Applications of ultrasound in water and wastewater treatment

Handbook on Applications of Ultrasound: Sonochemistry for Sustainability

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 373-405

  Chen, Dong ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY PURDUE UNIVERSITY FORT WAYNE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85047445611     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (166)

1. Adewuyi, Y.G. 2001. Sonochemistry: Environmental science and engineering applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 40: 4681-4715.
2. Adewuyi, Y.G. 2005. Sonochemistry in environmental remediation. Combinative and hybrid sonophotochemical oxidation processes for the treatment of pollutants in water. Environmental Science and Technology, 39: 3409-3420.
3. Aiken, G.R. 1985. Isolation and concentration techniques for aquatic humic substances. In Humic Substances in Soil, Sediment and Water: Geochemistry and Isolation, Aiken, G.R., McKnight, D.M., Wershaw, R.L., and MacCarthy, P. (Eds.). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
4. Aiken, G. and Cotsaris, E. 1995. Soil and hydrology: Their effect on NOM. Journal of American Water Works Association, 87: 36-45.
5. Aiken, G.R. and Malcolm, R.L. 1987. Molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids by vapor pressure osmometry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51: 2177-2184.
6. Altmann, J. and Ripperger, S. 1997. Particle deposition and layer formation at the crossflow microfiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 124: 119-128.
7. Amy, G. and Cho, J. 1999. Interactions between natural organic matter (NOM) and membranes: Rejection and fouling. Water Science and Technology, 40: 131-139.
8. Arrojo, S., Benito, Y., and Tarifa, A.M. 2008. A parametrical study of disinfection with hydrodynamic cavitation. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 15: 903-908.
9. Basedow, A.M. and Ebert, K.H. 1977. Ultrasonic degradation of polymers in solution. Advances in Polymer Science, 22: 83-148.
10. Beckett, M.A. and Hua, I. 2001. Impact of ultrasonic frequency on aqueous sonoluminescence and sonochemistry. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 105: 3796-3802.
11. Beckett, M.A. and Hua, I. 2003. Enhanced sonochemical decomposition of 1,4-dioxane by ferrous iron. Water Research, 37: 2372-2376.
12. Bedner, M. and MacCrehan, W.A. 2006. Transformation of acetaminophen by chlorination produces the toxicants 1,4-benzoquinone and n-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. Environmental Science and Technology, 40: 516-522.
13. Belfroid, A., Velzen, M., van der Horst, B., and Vethaak, D. 2002. Occurrence of bisphenol A in surface water and uptake in fish: Evaluation of field measurements. Chemosphere, 49: 97-103.
14. Belgiorno, V., Rizzo, L., Fatta, D., Rocca, C.D., Lofrano, G., Nikolaou, A., Naddeo, V., and Meric, S. 2007. Review on endocrine disrupting-emerging compounds in urban wastewater: Occurrence and removal by photocatalysis and ultrasonic irradiation for wastewater reuse. Desalination, 215: 166-176.
15. Blume, T. and Neis, U. 2004. Improved wastewater disinfection by ultrasonic pretreatment. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 11: 333-336.
16. Bob, M.M. and Walker, H.W. 2000. Effect of natural organic coatings on the polymer-induced coagulation of colloidal particles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 177: 215-222.
17. Bowles, E.C., Antweiler, R.C., and MacCarthy, P. 1994. Acid-base titration and hydrolysis of fulvic acid from the Suwannee river. In Humic Substances in the Suwannee River, Georgia: Interactions, Properties, and Proposed Structures, Averett, R.C., Leenheer, J.A., McKnight, D.M., and Thorn, K.A. (Eds.). Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, pp. 115-127.
18. Braghetta, A., DiGiano, F.A., and Ball, W.P. 1998. NOM accumulation at NF membrane surface: Impact of chemistry and shear. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 124: 1087-1098.
19. Broekman, S., Pohlmanna, O., Beardwooda, E.S., and de Meulenaer, E.C. 2010. Ultrasonic treatment for microbiological control of water systems. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17: 1041-1048.
