Breeding of lilies and tulips—interspecific hybridization and genetic background—

Breeding Science

Volumn 68, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 35-52

  Marasek Ciolakowska, Agnieszka ^a   Nishikawa, Tomotaro ^b   Shea, Daniel J ^c   Okazaki, Keiichi ^c  

^a RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE   (Poland)

^b Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Research Council   (Japan)

^c NIIGATA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Chromosome; GISH; Interspecific hybridization; Lilium; Phylogeny; Tulipa

Indexed keywords

EID: 85045089711     PISSN: 13447610     EISSN: 13473735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17097     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Abe, H., M. Nakano, A. Nakatsuka, M. Nakayama, M. Koshioka and M. Yamagishi (2002) Genetic analysis of floral anthocyanin pigmentation traits in Asiatic hybrid lily using molecular linkage maps. Theor. Appl. Genet. 105: 1175–1182.
2. Akutsu, M., S. Kitamura, R. Toda, I. Miyajima and K. Okazaki (2007) Production of 2n pollen of Asiatic hybrid lilies by nitrous oxide treatment. Euphytica 155: 143–152.
3. Asano, Y. and H. Myodo (1977a) Studies on crosses between distantly related species of lilies I. For the intrastylar pollination technique. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 46: 59–65.
4. Asano, Y. and H. Myodo (1977b) Studies on crosses between distantly related species of lilies II. The culture of immature hybrid embryos. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 46: 267–273.
5. Asano, Y. (1980) Studies on crosses between distantly related species of lilies V. Characteristics of newly obtained hybrids through embryo culture. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 49: 241–250.
6. Asano, Y. (1981) Pollen-tube growth in interspecific crosses of Lilium longiflorum Thung. (II). J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 50: 350–354.
7. Asano, Y. (1982a) Chromosome association and pollen fertility in some interspecific hybrids of Lilium. Euphytica 31: 121–128.
8. Asano, Y. (1982b) Overcoming interspecific hybrid sterility in Lilium. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 51: 75–81.
9. Asano, Y. (1984) Fertility of a hybrid between distantly related species in Lilium. Cytologia 49: 447–456.
10. Asano, Y. (1986) A numerical taxonomic study of the genus Lilium in Japan. J. Fac. Agr. Hokkaido Univ. 62: 333–341.
11. Asano, Y. (1987) Breeding techniques in Lilium species. In: Shimizu, M. (ed.) Lilies in Japan. Seibundoshinkosha, Japan, pp. 112–125.
12. Austin, S. (1999) Some Chinese species of the genus Lilium, the genus Nothalirion, and the genus Nomocharis. The NALS Quarterly Bulletin 53: 5–17.
13. Baker, J.G. (1871) A new synopsis of all the known lilies I–X. In: The Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, Covent Garden Co. W.C., London, pp. 104, 201, 479, 708, 903, 1033, 1164, 1325, 1422, 1650.
14. 1 progenies as revealed by GISH and FISH. Genome 48: 884–894.
15. 1 hybrids of Oriental × Asiatic lilies (Lilium): Relevance to intergenomic recombination and backcrossing. Euphytica 143: 67–73.
16. 1 hybrids between Oriental × Asiatic lily (Lilium) hybrids and leads to intergenomic recombination. Euphytica 148: 303–309.
17. Barba-Gonzalez, R., A.A. Van Silfhout, R.G.F. Visser, M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl (2006b) Progenies of allotriploids of Oriental × Asiatic lilies (Lilium) examined by GISH analysis. Euphytica 151: 243–250.
18. 1-sterility in lily and tulip. Acta Hortic. 714: 99–106.
19. Barba-Gonzalez, R., K.-B. Lim, S. Zhou, M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl (2008) Interspecific hybridization in lily: the use of 2n gametes in interspecific lily hybrids. Floric. Ornam. Biotech. 6: 138– 145.
20. Blakey, D.H. and C.G. Vosa (1982) Heterochromatin and chromosome variation in cultivated species of Tulipa subg. Leiostemones (Liliaceae) Plant Syst. Evol. 139: 163–178.
21. Bretagnolle, F. and J.D. Thompson (1995) Gametes with the somatic chromosome number: mechanisms of their formation and role in the evolution of autopolyploid plants. New Phytol. 129: 1–22.
