PW, Casey DC, Weiss DJ, Bisanzio D, Bhatt S, Cameron E, et al. Mapping Plasmodium falciparum mortality in Africa between 1990 and 2015. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:2435-58.
8. Mappin B, Cameron E, Dalrymple U, Weiss DJ, Bisanzio D, Bhatt S, et al. Standardizing Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence measured via microscopy versus rapid diagnostic test. Malar J. 2015;14:460.
9. Dalrymple U, Cameron E, Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Gupta S, Gething PW. Quantifying the contribution of Plasmodium falciparum malaria to febrile illness amongst African children. eLife. 2017;6:e29198.
10. Kabaghe AN, Visser BJ, Spijker R, Phiri KS, Grobusch MP. Health workers' compliance to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to guide malaria treatment: a systematic review and meta analysis. Malar J. 2016;15:163.
11. Okell LC, Ghani AC, Lyons E, Drakeley CJ. Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1509-17.
12. Wongsrichanalai C, Barcus MJ, Muth S, Sutamihardja A, Wernsdorfer WH. A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:119-27.
13. Lee J, Jang W, Cho H, Kim Y, Han T, Yun G, et al. False-positive results for rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in patients with rheumatoid factor. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:3784-7.
14. Miller E, Sikes HD. Addressing barriers to the development and adoption of rapid diagnostic tests in global health. Nanobiomedicine. 2015;2:6.
15. Khoury DS, Cromer D, Möhrle JJ, McCarthy JS, Davenport MP. Defining the effectiveness of antimalarial chemotherapy: investigation of the lag in parasite clearance following drug administration. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:753-61.
16. Huong NM, Davis TME, Hewitt S, Van Huong N, Uyen TT, Nhan DH, et al. Comparison of three antigen detection methods for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of malaria: a field study from southern Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7:304-8.
17. Iqbal J, Hira PR, Sher A, Al-Enezi AA. Diagnosis of imported malaria by Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) and histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP-2)-based immunocapture assays. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;64:20-3.
18. Ly A, Tall A, Perry R, Baril L, Badiane A, Faye J, et al. Use of HRP-2-based rapid diagnostic test for Plasmodium falciparum malaria: assessing accuracy and cost-effectiveness in the villages of Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal. Malar J. 2010;9:153.
19. Belizario V, Pasay C, Bersabe M, de Leon W, Guerrero D, Bugaoisan V. Field evaluation of malaria rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum infections. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36:553-61.
20. Tiono AB, Ouédraogo A, Diarra A, Coulibaly S, Soulama I, Konaté AT, et al. Lessons learned from the use of HRP-2 based rapid diagnostic test in community-wide screening and treatment of asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium falciparum in Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2014;13:30.
21. Maltha J, Guiraud I, Lompo P, Kaboré B, Gillet P, Van Geet C, et al. Accuracy of Pf HRP2 versus Pf-pLDH antigen detection by malaria rapid diagnostic tests in hospitalized children in a seasonal hyperendemic malaria transmission area in Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2014;13:20.
22. Dev VAS. Relative utility of dipsticks for diagnosis of malaria in mesoendemic area for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Northeastern India. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2004;4:123-30.
23. Kocharekar MM, Sarkar SS, Dasgupta D. Comparative study of modified quantitative buffy coat and two rapid tests in comparison with peripheral blood smear in malaria diagnosis in Mumbai, India. J Parasitol Res. 2014;2014:1-7.
24. Mens P, Spieker N, Omar S, Heijnen M, Schallig H, Kager PA. Is molecular biology the best alternative for diagnosis of malaria to microscopy? A comparison between microscopy, antigen detection and molecular tests in rural Kenya and urban Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:238-44.
25. Schindler HC, Montenegro L, Carvalho AB, Abath FG, Jaureguiberry G. Development and optimization of polymerase chain reaction-based malaria diagnostic methods and their comparison with quantitative buffy coat assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:355-61.
26. Wu L, van den Hoogen LL, Slater H, Walker PGT, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ, et al. Comparison of diagnostics for the detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections to inform control and elimination strategies. Nature. 2015;528:S86-93.
27. Yadav RS, Sharma VP, Srivastava H. Field evaluation of an antigen detection immunochromatographic test for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. Trop Med. 1998;39:45-9.
28. Moody A, Hunt-Cooke A, Gabbett E, Chiodini P. Performance of the OptiMAL malaria antigen capture dipstick for malaria diagnosis and treatment monitoring at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London. Br J Haematol. 2000;109:891-4.
29. Miller RS, McDaniel P, Wongsrichanalai C. Following the course of malaria treatment by detecting parasite lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. Br J Haematol. 2001;113:558-62.
30. Kristensen K, Nielsen A, Berg CW, Skaug H, Bell B. TMB: automatic differentiation and laplace approximation. J Stat Software. 2016;70:5.
31. Mayxay M, Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K, Looareesuwan S, White NJ. Persistence of Plasmodium falciparum HRP-2 in successfully treated acute falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001;95:179-82.
32. Iqbal J, Siddique A, Jameel M, Hira PR. Persistent histidine-rich protein 2, parasite lactate dehydrogenase, and panmalarial antigen reactivity after clearance of Plasmodium falciparum monoinfection. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4237-41.