20. −) in aqueous solution. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 17: 513-886.
21. Casadonte Jr., D.J., Flores, M., and Petrier, C. 2005. Enhancing sonochemical activity in aqueous media using power-modulated pulsed ultrasound: An initial study. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 12: 147-152.
22. Chai, X., Kobayashi, T., and Fujii, N. 1998. Ultrasound effect on cross-flow filtration of polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 148: 129-135.
23. Chang, I.S., Clech, P.L., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S. 2002. Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 128: 1018-1029.
24. Chefetz, B., Deshmukh, A.P., and Hatcher, P.G. 2000. Pyrene sorption by natural organic matter. Environmental Science & Technology, 34: 2925-2930.
25. Chemat, F., Teunissen, P.G.M., Chemat, S., and Bartels, P.V. 2001. Sono-oxidation treatment of humic substances in drinking water. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 8: 247-250.
26. Chen, D., He, Z., Weavers, L.K., Chin, Y.P., Walker, H.W., and Hatcher, P.G. 2004. Sonochemical reactions of dissolved organic matter. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 30: 735-753.
27. Chen, D., Weavers, L.K., and Walker, H.W. 2006a. Ultrasonic control of ceramic membrane fouling: Effect of particle characteristics. Water Research, 40: 840-850.
28. Chen, D., Weavers, L.K., and Walker, H.W. 2006b. Ultrasonic control of ceramic membrane fouling by particles: Effect of ultrasonic factors. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 13(5): 379-387.
29. Chen, D., Weavers, L.K., Walker, H.W., and Lenhart, J.J. 2006c. Ultrasonic control of ceramic membrane fouling by natural organic matter and silica particles. Journal of Membrane Science, 276: 135-144.
30. 6 ratios. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 41: 352-358.
31. Cheng, J., Vecitis, C.D., Park, H., Mader, B.T., and Hoffmann, M.R. 2010. Sonochemical degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in groundwater: Kinetic effects of matrix inorganics. Environmental Science & Technology, 44: 445-450.
32. Chin, Y.P., Aiken, G.R., and Danielsen, K.M. 1997. Binding of pyrene to aquatic and commercial humic substances: The role of molecular weight and aromaticity. Environmental Science & Technology, 31: 1630-1635.
33. Chin, Y.P., Aiken, G.R., and O’Loughlin, E. 1994. Molecular weight, polydispersivity, and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances. Environmental Science & Technology, 28: 1853-1858.
34. Chowdhury, P. and Viraraghavan, T. 2009. Sonochemical degradation of chlorinated organic compounds, phenolic compounds and organic dyes-A review. Science of the Total Environment, 407: 2474-2492.
35. Clarke, P.R. and Hill, C.R. 1970. Physical and chemical aspects of ultrasonic disruption of cells. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 47: 649-653.
36. Cole, J.J., Prairie, Y.T., Caraco, N.F., McDowell, W.H., Tranvik, L.J., Striegl, R.G., Duarte, C.M., Kortelainen, P., Downing, J.A., Middelburg, J.J., and Melack, J. 2007. Plumbing the global carbon cycle: Integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget. Ecosystems, 10: 171-184.
37. Collings, A.F. and Gwan, P.B. 2010. Ultrasonic destruction of pesticide contaminants in slurries. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17: 1-3.
38. Cooper, W.J., Cramer, C.J., Martin, N.H., Mezyk, S.P., O’Shea, K.E., and Sonntag, C.V. 2009. Free radical mechanisms for the treatment of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) via advanced oxidation/reductive processes in aqueous solutions. Chemical Reviews, 109: 1302-1345.
39. Cox, R.A., Derwent, R.G., Eggleton, A.E.J., and Lovelock, J.E. 1976. Photochemical oxidation of halocarbons in the troposphere. Atmospheric Environment, 10: 305-308.
40. Croue, J.P., Violleau, D., Bodaire, C., and Legube, B. 1999. Removal of hydrophobic and hydrophilic constituents by anion exchange resin. Water Science and Technology, 40(9): 207-214.