22. Bryan, E.B. (2002) Bulbs. Timber Press, Inc. Portland. Oregon. pp. 454–462.
23. Chauvin, J.E., A. Label and M.P. Kermarrec (2005) In vitro chromosome-doubling in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 80: 693–698.
24. Chen, L., H. Li, S. Sun, M. Irfan, J. Lin, M. Zhong, H. Ma, Z. Guo and T. Li (2015) Construction of a genetic linkage map in Lilium using a RIL mapping population based on SRAP marker. Genetika 47: 425–438.
25. Christenhusz, M.J.M., R. Govaerts, J.C. David, T. Hall, K. Borland, P.S. Roberts, A. Tuomisto, S. Buerki, M.W. Chase and M.F. Fay (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips—cultural history, molecular phylo-genetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 172: 280–328.
26. Chung, M.-Y., J.D. Chung, M.S. Ramanna, J.M. Van Tuyl and K.B. Lim (2013) Production of polyploids and unreduced gametes in Lilium auratum × L. henryi hybrid. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 9: 693–701.
27. Comber, H.F. (1949) A new classification of the genus Lilium. Lily Year Book of RHS 13: 86–105.
28. Custers, J.B.M., W. Eikelboom, J.H.W. Bergervoet and J.P. Van Eijk (1992) In ovulo embryo culture of tulip (Tulipa L.); effects of cul­ ture conditions on seedling and bulblet formation. Sci. Hortic. 51: 111–122.
29. Custers, J.B.M., W. Eikelboom, J.H.W. Bergervoet and J.P. Van Eijk (1995) Embryo-rescue in the genus Tulipa L.; successful direct transfer of T. kapfmanniana Regel germplasm into T. gesneriana L. Euphytica 82: 253–261.
30. Doorenbos, J. (1954) Notes on the history of bulb breeding in the Netherlands. Euphytica 3: 1–18.
31. Dubouzet, J.G. and K. Shinoda (1999) Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of Japanese Lilium species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 954–960.
32. Eikelboom, W., Th.P. Straathof and J.M. Van Tuyl (2001) Tetraploide “Christmas Marvel” methoden om tetraploide tulpen te verkrijgen. Bloembollencultuur 112: 22–23.
33. Emsweller, S.L. and D.V. Lumsden (1943) Polyploidy in the Easter lily. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 42: 593–596.
34. Emsweller, S.L. and J. Uhring (1960) Breeding Lilium longiflorum at the tetraploid level. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 75: 711–719.
35. Emsweller, S.L., S. Asen and J. Uhring (1962) Lilium speciosum × Lilium auratum. Lily Yb. North Amer. Lily Soc. 15: 7–15.
36. Endlicher, S.L. (1836) Genera Plantarum. Vienna, pp. 141.
37. Fukai, S., T. Isobe and C. Ikoma (2005) LLO hybrid lilies from L. × formolongi and chromosome doubled L. formosanum var. pricei × Oriental hybrid ‘Le Reve’. Acta Hortic. 673: 377–381.
38. Hagiya, K. (1971) Interspecific breeding of tulips. Recent Advance in Breeding Researches. vol. 12: 71–81.
39. Hai, N.T.L., J.I. Masuda, I. Miyajima, N.Q. Thien, N. Mojtahedi, M. Hiramatsu, J.-H. Kim and H. Okubo (2012) Involvement of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 gene in tepal color change in Lilium brownii var. colchesteri. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 81: 366–373.
40. Hall, A.D. (1940) The genus Tulipa. The Royal Horticultural Society, London.
41. Haruki, K., T. Hosoki, Y. Nako and K. Ohta (1997) Possibility of classification in some species of Lilium by PCR-RFLP of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit (rbcL) gene and ribosomal RNA gene. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 66: 189–192.
42. Haw, S.G. (1986) The taxonomy of Chinese lilies. In: The lilies of China. Timber Press, Portland, OR, pp. 57–69.
43. Hayashi, K. and S. Kawano (2000) Molecular systematics of Lilium and allied genera (Liliaceae): phylogenetic relationships among Lilium and related genera based on the rbcL and matK gene sequence data. Plant Spec. Biol. 15: 73–93.
44. Hayashi, M., K. Kanoh, Y. Serizawa and E. Yoon (1986) Ovary slice culture of Lilium formosanum Wallace. Japan J. Breed. 36: 304– 308.
45. Ikinci, N., C. Oberprieler and A. Güner (2006) On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of Lilium section Liriotypus (Liliaceae) using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers. Willdenowia 36: 647–656.
