What Does Sexual Orientation Orient? A Biobehavioral Model Distinguishing Romantic Love and Sexual Desire

Psychological Review

Volumn 110, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 173-192

  Diamond, Lisa M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIBIDO; LOVE; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

AFFECT; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIBIDO; LOVE; MALE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 85047687854     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.173     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. Abramson, P. R., Repczynski, C. A., & Merrill, L. R. (1976). The menstrual cycle and response to erotic literature. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 1018-1019.
2. Adler, E., & Bancroft, J. (1983). Sexual behaviour of lactating women: A preliminary communication. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 1, 47-52.
3. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Andersen, B. L., Cyranowski, J. M., & Aarestad, S. (2000). Beyond artificial, sex-linked distinctions to conceptualize female sexuality: Comment on Baumeister (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 126, 380-384.
6. Argiolas, A., Melis, M. R., Mauri, A., & Gessa, G. L. (1987). Paraven-tricular nucleus lesion prevents yawning and penile erection induced by apomorphine and oxytocin but not by ACTH in rats. Brain Research, 421, 349-352.
7. Arletti, R., & Bertolini, A. (1985). Oxytocin stimulates lordosis behavior in female rats. Neuropeptides, 6, 247-253.
8. Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1991). Love and sexuality. In K. McKinney & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Sexuality in close relationships (pp. 25-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Aron, A., Dutton, D. G., Aron, E. N., & Iverson, A. (1989). Experiences of falling in love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 6, 243-257.
10. Bagdy, G., & Arato, M. (1998). Gender-dependent dissociation between oxytocin but not ACTH, cortisol or TSH responses to m-chlorophenylpiperazine in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology, 136, 342-348.
11. Bailey, J. M., & Bell, A. P. (1993). Familiality of female and male homosexuality. Behavioral Genetics, 23, 313-322.
12. Bailey, J. M., & Benishay, B. A. (1993). Familial aggregation of female sexual orientation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 272-277.
13. Bailey, J. M., Dunne, M. P., & Martin, N. G. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 524-536.
14. Bailey, J. M., & Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1089-1096.
15. Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C., Neale, M. C., & Agyei, Y. (1993). Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 217-223.
16. Baldwin, J. D. (1985). The behavior of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) in natural environments. In L. A. Rosenblum & C. L. Coe (Eds.), Handbook of squirrel monkey research (pp. 33-53). New York: Plenum.
17. Bancroft, J. H. (1989). Sexual desire and the brain. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 3, 11-27.
18. Bancroft, J. H. (1990). Commentary: Biological contributions to sexual orientation. In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 101-111). New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Bancroft, J., Tennent, G., Loucas, K., & Cass, J. (1974). The control of deviant sexual behaviour by drugs: I. Behavioural changes following oestrogens and anti-androgens. British Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 310-315.
20. Bart, P. B. (1993). Protean women: The liquidity of female sexuality and the tenaciousness of lesbian identity. In S. Wilkinson & C. Kitzinger (Eds.), Heterosexuality: A feminism and psychology reader (pp. 246-252). London: Sage.
21. Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-374.
22. Baumeister, R. F., Catanese, K. R., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 242-273.
23. Beach, F. A. (1976). Sexual attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity in female mammals. Hormones and Behavior, 7, 105-138.
24. Beck, J. G. (1995). Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: An overview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 919-927.
25. Beck, J. G., Bozman, A. W., & Qualtrough, T. (1991). The experience of sexual desire: Psychological correlates in a college sample. Journal of Sex Research, 28, 443-456.
26. Bell, A. P., & Weinberg, M. S. (1978). Homosexualities: A study of diversity among men and women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
27. Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., & Hammersmith, S. K. (1981). Sexual preference: Its development in men and women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
28. Bem, D. J. (1996). Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103, 320-335.
29. Berman, C. M., Rasmussen, K. L. R., & Suomi, S. J. (1994). Responses of free-ranging rhesus monkeys to a natural form of maternal separation: I. Parallels with mother-infant separation in captivity. Child Development, 65, 1028-1041.
30. Berscheid, E. (1985). Interpersonal attraction. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 413-484). New York: Random House.