41. Crum, L.A. 1988. Cavitation microjets as a contributory mechanism for renal calculi disintegration in ESWL. The Journal of Urology, 140(6): 1587-1590.
42. Crum, L.A. 1995. Comments on the evolving field of sonochemistry by a cavitation physicist. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2: 147-152.
43. David, B. 2009. Sonochemical degradation of PAH in aqueous solution. Part I: Monocomponent PAH solution. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 16: 260-265.
44. Dobbs, R.A., Wise, R.H., and Dean, R.B. 1972. The use of ultra-violet absorbance for monitoring the total organic carbon content of water and wastewater. Water Research, 6: 1173-1180.
45. Dria, K.J., Sachleben, J.R., and Hatcher, P.G. 2002. Solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance of humic acids at high magnetic field strengths. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31: 393-401.
46. Edwards, M., Benjamin, M.M., and Ryan, J.N. 1996. Role of organic acidity in sorption of natural organic matter (NOM) to oxide surfaces. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 107: 297-307.
47. Ensminger, D. 1973. Ultrasonics: The Low-and High-Intensity Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker.
48. Flint, E.B. and Suslick, K.S. 1991. The temperature of cavitation. Science, 253: 1397-1399.
49. Francony, A. and Petrier, C. 1996. Sonochemical degradation of carbon tetrachloride in aqueous solution at two frequencies: 20 kHz and 500 kHz. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 3: S77-S82.
50. Frim, J.A. and Weavers, L.K. 2003. Sonochemical destruction of free and metal-binding ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Water Research, 37(13): 3155-3163.
51. Gogate, P.R. 2007. Application of cavitational reactors for water disinfection: Current status and path forward. Journal of Environmental Management, 85: 801-815.
52. Guo, Z. and Feng, R. 2009. Ultrasonic irradiation-induced degradation of low-concentration bisphenol A in aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163: 855-860.
53. Gutierrez, M. and Henglein, A. 1990. Chemical action of pulsed ultrasound: Observation of an unprecedented intensity effect. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 94: 3625-3628.
54. Gutman, R.G. 1987. Membrane Filtration: The Technology of Pressure-Driven Crossflow Processes. Bristol, England: Adam Hilger, pp. 84-129.
55. Hatanaka, S., Yasuib, K., Kozukab, T., Tuziutib, T., and Mitome, H. 2002. Influence of bubble clustering on multibubble sonoluminescence. Ultrasonics, 40: 655-660.
56. 13C NMR of marine humic acids. Organic Geochemistry, 2: 77-85.
57. Hatcher, P.G., Schnitzer, M., Dennis, L.W., and Maciel, G.E. 1981. Aromaticity of humic substances in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 45: 1089-1094.
58. He, Z., Traina, S.J., Bigham, J.M., and Weavers, L.K. 2005. Sonolytic desorption of mercury from aluminum oxide. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 1037-1044.
59. Henglein, A. 1955. The reaction of α,α-diphenyl-β-pikryl-hydrazyl with macroradicals formed in the ultrasonic degradation of polymethylmethacrylate (in German). Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 15: 188-210.
60. Hickenboth, C.R., Moore, J.S., White, S.R., Sottos, N.R., Baudry, J., and Wilson, S.R. 2007. Biasing reaction pathways with mechanical force. Nature, 446: 423-427.
61. Hill, C.R., Clarke, P.R., Crowe, M.R., and Hannick, J.W. 1969. Biophysical effects of cavitation in a 1 MHz ultrasonic beam. In Ultrasonics for Industry, 7th and 8th Conference Papers. Crawford, A.H. (Ed.). Surrey, England: Iliffe Science and Technology, pp. 26-30.
62. Hiskia, A., Ecke, M., Troupis, A., Kokorakis, A., Hennig, H., and Papaconstantinou, E. 2001. Sonolytic, photolytic, and photocatalytic decomposition of atrazine in the presence of polyoxometalates. Environmental Science & Technology, 35: 2358-2364.
63. Hong, S. and Elimelech, M. 1997. Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 132: 159-181.
64. 4: Intermediates and byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology, 30: 864-871.