46. Jefferson-Brown, M. (1988) Hybrid review. In: The Lily: for garden, patio, and display. David & Charles Publishers, pp. 162–184.
47. Jefferson-Brown, M. and H. Howland (1995) The lily species. In: The gardener’s guide to growing lilies. Timber Press, Portland, OR, pp. 60–93.
48. Jeknić, Z., J.T. Morré, S. Jeknić, S. Jevremović, A. Subotić and T.H. Chen (2012) Cloning and functional characterization of a gene for capsanthin-capsorubin synthase from tiger lily (Lilium lancifolium Thunb. ‘Splendens’). Plant Cell Physiol. 53: 1899–1912.
49. Kanoh, K., M. Hayashi, Y. Serizawa and T. Konishi (1988) Production of interspecific hybrids between Lilium longiflorum and L. elegance by ovary slice culture. Japan J. Breed. 38: 278–282.
50. Khan, N., R. Barba-Gonzalez, M.S. Ramanna, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl (2009a) Construction of chromosomal recombination maps of three genomes of lilies (Lilium) based on GISH analysis. Genome 52: 238–251.
51. Khan, N., S. Zhou, M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens, J. Herrera, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl (2009b) Potential for analytic breeding in allo-polyploids: an illustration from Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium). Euphytica 166: 399–409.
52. Khan, N., R. Barba-Gonzalez, M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl (2010) Relevance of unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidisation in relation to intergenomic recombination and introgression in Lilium species hybrids. Euphytica 171: 157–173.
53. Kho, Y.O. and J. Baër (1971) Incompatibility problems in species crosses of tulips. Euphytica 20: 30–35.
54. Kitamura, S., M. Akutsu and K. Okazaki (2009) Mechanism of action of nitrous oxide gas applied as a polyploidizing agent during meiosis in lilies. Sex. Plant Reprod. 22: 9–14.
55. Kroon, G.H. and J.P. Van Eijk (1977) Polyploidy in tulips (Tulipa L.). The occurrence of diploid gametes. Euphytica 26: 63–66.
56. Lang, V., B. Usadel and G. Obermeyer (2015) De novo sequencing and analysis of the lily pollen transcriptome: an open access data source for an orphan plant species. Plant Mol. Biol. 87: 69–80.
57. Lefeber, D.W. (1960) Raising and introducing new tulips. The Daffodil and Tulip Year Book 25: 16–24.
58. Leslie, A.C. (1982) The international lily register, 3rd edn. The Royal Horticultural Society, London.
59. Lighty, R.W. (1968) Evolutionary trends in lilies. Lily Year Book of RHS 31: 40–44.
60. 2 progenies. Chromosome Res. 8: 119–125.
61. Lim, K.-B., M.S. Ramanna, J.H. De Jong, E. Jacobsen and J.M. Van Tuyl (2001) Indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR): a novel type of meiotic nuclear restitution mechanism detected in interspecific lily hybrids by GISH. Theor. Appl. Genet. 103: 219–230.
62. Lim, K.-B., M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl (2003a) Homoeologous recombination in interspecific hybrids of Lilium. Korean J. Breed. 35: 8–12.
63. 2 progenies derived from 3x-2x and 3x-4x crosses of Lilium hybrids: a GISH analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106: 568– 574.
64. Lim, K.-B., R. Barba-Gonzalez, M.S. Ramanna, T.-M. Shen and J.M. Van Tuyl (2004) Occurrence of SDR 2N-gametes in Lilium hybrids. Breed. Sci. 54: 13–18.
65. Lim, K.-B., R. Barba-Gonzalez, S. Zhou, M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl (2005) Meiotic polyploidization with homoeologous recombination induced by caffeine treatment in interspecific lily hybrids. Korean J. Genetics 27: 219–226.
66. Lin, S.Y., H. Ikehashi, S. Yanagihara and A. Kawashima (1992) Segregation distortion via male gametes in hybrids between Indica and Japonica or wide-compatibility varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L). Theor. Appl. Genet. 84: 812–818.
67. Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cog-nitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale digestas. Stockholm: L. Salvius.
68. Liu, Y.J., M.Y. Li, T. Zhang, M. Li and Y.H. Qu (2009) Polyploidy induction and identification in Lilium formosanum × Lilium longiflourm var. scabrum. J. Yunnan Agric. Univ. 24: 859–864.