31. Blackwood, E. (1985). Breaking the mirror: The construction of lesbianism and the anthropological discourse on homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 11, 1-17.
32. Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1993). Bisexuality: Some social psychological issues. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 168-183). New York: Columbia University Press.
33. Bowlby, J. (1956). The growth of independence in the young child. Royal Society of Health Journal, 76, 587-591.
34. Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child's tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 350-373.
35. Bowlby, J. (1973a). Affectional bonds: Their nature and origin. In R. W. Weiss (Ed.), Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
36. Bowlby, J. (1973b). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
37. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
38. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
39. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
40. Brain, R. (1976). Friends and lovers. New York: Basic Books.
41. Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 267-283.
42. Brennan, K. A., Wu, S., & Loev, J. (1998). Adult romantic attachment and individual differences in attitudes toward physical contact in the context of adult romantic relationships. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 394-428). New York: Guilford Press.
43. Brezsnyak, M., Allen, K., Salz, W., Mattucci, J., & Hazan, C. (1996, August). Processes of adult attachment formation: A preliminary test of a theoretical model. Paper presented at the International Conference on Personal Relationships, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
44. Brown, L. (1995). Lesbian identities: Concepts and issues. In A. R. D'Augelli & C. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan (pp. 3-23). New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Buhrmester, D. (1996). Need fulfillment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 158-185). New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Byers, E. S., & Heinlein, L. (1989). Predicting initiations and refusals of sexual activities in married and cohabiting heterosexual couples. Journal of Sex Research, 26, 210-231.
47. Caldwell, J. D., Prange, A. J. J., & Pedersen, C. A. (1986). Oxytocin facilitates the sexual receptivity of estrogen-treated female rats. Neuropeptides, 7, 175-189.
48. Caldwell, J. D., Walker, C. H., Pedersen, C. A., Barakat, A. S., & Mason, G. A. (1994). Estrogen increases affinity of oxytocin receptors in the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus. Peptides, 15, 1079-1084.
49. Carmichael, M. S., Warburton, V. L., Dixen, J., & Davidson, J. M. (1994). Relationships among cardiovascular, muscular, and oxytocin responses during human sexual activity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23, 59-79.
50. Carter, C. S. (1992). Oxytocin and sexual behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 16, 131-144.
51. Carter, C. S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 779-818.
52. Carter, C. S., & DeVries, A. C. (1999). Stress and soothing: An endocrine perspective. In M. Lewis & D. Ramsay (Eds.), Soothing and stress (pp. 3-18). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
53. Carter, C. S., DeVries, A. C., & Getz, L. L. (1995). Physiological sub-strates of mammalian monogamy: The prairie vole model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 19, 303-314.
54. Carter, C. S., & Keverne, E. B. (2002). The neurobiology of social affiliation and pair bonding. In D. W. Pfaff, A. P. Arnold, A. E. Etgen, & S. E. Fahrbach (Eds.), Hormones, brain, and behavior (pp. 299-337). New York: Academic Press.
55. Cass, V. (1990). The implications of homosexual identity formation for the Kinsey model and scale of sexual preference. In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 239-266). New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Cassingham, B. J., & O'Neil, S. M. (1993). And then I met this woman. Freeland, WA: Soaring Eagle Publishing.
57. Chapman, B. E., & Brannock, J. C. (1987). Proposed models of lesbian identity development: An empirical examination. Journal of Homosexuality, 14, 69-80.
58. Chiodera, P., Salvarani, C., Bacchi-Modena, A., Spallanzani, R., Cigarini, C., Alboni, A., et al. (1991). Relationship between plasma profiles of oxytocin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone during suckling or breast stimulation in women. Hormone Research, 35, 119-123.
59. Cho, M. M., DeVries, A. C., Williams, J. R., & Carter, C. S. (1999). The effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on partner preferences in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Behavioral Neuroscience, 113, 1071-1079.
60. Clausen, J. (1999). Apples and oranges: My journey through sexual identity. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
61. Crowell, J. A., Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1999). Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 434-465). New York: Guilford Press.
62. D'Augelli, A. R., & Hershberger, S. L. (1993). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 421-448.
63. Davis, K. B. (1972). Factors in the sex life of twenty-two hundred women. New York: Arno Press, (Original work published 1929)
64. DeCecco, J. P. (1990), Sex and more sex: A critique of the Kinsey conception of human sexuality. In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 368-386). New York: Oxford University Press.