65. Hua, I. and Hoffmann, M.R. 1997. Optimization of ultrasonic irradiation as an advanced oxidation technology. Environmental Science & Technology, 31: 2237-2243.
66. Hua, I. and Thompson, J.E. 2000. Inactivation of Escherichia coli by sonication at discrete ultrasonic frequencies. Water Research, 34: 3888-3893.
67. Huang, C.P. and Myoda, S.P. 2007. Sonochemical treatment of wastewater effluent for the removal of pathogenic protozoa exemplified by Cryptosporidium. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 11: 114-122.
68. Hulsmans, A., Joris, K., Lambert, N. et al. 2010. Evaluation of process parameters of ultrasonic treatment of bacterial suspensions in a pilot scale water disinfection system. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17: 1004-1009.
69. Hung, H.M. and Hoffman, M.R. 1999. Kinetics and mechanism of the sonolytic degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons: Frequency effects. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 103: 2734-2739. IHSS website: http://www.ihss.gatech.edu/
70. Ince, N.H. and Belen, R. 2001. Aqueous phase disinfection with power ultrasound: Process kinetics and effect of solid catalysts. Environmental Science & Technology, 35: 1885-1888.
71. Inoue, M., Masuda, Y., Okada, F., Sakurai, A., Takahashi, I., and Sakakibara, M. 2008. Degradation of bisphenol A using sonochemical reactions. Water Research, 42: 1379-1386.
72. Isariebel, Q.P., Carine, J.L., Ulises-Javier, J.H., Anne-Marie, W., and Henri, D. 2009. Sonolysis of levodopa and paracetamol in aqueous solutions. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 16: 610-616.
73. Jiang, Y., Pétrier, C., and Waite, T.D. 2002. Effect of pH on the ultrasonic degradation of ionic aromatic compounds in aqueous solution. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 9: 163-168.
74. Johnson, R., Pankow, J., Bender, D., Price, C., and Zogorski, J. 2000. MTBE: To what extent will past releases contaminate community water supply wells? Environmental Science & Technology News May 1st, 2A-9A.
75. Jones, K.L. and O’Melia, C.R. 2000. Protein and humic acid adsorption onto hydrophilic membrane surfaces: Effects of pH and ionic strength. Journal of Membrane Science, 165: 31-46.
76. Juang, R.S. and Lin, K.H. 2004. Flux recovery in the ultrafiltration of suspended solutions with ultrasound. Journal of Membrane Science, 243: 115-124.
77. Jucker, C. and Clark, M.M. 1994. Adsorption of aquatic humic substances on hydrophobic ultrafiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 97: 37-52.
78. Kang, J.W., Hung, H.M., Lin, A., and Hoffmann, M.R. 1999. The sonolytic destruction of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) by ultrasonic irradiation: Effects of ozone and frequency. Environmental Science & Technology, 33: 3199-3205.
79. Key, B.D., Howell, R.D., and Criddle, C.S. 1998. Defluorination of organofluorine sulfur compounds by Pseudomonas sp. strain D2. Environmental Science & Technology, 32: 2283-2287.
80. Kim, J., Cai, Z., and Benjamin, M.M. 2010. NOM fouling mechanisms in a hybrid adsorption/membrane system. Journal of Membrane Science, 349: 35-43.
81. Kim, I., Hong, S., Hwang, I., Kwon, D., Kwon, J., and Huang, C.P. 2007. TOC and THMFP reduction by ultrasonic irradiation in wastewater effluent. Desalination, 202: 9-15.
82. Kitis, M., Karanfil, T., Wigton, A., and Kilduff, J.E. 2002. Probing reactivity of dissolved organic matter for disinfection by-product formation using XAD-8 resin adsorption and ultrafiltration fractionation. Water Research, 36: 3834-3848.
83. Knicker, H. and Lüdemann, H.D. 1995. N-15 and C-13 CPMAS and solution NMR studies of N-15 enriched plant material during 600 days of microbial degradation. Organic Geochemistry, 23: 329-341.
