Hidden hunger in South Asia: A review of recent trends and persistent challenges

Public Health Nutrition

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2018, Pages 785-795

  Harding, Kassandra L ^a   Aguayo, Víctor M ^b   Webb, Patrick ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNICEF   (United States)

Author keywords

Hidden Hunger; Micronutrients; Policy; South Asia; Undernutrition

Indexed keywords

MINERAL; TRACE ELEMENT; ZINC;

ASIA; CATERING SERVICE; DEFICIENCY; DIET; HUMAN; HUNGER; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; POVERTY; RETINOL DEFICIENCY;

ASIA; DEFICIENCY DISEASES; DIET; FOOD SUPPLY; HUMANS; HUNGER; MICRONUTRIENTS; MINERALS; POVERTY; VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY; ZINC;

EID: 85042221490     PISSN: 13689800     EISSN: 14752727     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980017003202     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Thompson B & Amoroso L (editors) (2014) Improving Diets and Nutrition: Food-Based Approaches. Rome and Wallingford: FAO and CAB International.
2. Stevens GA, Bennett JE, Hennocq Q et al. (2015) Trends and mortality effects of Vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys. Lancet Glob Health 3, e528-e536.
3. Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM et al. (2013) Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health 1, e16-e25.
4. Andersson M, Karumbunathan V & Zimmermann MB (2012) Global iodine status in 2011 and trends over the past decade. J Nutr 142, 744-750.
5. Wessells KR, Singh GM & Brown KH (2012) Estimating the global prevalence of inadequate zinc intake from national food balance sheets: effects of methodological assumptions. PLoS One 7, e50565.
6. Wessells KR & Brown KH (2012) Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One 7, e50568.
7. World Bank (2016) South Asia Economic Focus, Spring 2016: Fading Tailwinds. Washington, DC: World Bank.
8. Asian Development Bank (2016) Asian Development Outlook 2016: Asia's Potential Growth. Manila: ADB.
9. UNICEF (2016) South Asia 2016 Progress Report. Kathmandu: UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia.
10. International Food Policy Research Institute (2015) Global Nutrition Report 2015: Actions and Accountability to Advance Nutrition and Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: IFPRI.
11. Muthayya S, Rah JH, Sugimoto JD et al. (2013) The global hidden hunger indices and maps: an advocacy tool for action. PLoS One 8, e67860.
12. Stein AJ & Qaim M (2007) The human and economic cost of hidden hunger. Food Nutr Bull 28, 125-134.
13. Webb P, Nishida C & Darnton-Hill I (2007) Age and gender as factors in the distribution of global micronutrient deficiencies. Nutr Rev 65, 233-245.
14. International Food Policy Research Institute (2016) Global Nutrition Report 2016. From Promise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030. Washington, DC: IFPRI.
15. Myers SS, Wessells KR, Kloog I et al. (2015) Effect of increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the global threat of zinc deficiency: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 3, e639-e645.
16. Ministry of Public Health, UNICEF & Aga Khan University (2014) National Nutrition Survey Afghanistan 2013. Kabul: AKU.
17. Jayatissa R, Gunathilaka MM, Herath P et al. (2014) National Nutrition and Micronutrient Survey 2012. Part II: Iron, Zinc and Calcium Deficiency Among Children Aged 6-59 Months. Colombo: Ministry of Health.
18. Aga Khan University, Pakistan Medical Research Council & Government of Pakistan (2011) Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2011. Karachi and Islamabad: AKU.
19. icddr, b, UNICEF Bangladesh, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition et al. (2013) National Micronutrient Status Survey (Bangladesh) 2011-2012. Dhaka: icddr, b.
20. Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA & ICF International (2012) Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kathmandu and Calverton, MD: Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA and ICF International.
21. Raykar N, Majumder M, Laxminarayan R et al. (2015) India Health Report: Nutrition 2015. New Delhi: Public Health Foundation of India.
22. National Institute of Population Research and Training, Mitra and Associates, & ICF International (2016) Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Dhaka and Rockville, MD: NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and ICF International.
23. Jayatissa R, Gunathilaka MM & Fernando DN (2014) National Nutrition and Micronutrient Survey 2012. Part I: Anaemia Among Children Aged 6-59 Months and Nutritional Status of Children and Adults. Colombo: Ministry of Health.
24. Hotz C (2007) Dietary indicators for assessing the adequacy of population zinc intakes. Food Nutr Bull 28, 3 Suppl., S430-S453.
25. King JC, Brown KH, Gibson RS et al. (2016) Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)-zinc review. J Nutr 146, issue 4, 858S-885S.
26. Arsenault JE, Yakes EA, Islam MM et al. (2013) Very low adequacy of micronutrient intakes by young children and women in rural Bangladesh is primarily explained by low food intake and limited diversity. J Nutr 143, 197-203.
27. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (2013) Nutritious Rice Value Chain (NRVC) Innovation in Bangladesh. http://www. gainhealth. org/knowledge-centre/project/nutritious-ricevalue-chain-nrvc-innovation-bangladesh/ (accessed October 2017).
28. Arsenault JE, Yakes EA, Hossain MB et al. (2010) The current high prevalence of dietary zinc inadequacy among children and women in rural Bangladesh could be substantially ameliorated by zinc biofortification of rice. J Nutr 140, 1683-1690.