69. Lokker, A.C., R. Barba-Gonzalez, K.-B. Lim, M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl (2004) Genotypic and environmental variation in production of 2n gametes of Oriental × Asiatic lily hybrids. Acta Hortic. 673: 453–456.
70. Luo, J.R., M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens, L.X. Niu and J.M. Van Tuyl (2012) GISH analyses of backcross progenies of two Lilium species hybrids and their relevance to breeding. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 87: 654–660.
71. Luo, J.R., P. Arens, L.X. Niu and J.M. Van Tuyl (2016) Induction of viable 2n pollen in sterile Oriental × Trumpet Lilium hybrids. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 91: 258–263.
72. Marasek, A., H. Mizuochi and K. Okazaki (2006) The origin of Darwin hybrid tulips analyzed by flow cytometry, karyotype analyses and genomic in situ hybridization. Euphytica 151: 279–290.
73. Marasek, A. and K. Okazaki (2008) Analysis of introgression of the Tulipa fosteriana genome into Tulipa gesneriana using GISH and FISH. Euphytica 160: 217–230.
74. Marasek-Ciolakowska, A., S. Xie, M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl (2012a) Meiotic polyploidization in Darwin Hybrid Tulips. Acta Hortic. 953: 187–192.
75. 2 progenies of Tulipa gesneriana and T. fosteriana. Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 887–899.
76. Marasek-Ciolakowska, A., S. Xie, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl (2014) Ploidy manipulation and introgression breeding in Darwin hybrid tulips. Euphytica 198: 389–400.
77. McRae, E.A. (1998) Lily species. In: McRae, E.A. (ed.) Lilies: a guide for growers and collectors. Timber Press, Portland, OR, pp. 105– 204.
78. Ming, S., L. Xiao-fan, K. Ying, S. Jin-fang and Z. Qi-xiang (2012) Polyploidy induction of three Lilium species endemic to China (Lilium pumilum, L. Sargentiae, L. Tsingtauense). Acta Hortic. 935: 83–90.
79. Mizuochi, H., H. Matsuzaki, T. Moue and K. Okazaki (2009) Diploid endosperm formation in Tulipa spp. and identification of a 1:1 maternal-to-paternal genome ratio in endosperm of T. gesneriana L. Sex. Plant Reprod. 22: 27–36.
80. Murashige, T. and F. Skoog (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473–497.
81. Nakajima, Y. (1940) On the utility of the stored Lilium pollen and abnormal seed in crosses of L. speciosum × L. auratum, L. sepeciosum × L. Makinoi. Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 54: 473–483.
82. Nakano, M., A. Nakatsuka, M. Nakayama, M. Koshioka and M. Yamagishi (2005) Mapping of quantitative trait loci for carotenoid pigmentation in flower tepals of Asiatic hybrid lily. Sci. Hortic. 104: 57–64.
83. Nishikawa, T., K. Okazaki, T. Uchino, K. Arakawa and T. Nagamine (1999) A molecular phylogeny of Lilium in the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 49: 238– 249.
84. Nishikawa, T., K. Okazaki, K. Arakawa and T. Nagamine (2000) A molecular phylogeny of genus Lilium in matK gene sequences. In: Integration of Biodiversity and Genome Technology for Crop Improvement, pp. 167–168.
85. Nishikawa, T., K. Okazaki, K. Arakawa and T. Nagamine (2001) Phylogenetic analysis of section Sinomartagon in genus Lilium using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region in nuclear ribosomal DNA. Breed. Sci. 51: 39–46.
86. Nishikawa, T., K. Okazaki and T. Nagamine (2002) Phylogenetic relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker based on three spacer regions in chloroplast DNA. Breed. Sci. 52: 207–213.
87. Nishikawa, T. (2007) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Lilium and its methodical application to other taxon. Ph.D. Thesis, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.
88. North, C. and A.B. Wills (1969) Inter-specific hybrids of Lilium lankongense Franchet produced by embryo-culture. Euphytica 18: 430–434.
89. 2O induces mitotic polyploidization in anther somatic cells and restores fertility in sterile interspecific hybrid lilies. Breed. Sci. 61: 327–337.
90. Okazaki, K., Y. Umada, O. Urashima, J. Kawada, M. Kunishige and K. Murakami (1992) Interspecific hybrids of Lilium longiflorum and L. formolongi with L. rubellum and L. japnicum through embryo culture. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 60: 997–1002.