84. Kobayashi, T., Chai, X., and Fujii, N. 1999. Ultrasound enhanced cross-flow membrane filtration. Separation and Purification Technology, 17: 31-40.
85. Kobayashi, T., Kobayashi, T., Hosaka, Y., and Fujii, N. 2003. Ultrasound-enhanced membrane-cleaning processes applied water treatments: Influence of sonic frequency on filtration treatments. Ultrasonics, 41: 185-190.
86. Kokugan, T. et al. 1995. Ultrasonic effect on ultrafiltration properties of ceramic membrane. Membrane, 20: 213-223.
87. Kreller, D.I., Turner, B.F., Dejanovic, K.N., and Maurice, P.A. 2005. Comparison of the effects of sonolysis and γ-radiolysis on dissolved organic matter. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 9732-9737.
88. Kukkonen, J. 1992. Effects of lignin and chlorolignin in pulp mill effluents on the binding and bioavailability of hydrophobic organic pollutants. Water Research, 26: 1523-1532.
89. Lamminen, M.O., Walker, H.W., and Weavers, L.K. 2004. Mechanisms and factors influencing the ultrasonic cleaning of particle-fouled ceramic membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 237: 213-223.
90. Lamminen, M.O., Walker, H.W., and Weavers, L.K. 2006. Cleaning of particle-fouled membranes during cross-flow filtration using an embedded ultrasonic transducer system. Journal of Membrane Science, 283: 225-232.
91. Lara, G., Cuadrado-Gamarra, J.I., de Pedro-Cuesta, J., Esteban, E.M., Giménez-Roldán, S., and Luis-González, S. 2006. Epidemiological assessment of levodopa use in Cuba: 1993-1998. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 15: 521-526.
92. Lee, M. and Oh, J. 2010. Sonolysis of trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride in aqueous solution. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17: 207-212.
93. Leenheer, J.A., Malcolm, R.L., McKinley, P.W., and Eccles, L.A. 1974. Occurrence of dissolved organic carbon in selected ground-water samples in the United States. Journal of Research of the US Geological Survey, 2: 361-369.
94. Leighton, T. 1994. The Acoustic Bubble. London, U.K.: Academic Press.
95. Leighton, T.G., Pickworth, M.J.W., Walton, A.J., and Dendy, P.P. 1989. The pulse enhancement of unstable cavitation by mechanisms of bubble migration. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 11: 461-469.
96. Li, S., Heijman, S.G.J., Verberk, J.Q.J.C., Verliefde, A.R.D., Kemperman, A.J.B., van Dijk, J.C., and Amy, G. 2009. Impact of backwash water composition on ultrafiltration fouling control. Journal of Membrane Science, 344: 17-25.
97. Li, J., Sanderson, R.D., and Jacobs, E.P. 2002. Ultrasonic cleaning of nylon microfiltration membranes fouled by Kraft paper mill effluent. Journal of Membrane Science, 205: 247-257.
98. Liang, J., Komarov, S., Hayashi, N., and Kasai, E. 2007a. Recent trends in the decomposition of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons by ultrasound irradiation and Fenton’s reagent. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 9: 47-55.
99. Liang, J., Komarov, S., Hayashi, N., and Kasai, E. 2007b. Improvement in sonochemical degradation of 4- chlorophenol by combined use of Fenton-like reagents. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 14: 201-207.
100. Liu, Y.N., Jin, D., Lu, X.P., and Han, P.F. 2008a. Study on degradation of dimethoate solution in ultrasonic airlift loop reactor. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 15: 755-760.
101. 2 photocatalysis of natural organic matter in surface water: Impact on trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation potential. Environmental Science & Technology, 42: 6218-6223.
102. Lu, Y. and Weavers, L.K. 2002. Sonochemical desorption and destruction of 4-chlorobiphenyl from synthetic sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, 36: 232-237.
103. Luther, S., Mettin, R., Koch, P., and Lauterborn, W. 2001. Observation of acoustic cavitation bubbles at 2250 frames per second. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 8: 159-162.