65. D'Emilio, J., & Freedman, E. (1988), Intimate matters: A. history of sexuality in America. New York: Harper & Row.
66. Derlega, V. J., Lewis, R. J., Harrison, S., Winstead, B., & Constanza, R. (1989). Gender differences in the initiation and attribution of tactile intimacy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13, 83-96.
67. DeVries, A. C., & Carter, C. S. (1999). Sex differences in temporal parameters of partner preference in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 885-889.
68. DeVries, A. C., Johnson, C. L., & Carter, C. S. (1997), Familiarity and gender influence social preferences in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 295-301.
69. De Wied, D., Diamant, M., & Fodor, M. (1993). Central nervous system effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related peptides. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 14, 251-302.
70. Diamond, L. M. (1998). Development of sexual orientation among adolescent and young adult women. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1085-1095.
71. Diamond, L. M. (2000a). Passionate friendships among adolescent sexual-minority women. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 191-209.
72. Diamond, L. M. (2000b), Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a two-year period. Developmental Psychology, 36, 241-250.
73. Diamond, L. M. (2000c, August). Sexual-minority women's friendships and romantic relationships from adolescence to young adulthood: Results from a longitudinal study. Paper presented at the 108th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington DC.
74. Diamond, L. M. (2001). Contributions of psychophysiology to research on adult attachment: Review and recommendations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 276-295.
75. Diamond, L. M. (in press-a). Was it a phase? Explaining changes in women's same-sex sexuality over a 5-year period. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
76. Diamond, L. M. (in press-b). What we got wrong about sexual identity development: Unexpected findings from a longitudinal study of young women. In A. Omoto & H. Kurtzman (Eds.), Recent research on sexual orientation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
77. Diamond, L. M., & Dubé, E. M. (2002). Friendship and attachment among heterosexual and sexual-minority youths: Does the gender of your friend matter? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 155-166.
78. Diamond, L. M., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2000). Explaining diversity in the development of same-sex sexuality among young women. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 297-313.
79. Dixon, J. K. (1984). The commencement of bisexual activity in swinging married women over age thirty. Journal of Sex Research, 20, 71-90.
80. Dixon, J. K. (1985). Sexuality and relationship changes in married females following the commencement of bisexual activity. Journal of Homosexuality, 11, 115-133.
81. Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
82. Ellis, B. J., & Symons, D. (1990). Sex differences in sexual fantasy: An evolutionary psychological approach. Journal of Sex Research, 27, 527-555.
83. Ellis, L. (1996), The role of perinatal factors in determining sexual orientation. In R. C. Savin-Williams & K. M. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 35-70). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
84. Esterberg, K. G. (1994). Being a lesbian and being in love: Constructing identities through relationships. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 1, 57-82.
85. Faderman, L. (1981). Surpassing the love of men. New York: William Morrow.
86. Faderman, L. (1993). Nineteenth-century Boston marriage as a possible lesson for today. In E. D. Rothblum & K. A. Brehony (Eds.), Boston marriages (pp. 29-42). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
87. Field, T. (1985). Attachment as psychobiological attunement: Being on the same wavelength. In M. Reite & T. Field (Eds.), The psychobiology of attachment and separation (pp. 415-454). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
88. Field, T. (1994). The effects of mother's physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation. In N. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial No. 240), 208-227.
89. Firth, R. W. (1967). Tikopia ritual and belief. Boston: Alien & Unwin.
90. Fisher, H. E. (1998). Lust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction. Human Nature, 9, 23-52.
91. Floody, O. R., Cooper, T. T., & Albers, H. E. (1998). Injection of oxytocin into the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus increases ultrasound production by female hamsters. Peptides, 19, 833-839.
92. Foster, C. A., Witcher, B. S., Campbell, W. K., & Green, J. D. (1998). Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 86-101.
93. Fox, R. C. (1995). Bisexual identities. In A. R. D'Augelli & C. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan (pp. 48-86). New York: Oxford University Press.
94. Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Airport separations: A naturalistic study of adult attachment dynamics in separating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1198-1212.