91. Okazaki, K., Y. Asano and K. Oosawa (1994) Interspecific hybrids between Lilium ‘Oriental’ hybrid and L. ‘Asiatic’ hybrid produced by embryo culture with revised media. Breed. Sci. 44: 59–64.
92. Okazaki, K. and M. Nishimura (2000) Ploidy of progenies crossed between diploids, triploids and tetraploids in tulip. Acta Hortic. 522: 127–134.
93. Okazaki, K. (2005) New aspects of tulip breeding: embryo culture and polyploid. Acta Hortic. 673: 127–140.
94. Okazaki, K. and Y. Hane (2005) Comparison of diploid and chimeric forms (4x/2x) of Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.) under natural and early forcing culture. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 33: 261–267.
95. Okazaki, K., K. Kurimoto, I. Miyajima, A. Enami, H. Mizuochi, Y. Matsumoto and H. Ohya (2005) Induction of 2n pollen in tulips by arresting the meiotic process with nitrous oxide gas. Euphytica 143: 101–114.
96. Okazaki, K., S. Nukui and H. Ootuka (2012) Application of nitrous oxide gas as a polyploidizing agent in tulip and lily breeding. Floric. Ornam. Biotech. 6: 39–43.
97. Podwyszyńska, M. (2012) In vitro tetraploid induction in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) Acta Hortic. 961: 391–396.
98. Ramanna, M.S., A. Marasek-Ciolakowska, S. Xie, N. Khan, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl (2012) The significance of polyploidy for bulbous ornamentals: a molecular cytogenetic assessment. Floric. Ornam. Biotech. 6: 116–121.
99. Ronald, W.G. and P.D. Ascher (1976) Lilium × ʻBlack Beauty’—A potential bridging hybrid in Lilium. Euphytica 25: 285–291.
100. Rønsted, N., S. Law, H. Thornton, M.F. Fay and M.W. Chase (2005) Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 35: 509–527.
101. Sato, T., K. Miyoshi and K. Okazaki (2010) Induction of 2n gametes and 4n embryo in Lilium (Lilium × formolongi hort.) by nitrous oxide gas treatment. Acta Hortic. 855: 243–245.
102. Shahin, A., P. Arens, A.W. Van Heusden, G. Van der Linden, M. Van Kaauwen, N. Khan, H. Schouten, W.E. Van de Weg, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl (2011) Genetic mapping in Lilium: mapping of major genes and quantitative trait loci for several ornamental traits and disease resistances. Plant Breed. 130: 372–382.
103. Shahin, A., M. van Kaauwen, D. Esselink, J.W. Bargsten, J.M. Van Tuyl, R.G.F. Visser and P. Arens (2012) Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags in the extreme large genomes Lilium and Tulipa. BMC Genomics 13: 640.
104. Shimizu, M. (1971) Lilies in Japan. Seibundoshinkosha, Japan.
105. Shimizu, M. (1987) Lilies in Japan. Seibundoshinkosha, Japan.
106. Skirm, G.W. (1942) Embryo culturing as an aid to plant breeding. J. Hered. 33: 211–215.
107. Smyth, D.R., K. Kongsuwan and S. Wisudharomn (1989) A survey of C-band patterns in chromosomes of Lilium (Liliaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 163: 53–69.
108. Straathof, Th.P., J.M. Van Tuyl, B. Dekker, M.J.M. Van Winden and J.M. Sandbrink (1996) Genetic analysis of inheritance of partial resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in Asiatic hybrids of lily using RAPD markers. Acta Hortic. 414: 209–217.
109. Straathof, Th.P. and W. Eikelboom (1997) Tulip breeding at PRI. Daffodil and Tulip Yearbook 8: 27–33.
110. Tang, N., A. Shahin, P. Bijman, J. Liu, J.M. Van Tuyl and P. Arens (2013) Genetic diversity and structure in a collection of tulip cultivars assessed by SNP markers. Sci. Hortic. 161: 286–292.
111. Tang, N., T. Van der Lee, A. Shahin, M. Holdinga, P. Bijman, M. Caser, R.G.F. Visser, J.M. Van Tuyl and P. Arens (2015) Genetic mapping of resistance to Fusiarium oxysporum f. sp. Tulipae in tulip. Mol. Breed. 35: 122.