104. Mason, T.J., Joyce, E., Phull, S.S., and Lorimer, J.P. 2003. Potential uses of ultrasound in the biological decontamination of water. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 10: 319-323.
105. Mason, T.J. and Lorimer, J.P. 1988. Sonochemistry: Theory, Applications and Uses of Ultrasound in Chemistry. Chichester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood.
106. Masselin, I., Chasseray, X., Durand-Bourlier, L., Laine, J.M., Syzaret, P.Y., and Lemordant, D. 2001. Effect of sonication on polymeric membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 181: 213-220.
107. Matsumoto, Y., Miwa, T., Nakao, S., and Kimura, S. 1996. Improvement of membrane permeation performance by ultrasonic microfiltration. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 29: 561-567.
108. Mayer, L.M. 1994. Relationships between mineral surfaces and organic carbon concentrations in soils and sediments. Chemical Geology, 114: 347-363.
109. Meier, M., Dejanovic, K.N., Maurice, P.A., Chin, Y.P., and Aiken, G.R. 1999. Fractionation of aquatic natural organic matter upon sorption to goethite and kaolinite. Chemical Geology, 157: 275-284.
110. Melville, H.W. and Murray, A.J.R. 1950. The ultrasonic degradation of polymers. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 46: 996-1009.
111. Moriwaki, H., Takagi, Y., Tanaka, M., Tsuruho, K., Okitsu, K., and Maeda, Y. 2005. Sonochemical decomposition of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 3388-3392.
112. Muthukumaran, S., Kentish, S., Lalchandani, S., Ashokkumar, M., Mawson, R., Stevens, G.W., and Grieser, F. 2005. The optimization of ultrasonic cleaning procedures for dairy fouled ultrafiltration membranes. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 12: 29-35.
113. Muthukumaran, S., Yang, K., Seuren, A., Kentish, S., Ashokkumar, M., Stevens, G.W., and Grieser, F. 2004. The use of ultrasonic cleaning for ultrafiltration membranes in the dairy industry. Separation and Purification Technology, 39: 99-107.
114. Naffrechoux, E., Combet, E., Fanget, B., and Petrier, C. 2003. Reduction of chloroform formation potential of humic acid by sonolysis and ultraviolet irradiation. Water Research, 37: 1948-1952.
115. Nagata, Y., Hirai, K., Bandow, H., and Maeda, Y. 1996. Decomposition of hydroxybenzoic and humic acids in water by ultrasonic irradiation. Environmental Science & Technology, 30: 1133-1138.
116. Nakanishi, M., Mukai, S., Kimata, I., Iseki, M., and Maeda, Y. 2001. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking water by high-intensity ultrasonic waves. Proceedings of the American Water Works Association, 2001 Annual Conference, Washington, DC, June 17-21.
117. Neis, U. and Blume, T. 2003. Ultrasonic disinfection of wastewater effluents for high-quality reuse. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 3: 261-267.
118. Neppolian, B., Doronila, A., Grieser, F., and Ashokkumar, M. 2009. Simple and efficient sonochemical method for the oxidation of arsenic (III) to arsenic (V). Environmental Science & Technology, 43: 6793-6798.
119. Neppolian, B., Jung, H., Choi, H., Lee, J.H., and Kang, J.W. 2002. Sonolytic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether: The role of coupled Fenton process and persulphate ion. Water Research, 36: 4699-4708.
120. Nystrom, M., Ruohomaki, K., and Kaipia, L. 1996. Humic acid as a fouling agent in filtration. Desalination, 106: 79-87.
121. Olson, T.M. and Barbier, P.F. 1994. Oxidation kinetics of natural organic matter by sonolysis and ozone. Water Research, 28: 1383-1391.
122. Oyane, I., Furuta, M., Stavarache, C.E., Hashiba, K., Mukai, S., Nakanishi, M., Kimata, I., and Maeda, Y. 2005. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum by ultrasonic irradiation. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 7294-7298.
123. Pace, N.G., Cowley, A., and Campbell, A.M. 1997. Short pulse acoustic excitation of microbubbles. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(3): 1474-1479.