95. Furman, W., & Wehner, E. A. (1994). Romantic views: Toward a theory of adolescent romantic relationships. In R. Montemayor, O. R. Adams, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Personal relationships during adolescence (pp. 168-195). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
96. Gagnon, J. H., & Simon, W. (1973). Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality, Chicago: Aldine.
97. Galef, B. G., & Kaner, H. C. (1980). Establishment and maintenance of preference for natural and artificial olfactory stimuli in juvenile rats. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology, 4, 588-595.
98. Gay, J. (1985). "Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho. Journal of Homosexuality, 11, 97-116.
99. Golden, C. (1987). Diversity and variability in women's sexual identities. In Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective (Ed.), Lesbian psychologies: Explorations and challenges (pp. 19-34). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
100. Golden, C. (1996). What's in a name? Sexual self-identification among women. In R. C. Savin-Williams & K. M. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 229-249). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
101. Goode, E., & Haber, L. (1977). Sexual correlates of homosexual experience: An exploratory study of college women. Journal of Sex Research, 13, 12-21.
102. Gorzalka, B. B., & Lester, G. L. (1987). Oxytocin-induced facilitation of lordosis behaviour in rats is progesterone-dependent. Neuropeptides, 10, 55-65.
103. Gould, S. J., & Vrba, E. S. (1982). Exaptation: A missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology, 8, 4-15.
104. Gramick, J. (1984), Developing a lesbian identity. In T. Darty & S. Potter (Eds.), Women-identified women (pp. 31-44). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.
105. Graves, F. C., & Hennessy, M. B. (2000). Comparison of the effects of the mother and an unfamiliar adult female on cortisol and behavioral responses of pre- and postweaning guinea pigs. Developmental Psychobiology, 36, 91-100.
106. Griffith, M., & Walker, C. E. (1975). Menstrual cycle phases and personality variables as related to response to erotic stimuli. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4, 599-603.
107. Hansen, K. V. (1992). "Our eyes behold each other": Masculinity and intimate friendship in antebellum New England. In P. Nardi (Ed.), Men 's friendships (pp. 35-58). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
108. Hatfield, E. (1987). Passionate and companionate love. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 191-217). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
109. Hatfield, E., Schmitz, E., Cornelius, J., & Rapson, R. L. (1988). Passionate love: How early does it begin? Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 1, 35-52.
110. Hatfield, E., & Sprecher, S. (1986). Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 9, 383-410.
111. Hazan, C., & Diamond, L. M. (2000). The place of attachment in human mating. Review of General Psychology, 4, 186-204.
112. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
113. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1-22.
114. Hazan, C., & Zeifman, D. (1994). Sex and the psychological tether. In D. Perlman & K. Bartholomew (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships: A research annual (Vol. 5, pp. 151-177). London: Jessica Kingsley.
115. Hazan, C., & Zeifman, D. (1999). Pair-bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment theory and research (pp. 336-354). New York: Guilford Press.
116. Hennessy, M. B. (1997). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to brief social separation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 21, 11-29.
117. Hennessy, M. B., Mendoza, S. P., & Kaplan, J. N. (1982). Behavior and plasma cortisol following brief peer separation in juvenile squirrel monkeys. American Journal of Primatology, 3, 143-151.
118. Herdt, G. (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
119. Herdt, G., & Boxer, A. M. (1993). Children of Horizons: How gay and lesbian teens are leading a new way out of the closet. Boston: Beacon Press.
120. Hinde, R. (1982). Attachment: Conceptual and biological issues. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 60-70). New York: Basic Books.
121. Hofer, M. A. (1987). Early social relationships: A psychobiologist's view. Child Development, 58, 633-647.
122. Hofer, M. A. (1994). Hidden regulators in attachment, separation, and loss. In Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 192-207, 250-283.
123. Hoffman, K. A., Mendoza, S. P., Hennessy, M. B., & Mason, W. A. (1995). Responses of infant titi monkeys, Callicebus moloch, to removal of one or both parents: Evidence for paternal attachment. Developmental Psychobiology, 28, 399-407.
124. Hoon, P. W., Bruce, K., & Kinchloe, B. (1982). Does the menstrual cycle play a role in sexual arousal? Psychophysiology, 19, 21-27.