112. Van Creij, M.G.M., D.M.F.J. Kerckhoffs and J.M. Van Tuyl (1997a) Interspecific crosses in the genus Tulipa L.: Identification of pre-fertilization barriers. Sex. Plant Reprod. 10: 116–123.
113. Van Creij, M.G.M., J.L. Van Went and D.M.F.J. Kerckhoffs (1997b) The progamic phase, embryo and endosperm development in an intraspecific Tulipa gesneriana L. cross and in the incongruent interspecific cross T. gesneriana × T. agenensis DC. Sex. Plant Reprod. 10: 241–249.
114. Van Creij, M.G.M., D.M.F.J. Kerckhoffs and J.M. Van Tuyl (1999) The effect of ovule age on ovary-slice culture and ovule culture in intraspecific and interspecific crosses with Tulipa gesneriana L. Euphytica 108: 21–28.
115. Van Creij, M.G.M., D.M.F.J. Kerckhoffs, S.M. De Bruijn, D. Vreugdenhil and J.M. Van Tuyl (2000) The effect of medium composition on ovary-slice culture and ovule culture in intraspecific Tulipa gesneriana crosses. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 60: 61– 67.
116. Van der Meulen-Muisers, J.J.M., J.C. Van Oeveren, J.M. Sandbrink and J.M. Van Tuyl (1995) Molecular markers as a tool for breeding for flower longevity in Asiatic hybrid lilies. Acta Hortic. 420: 68–71.
117. Van Eijk, J.P., L.W.D. Van Raamsdonk, W. Eikelboom and R.J. Bino (1991) Interspecific crosses between Tulipa gesneriana cultivars and wild Tulipa species: a survey. Sex. Plant Reprod. 4: 1–5.
118. Van Heusden, A.W., M.C. Jongerius, J.M. Van Tuyl, T.P. Straathof and J.J. Mes (2002) Molecular assisted breeding for disease resistance in lily. Acta Hortic. 572: 131–138.
119. Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D. and T. De Vries (1992) Biosystematic studies in Tulipa sect. Eriostemones (Liliaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 179: 27–41.
120. Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D. and T. De Vries (1995a) Species relationships and taxonomy in Tulipa subg. Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 195: 13–44.
121. Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D., J.P. van Eijk and W. Eikelboom (1995b) Cross-ability analysis in subgenus Tulipa of the genus Tulipa. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 117: 147–158.
122. Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D., W. Eikelboom, T. De Vries and T.P. Straathof (1997) The systematics of the genus Tulipa L. Acta Hortic. 430: 821–828.
123. Van Scheepen, J. (1996) Classified list and international register of tulip names. Royal General Bulbgrowers’ Association KAVB, Hillegom, The Netherlands.
124. Van Tuyl, J.M., M.P. Van Dien, M.G.M. Van Creij, T.C.M. Van Kleinwee, J. Franken and R.J. Bino (1991) Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecifc Lilium crosses. Plant Sci. 74: 115–126.
125. Van Tuyl, J.M., B. Meijer and M.P. Van Diën (1992) The use of oryza-lin as an alternative for colchicine in in-vitro chromosome doubling of Lilium and Nerine. Acta Hortic. 325: 625–630.
126. Van Tuyl, J.M., H.S. Chi, B.C.M. Van Kronenburg and B. Meijer (1997) Interspecific lily hybrids: a promise for the future. Acta Hortic. 430: 539–544.
127. Van Tuyl, J.M. and M.G.M. Van Creij (2005) Tulipa gesneriana and Tulipa hybrids. In: Flower Breeding and Genetics: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for 21st Century, Chapter 23, Springer Verlag, pp. 613–637.
128. Van Tuyl, J.M. and M.G.M. Creij (2006) Tulipa gesneriana and T. hybrids. In: Anderson, N.O. (ed.) Flower breeding and genetics: Issues, challenges and opportunities for the 21st century. Chapter 23, Springer Verlag, pp. 623–641.
129. Van Tuyl, J.M., P. Arens and A. Marasek-Ciolakowska (2011) Breeding and genetics of ornamental geophytes. In: Kamenetsky, R. and H. Okubo (eds.) Ornamental geophytes: from basic science to sustainable horticultural production, CRC press, pp. 131–158.