33. Nyunt MH, Kyaw MP, Win KK, Myint KM, Nyunt KM. Field evaluation of HRP2 and pan pLDH-based immunochromatographic assay in therapeutic monitoring of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Myanmar. Malar J. 2013;2:1-8.
34. Kilauzi AL, Gaby J, Mulumba T, Gilbert M, Damas M, Matchaba-hove R, et al. SD Bioline malaria antigen Pf (HRP-2/pLHD) for assessing efficacy of artemisinin combination therapy against Plasmodium falciparum in pediatric patients in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;8688:1-7.
35. Houze S, Dicko Boly M, Le Bras J, Deloron P, Faucher J-F. PfHRP2 and PfLDH antigen detection for monitoring the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Malar J. 2009;8:211.
36. Grandesso F, Nabasumba C, Nyehangane D, Page AL, Bastard M, De Smet M, et al. Performance and time to become negative after treatment of three malaria rapid diagnostic tests in low and high malaria transmission settings. Malar J. 2016;15:496.
37. Afrane YA, Zhou G, Githeko AK, Yan G. Clinical malaria case definition and malaria attributable fraction in the highlands of western Kenya. Malar J. 2014;13:405.
38. Bell D, Wongsrichanalai C, Barnwell JW. Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis: how can it be achieved? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4(9 Suppl):S7-20.
39. Tjitra E, Suprianto S, Dyer M, Currie BJ, Anstey NM. Field evaluation of the ICT malaria P.f/P.v immunochromatographic test for detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in patients with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of malaria in eastern Indonesia. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:2412-7.
40. WHO. False-negative RDT results and implications of new reports of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 gene deletions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
41. WHO. Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance: results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 7 (2015-2016). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
42. Tjitra E, Suprianto SRI, Broom JMC, Currie BJ. Persistent ICT malaria P.f/P.v panmalarial and HRP2 antigen reactivity after treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with gametocytemia and results in false-positive diagnoses of Plasmodium vivax in convalescence. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:1025-31.
43. Doolan DL, Dobaño C, Baird JK. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:13-36.
44. Collins WE, Jeffery GM. A retrospective examination of sporozoite- and trophozoite-induced infections with Plasmodium falciparum: development of parasitologic and clinical immunity during primary infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61:4-19.
45. Karbwang J, Tasanor O, Kanda T, Wattanagoon Y, Ibrahim M, Na-Bangchag K, et al. ParaSight-F Plasmodium test for the detection of falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90:513-5.
46. Fogg C, Twesigye R, Batwala V, Piola P, Nabasumba C, Kiguli J, et al. Assessment of three new parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pan-pLDH) tests for diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102:25-31.
47. Mbabazi P, Hopkins H, Osilo E, Kalungu M, Byakika-Kibwika P, Kamya MR. Accuracy of two malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTS) for initial diagnosis and treatment monitoring in a high transmission setting in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:530-6.
48. Hopkins H, Kambale W, Kamya MR, Staedke SG, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ. Comparison of HRP2- and pLDH-based rapid diagnostic tests for malaria with longitudinal follow-up in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76:1092-7.
49. ® test versus microscopy in the diagnosis of falciparum malaria in Arbaminch Zuria Woreda of South Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2012;22:93-8.
50. Singh N, Mishra AK, Shukla MM, Chand SK, Bharti PK. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of an inexpensive rapid on site malaria diagnostic test (ParaHIT-F) among ethnic tribal population in areas of high, low and no transmission in central India. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:50.
51. Nour B, Schallig H, Mens P, Elbushra S, Sa O, Mohamadani A. Use of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) to monitor the efficacy of anti-malaria therapy in Gezira, Sudan-A prospective, assessor-blind comparative study. Int J Med. 2009;2:257-62.
52. Mueller I, Betuela I, Ginny M, Reeder JC, Genton B. The sensitivity of the OptiMAL rapid diagnostic test to the presence of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes compromises its ability to monitor treatment outcomes in an area of Papua New Guinea in which malaria is endemic. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:627-30.
53. ®-F test. A new diagnostic tool for Plasmodium falciparum infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87:646-8.
54. Swarthout TD, Counihan H, Senga RKK, van den Broek I. Paracheck-Pf accuracy and recently treated Plasmodium falciparum infections: is there a risk of over-diagnosis? Malar J. 2007;6:58.
55. WHO. World malaria report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
56. WHO. Global database on antimalarial drug efficacy and resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
57. Warrell D. Clinical features of malaria. In: Warrell DA, Gilles HM, editors. Essential malariology. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003.
58. Chiodini PL, Bowers K, Jorgensen P, Barnwell JW, Grady KK, Luchavez J, et al. The heat stability of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:331-7.
59. Incardona S, Serra-Casas E, Champouillon N, Nsanzabana C, Cunningham J, González IJ. Global surveyof malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) sales, procurement and lot verification practices: assessing the use ofthe WHO-FIND Malaria RDT Evaluation Programme (2011-2014). Malar J. 2017;16:196.