125. Hrdy, S. B. (1987). The primate origins of human sexuality. In R. Bellig & G. Stevens (Eds.), The evolution of sex (pp. 101-132). San Francisco: Harper & Row.
126. Hyde, J. S., & Durik, A. M. (2000). Gender differences in erotic plasticity-Evolutionary or sociocultural forces? Comment on Baumeister (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 126, 375-379.
127. Hyde, J. S., & Jaffee, S. R. (2000). Becoming a heterosexual adult: The experiences of young women. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 283-296.
128. Insel, T. R., & Hulihan, T. J. (1995). A gender-specific mechanism for pair bonding: Oxytocin and partner preference formation in monogamous voles, Behavioral Neuroscience, 109, 782-789.
129. Insel, T. R., & Winslow, J. T. (1991). Central administration of oxytocin modulates the infant rat's response to social isolation. European Journal of Pharmacology, 203, 149-152.
130. Insel, T. R., & Winslow, J. T. (1998). Serotonin and neuropeptides in affiliative behaviors. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 207-219.
131. Insel, T. R., Young, L., & Wang, Z. (1997). Molecular aspects of monogamy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 302-316.
132. Jensen, K. L. (1999). Lesbian epiphanies: Women coming out in later life. New York: Harrington Park Press.
133. Jezova, D., Jurankova, E., Mosnarova, A., Kriska, M., & Skultetyova, I. (1996). Neuroendocrine response during stress with relation to gender differences. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentales, 56, 779-785.
134. Julien, D., Bouchard, C., Gagnon, M., & Pomerleau, A. (1992). Insiders' views of marital sex: A dyadic analysis. Journal of Sex Research, 29, 343-360.
135. Katz, J. (1976). Gay American history. New York: Crowell.
136. Kayner, C. E., & Zagar, J. A. (1983). Breast feeding and sexual response. Journal of Family Practice, 17, 69-73.
137. Keverne, E. B., & Kendrick, K. M. (1992). Oxytocin facilitation of maternal behavior in sheep. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 652, 83-101.
138. Keverne, E. B., Nevison, C. M., & Martel, F. L. (1999). Early learning and the social bond. In C. S. Carter, I. I. Lederhendler, & B. Kirkpatrick (Eds.), The integrative neurobiology of affiliation (pp. 263-274). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
139. Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (1995). Transitions from heterosexuality to lesbianism: The discursive production of lesbian identities. Developmental Psychology, 31, 95-104.
140. Knoth, R., Boyd, K., & Singer, B. (1988). Empirical tests of sexual selection theory: Predictions of sex differences in onset, intensity, and time course of sexual arousal. Journal of Sex Research, 24, 73-89.
141. Knox, S. S., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1998). Social isolation and cardiovascular disease: An atherosclerotic pathway? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 877-890.
142. Kwan, M., Greenleaf, W. J., Mann, J., Crapo, L., & Davidson, J. M. (1983). The nature of androgen action on male sexuality: A combined laboratory-self-report study on hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57, 557-562.
143. Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, F. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
144. Laursen, B. (1996). Closeness and conflict in adolescent peer relationships: Interdependence with friends and romantic partners. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 186-210). New York: Cambridge University Press.
145. Lee, J. A. (1973). A typology of styles of loving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 73-182.
146. Leiblum, S. R., & Rosen, R. C. (1988). Sexual desire disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
147. Leiblum, S. R., & Rosen, R. C. (Eds.). (2000). Principles and practice of sex therapy (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
148. Leitenberg, H., & Henning, K. (1995). Sexual fantasy. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 469-496.
149. LeVay, S. (1993). The sexual brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
150. Liberzon, I., Trujillo, K. A., Akil, H., & Young, E. A. (1997). Motivational properties of oxytocin in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Neuropsychophamacology, 17, 353-359.
151. Light, K. C., Smith, T. E., Johns, J. M., Brownley, K. A., Hofheimer, J. A., & Amico, J. A. (2000). Oxytocin responsivity in mothers of infants: A preliminary study of relationships with blood pressure during laboratory stress and ambulatory activity. Health Psychology, 19, 560-567.