130. Veldkamp, J.F. and B.J.M. Zonneveld (2012) The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 87–92.
131. Villacorta-Martin, C., F.F.N. Cáceres González, J. de Haan, K. Huijben, P. Passarinho, M.L.B. Hamo and M. Zaccai (2015) Whole transcriptome profiling of the vernalization process in Lilium longiflorum (cultivar White Heaven) bulbs. BMC Genomics 16: 550.
132. Watts, V.M. (1967) Influence of intrastylar pollination on seed set in lilies. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 91: 660–663.
133. Wilford, R. (2006) Tulips, species and hybrids for the gardener. Timber Press, Portland.
134. Wilson, E.H. (1925) The lilies of Eastern Asia, Dulau, London.
135. Withers, R.M. (1997) The Classification of Liliums. The NALS Quarterly Bulletin 51: 4–10.
136. Wu, Q.-Q., S.X. Zheng, J.H. Wang and C. Xu (2010) Polyploid induction of lily derived from intersectional hybrid. J. West China For. Sci. 39: 82–84.
137. Xi, M., J.M. Van Tuyl and P. Arens (2015) GISH analyzed progenies generated from allotriploid lilies as female parent. Sci. Hortic.183: 130–135.
138. Xie, S., N. Khan, M.S. Ramanna, L. Niu, A. Marasek-Ciolakowska, P. Arens and J.M. Van Tuyl (2010) An assessment of chromosomal rearrangements in neopolyploids of Lilium hybrids. Genome 53: 439–446.
139. Yamagishi, M. (2011) Oriental hybrid lily Sorbonne homologue of LhMYB12 regulates anthocyanin biosyntheses in flower tepals and tepal spots. Mol. Breed. 28: 381–389.
140. Yamagishi, M., Y. Yoshida and M. Nakayama (2012) The transcription factor LhMYB12 determines anthocyanin pigmentation in the tepals of Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.) and regulates pigment quantity. Mol. Breed. 30: 913–925.
141. Yamagishi, M., H. Ihara, K. Arakawa, S. Toda and K. Suzuki (2014) The origin of the LhMYB12 gene, which regulates anthocyanin pigmentation of tepals, in Oriental and Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.). Sci. Hortic. 174: 119–125.
142. Yamagishi, M. and T. Nakatsuka (2017) LhMYB12, regulating tepal anthocyanin pigmentation in Asiatic Hybrid Lilies, is derived from Lilium dauricum and L. bulbiferum. Hort. J. 86: 528–533.
143. Yamamoto, S., T. Kikuchi, Y. Yamagiwa and T. Handa (2017) Genetic diversity of Lilium auratum var. platyphyllum endemic to the Izu Archipelago and its relationship to a nearby population of L. auratum var. auratum by morphological and SSR Analysis. Hort. J. 86: 379–388.
144. Yanagisawa, R., T. Kuhara, T. Nishikawa, D. Sochacki, A. Marasek-Ciolakowska and K. Okazaki (2012) Phylogenetic analysis of wild and garden tulips using sequences of chloroplast DNA. Acta Hortic. 953: 103–110.
145. Zhang, X., G. Ren, K. Li, G. Zhou and S. Zhou (2012) Genomic variation of new cultivars selected from distant hybridization in Lilium. Plant Breed. 131: 227–230.
146. Zhou, S. (2007) Intergenomic recombination and introgression breeding in Longiflorum × Asiatic Lilies. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
147. Zhou, S., M.S. Ramanna, R.G.F. Visser and J.M. Van Tuyl (2008a) Genome composition of triploid lily cultivars derived from sexual polyploidization of Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrids (Lilium). Euphytica 160: 207–215.
148. Zhou, S., K.-B. Lim, R. Barba-Gonzalez, M.S. Ramanna and J.M. Van Tuyl (2008b) Interspecific hybridization in lily (Lilium): Inter-ploidy crosses involving interspecific F hybrids and their progenies. 1 Flori. Orn. Plant Biotech. 5: 152–156.
149. 1 hybrids of Longiflorum × Asiatic (LA) of lilies (Lilium) using genomic in situ hybridization. J. Genet. Genomics 35: 687–695.
150. Zhou, S. and J.M. Van Tuyl (2011–2012) Different ways to create triploid lilies. NALS 63: 95–99.
151. Zhou, S., G. Yuan, P. Xu and H. Gong (2014) Study on lily introgression breeding using allotriploids as maternal parents in interploid hybridizations. Breed. Sci. 64: 97–102.
152. Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for ‘‘all’’ species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 281: 217–245.