124. Pecha, R. and Gompf, B. 2000. Microimplosions: Cavitation collapse and shock wave emission on a nanosecond time scale. Physical Review Letters, 84: 1328-1330.
125. Perdue, E.M. and Ritchie, J.D. 2005. Dissolved organic matter in fresh waters. In Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, Erosion and Soils, J.I. Drever (Ed.), vol. 5. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier, pp. 273-318.
126. Pham, T.D., Shrestha, R.A., Virkutyte, J., and Sillanpaa, M. 2009. Recent studies in environmental applications of ultrasound. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 36: 1849-1858.
127. Philipp, A. and Lauterborn, W. 1998. Cavitation erosion by single laser-produced bubbles. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 361: 75-116.
128. Price, G.J. 1990. The use of ultrasound for the controlled degradation of polymer solutions. Advances in Sonochemistry, 1: 231-287.
129. Price, G.J., Lenz, E.J., and Ansell, C.W.G. 2002. The effect of high intensity ultrasound on the ring opening polymerisation of cyclic lactones. European Polymer Journal, 38: 1753-1760.
130. Qi, B.C., Aldrich, C., and Lorenzen, L. 2004. Effect of ultrasonication on the humic acids extracted from lignocellulose substrate decomposed by anaerobic digestion. Chemical Engineering Journal, 98: 153-163.
131. Riesz, P., Berdahl, D., and Christman, C.L. 1985. Free radical generation by ultrasound in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Environmental Health Perspectives, 64: 233-252.
132. Roy, R.A. 1999. Cavitation sonophysics. In Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence, Crum, L.A., Mason, T.J., Reisse, J.L., and Suslick, K.S. (Ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 25-38.
133. Schäfer, A.I., Schwicker, U., Fischer, M.M., Fane, A.G., and Waite, T.D. 2000. Microfiltration of colloids and natural organic matter. Journal of Membrane Science, 171: 151-172.
134. Scherba, G., Weigel, R.M., and O’Brien Jr., W.D. 1991. Quantitative assessment of the germicidal efficacy of ultrasonic energy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57: 2079-2084.
135. Schnitzer, M. and Khan, S.U. 1972. Humic Substances in the Environment. New York: Marcel Dekker, p. 327.
136. Schröder, H.F. and Meesters, R.J. 2005. Stability of fluorinated surfactants in advanced oxidation processes-A follow up of degradation products using flow injection-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-multiple stage mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1082(1): 110-119.
137. Selli, E., Bianchi, C.L., Pirola, C., and Bertelli, M. 2005. Degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether in water: Effects of the combined use of sonolysis and photocatalysis. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 12: 395-400.
138. Seymour, J.D. and Gupta, R.B. 1997. Oxidation of aqueous pollutants using ultrasound: Salt-induced enhancement. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 36: 3453-3457.
139. Song, W., de la Cruz, A.A., Rein, K., and O’Shea, K.E. 2006. Ultrasonically induced degradation of microcystin-LR and-RR: Identification of products, effect of pH, formation and destruction of peroxides. Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 3941-3946.
140. Stevenson, F.J. 1994. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions, 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
141. Suri, R.P.S., Nayak, M., Devaiah, U., and Helmig, E. 2007. Ultrasound assisted destruction of estrogen hormones in aqueous solution: Effect of power density, power intensity and reactor configuration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 146: 472-478.
142. Suslick, K.S. 1989. The chemical effects of ultrasound. Scientific American, 260: 80-86.
143. Suslick, K.S. 1990. Sonochemistry. Science, 247: 1439-1445.
144. Taghizadeh, M.T. and Asadpour, T. 2009. Effect of molecular weight on the ultrasonic degradation of poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 16: 280-286.
145. Tarleton, E.S. and Wakeman, R.J. 1992. Electro-acoustic crossflow microfiltration. Filtration and Separation, 29: 425-432.
146. Taylor Jr., E., Cook, B.B., and Tarr, M.A. 1999. Dissolved organic matter inhibition of sonochemical degradation of aqueous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 6: 175-183.