152. Malinowski, B. C. (1929). The sexual life of savages in northwestern Melanesia. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
153. Marvin, R. S., & Britner, P. A. (1999). Normative development: The ontogeny of attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 44-67). New York: Guilford Press.
154. Mason, W. A., & Mendoza, S. P. (1998). Generic aspects of primate attachments: Parents, offspring and mates. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 765-778.
155. McCarthy, M. M., Kow, L. M., & Pfaff, D. W. (1992). Speculations concerning the physiological significance of central oxytocin in maternal behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 652, 70-82.
156. Mead, M. (1943). Coming of age in Samoa: A psychological study of primitive youth. New York: Penguin.
157. Mellen, S. L. W. (1982). The evolution of love: San Francisco: Freeman.
158. Money, J. (1980). Love and love sickness: The science of sex, gender differences, and pair-bonding, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
159. Money, J. (1988). Gay, straight, and in-between: The sexology of erotic orientation. New York: Oxford University Press.
160. Money, J. (1997). Principles of developmental sexology. New York: Continuum.
161. Nadler, R. D. (1990). Homosexual behavior in nonhuman primates. In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 138-170). New York: Oxford University Press.
162. Nardi, P. (1992). "Seamless souls": An introduction to men's friendships. In P. Nardi (Ed.), Men's friendships (pp. 1-14). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
163. Nardi, P. (1999). Gay men's friendships. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
164. Nelson, E. E., & Panksepp, J. (1996). Oxytocin mediates acquisition of maternally associated odor preferences in preweanling rat pups. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110, 583-592.
165. Nelson, E. E., & Panksepp, J. (1998). Brain substrates of infant-mother attachment: Contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 22, 437-452.
166. Nichols, M. (1987). Lesbian sexuality: Issues and developing theory. In Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective (Ed.), Lesbian psychologies (pp. 97-125). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
167. Nichols, M. (1990). Lesbian relationships: Implications for the study of sexuality and gender. In J. C. Gonsiorek & J. D. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 350-364). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
168. O'Connor, P. (1992). Friendships between women: A critical review. New York: Guilford Press.
169. Oliker, S. J. (1989). Best friends and marriage: Exchange among women. Berkeley: University of California Press.
170. O'Sullivan, L., & Byers, E. S. (1992). College students' incorporation of initiator and restrictor roles in sexual dating interactions, Journal of Sex Research, 29, 435-446.
171. Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
172. Panksepp, J., Nelson, E., & Bekkedal, M. (1997). Brain systems for the mediation of social separation-distress and social-reward: Evolutionary antecedents and neuropeptide intermediaries. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 78-100.
173. Parkman, F. (1969). The Oregon Trail. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
174. Pattatucci, A. M. L., & Hamer, D. H. (1995). Development and familiality of sexual orientation in females. Behavior Genetics, 25, 407-420.
175. Pedersen, C. A., Caldwell, J. D., Walker, C., & Ayers, G. (1994). Oxytocin activates the postpartum onset of rat maternal behavior in the ventral tegmental and medial preoptic areas. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108, 1163-1171.
176. Peplau, L. A., & Cochran, S. D. (1990). A relationship perspective on homosexuality. In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: The Kinsey scale and current research (pp. 321-349). New York: Oxford University Press.
177. Peplau, L. A., & Garnets, L. D. (2000). A new paradigm for understanding women's sexuality and sexual orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 329-350.
178. Peplau, L. A., Spalding, L. R., Conley, T. D., & Veniegas, R. C. (1999). The development of sexual orientation in women. Annual Review of Sex Research, 10, 70-99.
179. Pillard, R. C. (1990). The Kinsey Scale: Is it familial? In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 88-100). New York: Oxford University Press.
180. Pleck, E., & Pleck, J. (1980). The American man. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
181. Popik, P., Vetulani, J., & van Ree, J. M. (1992). Low doses of oxytocin facilitate social recognition in rats. Psychopharmacology, 106, 71-74.
182. Regan, P. C. (1998). Of lust and love: Beliefs about the role of sexual desire in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 5, 139-157.
183. Regan, P. C., & Berscheid, E. (1995). Gender differences in beliefs about the causes of male and female sexual desire. Personal Relationships, 2, 345-358.
184. Reina, R. (1966). The law of the saints: A Pokoman pueblo and its community culture, Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
185. Richards, J. (1987). "Passing the love of women": Manly love and Victorian society. In J. A. Mangan & J. Walvin (Eds.), Manliness and morality: Middle-class masculinity in Britain and America 1800-1940 (pp. 92-122). Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
186. Riley, A. J. (1988). Oxytocin and coitus. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 3, 29-36.
187. Rose, S., & Zand, D. (2000). Lesbian dating and courtship from young adulthood to midlife. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 11, 77-104.
188. Rose, S., Zand, D., & Cimi, M. A. (1993). Lesbian courtship scripts. In E. D. Rothblum & K. A. Brehony (Eds.), Boston marriages (pp. 70-85). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
189. Rosenbluth, S. (1997). Is sexual orientation a matter of choice? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 595-610.
190. Rothblum, E. D. (1993). Early memories, current realities. In E. D. Rothblum & K. A. Brehony (Eds.), Boston marriages (pp. 14-18). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
191. Rothblum, E. D. (1997, March). Help! My friend is sexually attracted to me! In J. S. Weinstock (Chair), Lesbian friendships and social change. Symposium conducted at the 22nd annual meeting of the Association for Women in Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA.
192. Rotundo, E. A. (1989). Romantic friendships: Male intimacy and middle-class youth in the northern United States, 1800-1900. Journal of Social History, 23, 1-25.
193. Rubin, L. (1985). Just friends: The role of friendship in our lives. New York: Harper & Row.
194. Rust, P. (1992). The politics of sexual identity: Sexual attraction and behavior among lesbian and bisexual women. Social Problems, 39, 366-386.
195. Rust, P. (2000). Bisexuality: A contemporary paradox for women. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 205-221.
196. Sahli, N. (1979). Smashing: Women's relationships before the fall. Chrysalis, 8, 17-27.
197. Savin-Williams, R. C. (1998). "... And then I became gay": Young men's stories. New York: Routledge.
198. Savin-Williams, R. C., & Diamond, L. M. (2000). Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 419-440.
199. Schwarzberg, H., Kovács, G. L., SzabÓ, G., & Telegdy, G. (1981). Intraventricular administration of vasopressin and oxytocin effects the steady-state levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in rat brain. Endocrinologia Experimentalis, 15, 75-80.
200. Sears, J. T. (1989). The impact of gender and race on growing up lesbian and gay in the South. National Women 's Studies Association Journal, 1 422-457.
201. Shaver, P., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 193-219). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
202. Simpson, J.A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971-980.
203. Simpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S. (1994). Stress and secure base relationships in adulthood. Advances in Personal Relationships, 5, 181-204.
204. Simpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S. (1998). Attachment in adulthood. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 3-21). New York: Guilford Press.
205. Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Nelligan, J. S. (1992). Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 434-446.
206. Slob, A. K., Ernste, M., & van der Werff ten Bosch, J. J. (1991). Menstrual cycle phase and sexual arousability in women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 567-577.
207. Smith-Rosenberg, C. (1975). The female world of love and ritual: Relations between women in nineteenth-century America. Signs, 1, 1-29.
208. Sophie, J. (1986). A critical examination of stage theories of lesbian identity development. Journal of Homosexuality, 12, 39-51.
209. Sprecher, S., & Regan, P. C. (1998). Passionate and companionate love in courting and young married couples. Sociological Inquiry, 68, 163-185.
210. Stanley, J. P., & Wolfe, S. J. (1980). The coming out stories. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press.
211. Sternberg, R. L. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-135.
212. Stokes, J. P., Damon, W., & McKirnan, D. J. (1997). Predictors of movement toward homosexuality: A longitudinal study of bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 34, 304-312.
213. Stokes, J. P., McKiman, D., & Burzette, R. (1993). Sexual behavior, condom use, disclosure of sexuality, and stability of sexual orientation in bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 30, 203-213.
214. Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
215. Suomi, S. (1999). Attachment in rhesus monkeys. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 181-197). New York: Guilford Press.
216. Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107, 411-429.