147. Thacker, J. 1973. An approach to the mechanism of killing of cells in suspension by ultrasound. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 304: 240-248.
148. Thomas, J.R. and deVries, L. 1959. Sonically induced heterolytic cleavage of polymethylsiloxane. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 63: 253-256.
149. Thompson, L.H. and Doraiswamy, L.K. 1999. Sonochemistry: Science and engineering. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 38: 1215-1249.
150. Thurman, E.M. 1985. Humic substances in groundwater. In Humic Substances in Soil, Sediment, and Water: Geochemistry, Isolation, and Characterization, Aiken, G.R., McKnight, D.M., Wershaw, R.L., and MacCarthy, P. (Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 87-103.
151. Torres, R.A., Abdelmalek, F., Combet, E., Petrier, C., and Pulgarin, C. 2007. A comparative study of ultrasonic cavitation and Fenton’s reagent for bisphenol A degradation in deionised and natural waters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 146: 546-551.
152. Torres, R.A., Petrier, C., Combet, E., Carrier, M., and Pulgarin, C. 2008. Ultrasonic cavitation applied to the treatment of bisphenol A. Effect of sonochemical parameters and analysis of BPA by-products. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 15: 605-611.
153. van Iersel, M.M., van den Manacker, J.P.A.J., Benes, N.E., and Keurentjes, J.T.F. 2007. Pressure-induced reduction of shielding for improving sonochemical activity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111: 3081-3084.
154. Vecitis, C.D., Wang, Y., Cheng, J., Park, H., Mader, B.T., and Hoffmann, M.R. 2010. Sonochemical degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aqueous film-forming foams. Environmental Science & Technology, 44: 432-438.
155. Vogel, A., Lauterborn, W., and Timm, R. 1989. Optical and acoustic investigations of the dynamics of laserproduced cavitation bubbles near a solid boundary. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 206: 299-338.
156. Walling, C. 1975. Fenton’s reagent revisited. Accounts of Chemical Research, 8: 125-131.
157. Walling, C. and Kato, S. 1971. The oxidation of alcohols by Fenton’s reagent: The effect of copper ion. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 93: 4275-4281.
158. Weavers, L.K. 2001. Sonolytic ozonation for the remediation of hazardous pollutants. In Advances in Sonochemistry, Mason, T.J. (Ed.), vol. 6. Stamford, CT: JAI Press Ltd., pp. 111-139.
159. Westerhoff, P., Aiken, G., Amy, G., and Debroux, J. 1999. Relationships between the structure of natural organic matter and its reactivity towards molecular ozone and hydroxyl radicals. Water Research, 33(10): 2265-2276.
160. Wiesner, M.R. and Aptel, P. 1996. Mass transport and permeate flux and fouling in pressure-driven processes. In Water Treatment Membrane Processes, Mallevialle, J., Odendaal, P.E., and Wiesner, M.R. (Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 4.1-4.30.
161. Yang, L., Rathman, J.F., and Weavers, L.K. 2006. Sonochemical degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactants in aqueous mixtures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110(37): 18385-18391.
162. Yao, J.J., Gao, N.Y., Li, C., Li, L., and Xu, B. 2010. Mechanism and kinetics of parathion degradation under ultrasonic irradiation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 75: 138-145.
163. Yuan, W. and Zydney, A.L. 1999. Effects of solution environment on humic acid fouling during microfiltration. Desalination, 122: 63-76.
164. Zhang, G. and Hua, I. 2000. Ultrasonic degradation of trichloroacetonitrile, chloropicrin and bromobenzene: Design factors and matrix effects. Advances in Environmental Research, 4: 219-224.
165. Zhang, M., Li, C., Benjamin, M.M., and Chang, Y. 2003. Fouling and natural organic matter removal in adsorbent/membrane systems for drinking water treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(8): 1663-1669.
166. Zhu, X. and Elimelech, M. 1997. Colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis membranes: Measurements and fouling mechanism. Environmental Science & Technology, 31: 3654-3662.