217. Tennov, D. (1979). Love and limerence: The experience of being in love. New York: Stein & Day.
218. Tolman, D. L., & Diamond, L. M. (2001). Desegregating sexuality research: Combining cultural and biological perspectives on gender and desire. Annual Review of Sex Research, 12, 33-74.
219. Tribollet, E., Dubois-Dauphin, M., Dreifuss, I. J., Berberis, C., & Jard, S. (1992). Oxytocin receptors in the central nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 652, 199-204.
220. Trumbull, H. C. (1894). Friendship the master passion. Philadelphia: Wattles.
221. Turner, R. A., Altemus, M., Enos, T., Cooper, B., & McGuinness, T. (1999). Preliminary research on plasma oxytocin in normal cycling women: Investigating emotion and interpersonal distress. Psychiatry, 62, 97-113.
222. Udry, J. R., & Billy, J. O. G. (1987). Initiation of coitus in early adolescence. American Sociological Review, 52, 841-855.
223. Udry, J. R., Talbert, L. M., & Morris, N. M. (1986). Biosocial foundations for adolescent female sexuality. Demography, 23, 217-230.
224. Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1994). Oxytocin and behaviour. Annals of Medicine, 26, 315-317,
225. Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1997a). Oxytocin linked antistress effects - the relaxation and growth response. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Supplementum, 640, 38-42.
226. Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1997b). Physiological and endocrine effects of social contact. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 146-163.
227. Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1998). Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 819-835.
228. Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Bruzelius, G., Alster, P., & Lundeberg, T. (1993). The antinociceptive effect of non-noxious sensory stimulation is mediated partly through oxytocinergic mechanisms. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 149, 199-204.
229. Vetere, V. A. (1982). The role of friendship in the development and maintenance of lesbian love relationships. Journal of Homosexuality, 8, 51-65.
230. Von Sydow, K. (1995). Unconventional sexual relationships: Data about German women ages 50 to 91 years, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24, 271-290.
231. Vormbrock, J. K. (1993). Attachment theory as applied to war-time and job-related marital separation. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 122-144.
232. Wallen, K. (1995). The evolution of female sexual desire. In P. R. Abramson & S. D. Pinkerton (Eds.), Sexual nature/sexual culture (pp. 57-79). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
233. Wallen, K., & Parsons, W. A. (1997). Sexual behavior in same-sexed nonhuman primates: Is it relevant to understanding human homosexuality? Annual Review of Sex Research, 8, 195-223.
234. Wallen, K., & Tannenbaum, P. L. (1997). Hormonal modulation of sexual behavior and affiliation in rhesus monkeys, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 185-202.
235. Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., & Pryor, D. W. (1994). Dual attraction: Understanding bisexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.
236. Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. A. (1999). The nature of individual differences in infant-caregiver attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 68-88). New York: Guilford Press.
237. Weiss, R. S. (1982). Attachment in adult life. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 171-184). New York: Basic Books.
238. Whisman, V. (1996). Queer by choice: Lesbians, gay men, and the politics of identity. New York: Routledge,
239. Williams, J. R., Catania, K. C., & Carter, C. S. (1992). Development of partner preferences in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster): The role of social and sexual experience. Hormones and Behavior, 26, 339-349.
240. Williams, J. R., Insel, T. R., Harbaugh, C. R., & Carter, C. S. (1994). Oxytocin administered centrally facilitates formation of a partner preference in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 6, 247-250.
241. Williams, W. L. (1992). The relationship between male-male friendship and male-female marriage. In P. Nardi (Ed.), Men's friendships (pp. 187-200). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
242. Witt, D. M. (1997). Regulatory mechanisms of oxytocin-mediated socio-sexual behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 287-301.
243. Witt, D. M., & Insel, T. R. (1991). A selective oxytocin antagonist attenuates progesterone facilitation of female sexual behavior. Endocrinology, 128, 3269-3276.
244. Witt, D. M., Winslow, J. T., & Insel, T. R. (1992). Enhanced social interactions in rats following chronic, centrally infused oxytocin, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 43, 855-861.
245. Wrangham, R. W. (1980). An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups, Behavior, 75, 262-300.
246. Zeifman, D., & Hazan, C. (1997). A process model of adult attachment formation. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (2nd ed., pp. 179-195). Chichester, England: Wiley.