29. International Institute for Population Sciences & Macro International (2007) National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS.
30. Iodine Global Network (2015) Across India, women are iodine sufficient. IDD Newsletter, November 2015. http://www. ign. org/cm-data/IDD-nov15-india. pdf (accessed October 2017).
31. Bégin F & Codling K (2013) Iodized salt legislation in South and East Asia and the Pacific: an overview. IDD Newsletter, May 2013. http://www. ign. org/cm-data/idd-may13-asia- salt-law. pdf (accessed October 2017).
32. Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M et al. (2014) A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood 123, 615-624.
33. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2016) Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Results by Location, Cause, and Risk Factor. Seattle, WA: IHME.
34. UNICEF, United Nations University & World Health Organization (2001) Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva: WHO.
35. Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan (2016) National Nutrition Survey 2015. Thimphu: Ministry of Health.
36. World Health Organization (2007) Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS). Global Database on Anaemia. http://www. who. int/vmnis/anaemia/en/ (accessed March 2016).
37. National Institute of Population Research and Training, Mitra and Associates, & ICF International (2013) Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Dhaka and Calverton, MD: NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and ICF International.
38. Merrill RD, Shamim AA, Ali H et al. (2012) High prevalence of anemia with lack of iron deficiency among women in rural Bangladesh: a role for thalassemia and iron in groundwater. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 21, 416-424.
39. Pokharel RK, Maharjan MR, Mathema P et al. (2011) Success in Delivering Interventions to Reduce Maternal Anemia in Nepal: A Case Study of the Intensification of Maternal and Neonatal Micronutrient Program. Washington, DC: A2Z: The USAID Micronutrient and Child Blindness Project and FHI 360.
40. Aguayo VM, Paintal K & Singh G (2013) The Adolescent Girls' Anaemia Control Programme: a decade of programming experience to break the inter-generational cycle of malnutrition in India. Public Health Nutr 16, 1667-1676.
41. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2011) Operational Framework for Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation Program for Adolescents. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
42. Ministry of Health, Child Health Division, New ERA, Micronutrient Initiative et al. (2000) Nepal Micronutrient Status Survey 1998. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health.
43. UNICEF (2007) Vitamin A supplementation. http://www. unicef. org/progressforchildren/2007n6/index-41510. htm (accessed March 2016).
44. UNICEF (2007) Vitamin A Supplementation: A Decade of Progress. New York: UNICEF.
45. Palmer AC, West KP Jr, Dalmiya N et al. (2012) The use and interpretation of serum retinol distributions in evaluating the public health impact of Vitamin A programmes. Public Health Nutr 15, 1201-1215.
46. Hodges MH, Sesay FF, Kamara HI et al. (2013) High and equitable mass Vitamin A supplementation coverage in Sierra Leone: a post-event coverage survey. Glob Health Sci Pract 1, 172-179.
47. Nyhus Dhillon C, Subramaniam H, Mulokozi G et al. (2013) Overestimation of Vitamin A supplementation coverage from district tally sheets demonstrates importance of population-based surveys for program improvement: lessons from Tanzania. PLoS One 8, e58629.
48. Horton S, Begin F, Greig A et al. (2008) Best Practice Paper: Micronutrient Supplements for Child Survival (Vitamin A and Zinc). Copenhagen Consensus Center Working Paper. Frederiksberg: Copenhagen Business School.
49. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (2016) GAIN Programs by country. http://www. gainhealth. org/programs/ (accessed October 2017).
50. World Health Organization (2016) Global database on the Implementation of Nutrition Action (GINA) Programmes. https://extranet. who. int/nutrition/gina/en/programmes/summary (accessed March 2016).
51. Raghavan R, Aaron GJ, Neufeld LM et al. (2016) Vitamin A fortification of vegetable oil in Bangladesh. FASEB J 30, issue 1, 674. 34.
52. Fujita M, Lo YJ & Baranski JR (2012) Dietary diversity score is a useful indicator of Vitamin A status of adult women in Northern Kenya. Am J Hum Biol 24, 829-834.
53. Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE et al. (2008) What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 371, 417-440.
54. Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A et al. (2013) Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? Lancet 382, 452-477.
55. Menon P, McDonald CM & Chakrabarti S (2016) Estimating the cost of delivering direct nutrition interventions at scale: national and subnational level insights from India. Matern Child Nutr 12, Suppl. 1, 169-185.
56. Thapa S (2010) Nepal's Vitamin A supplementation programme, 15 years on: sustained growth in coverage and equity and children still missed. Glob Public Health 5, 325-334.
57. Fiedler JL (2000) The Nepal National Vitamin A Program: prototype to emulate or donor enclave? Health Policy Plan 15, 145-156.
58. Aguayo VM, Bhattacharjee S, Bhawani L et al. (2015) India's Vitamin A supplementation programme is reaching the most vulnerable districts but not all vulnerable children. New evidence from the seven states with the highest burden of mortality among under-5s. Public Health Nutr 18, 42-49.
59. Rah JH, Anas AM, Chakrabarty A et al. (2015) Towards universal salt iodisation in India: achievements, challenges and future actions. Matern Child Nutr 11, 483-496.
60. Shevchuk S & Ghauri K (2015) Afghanistan/Central Asia Regional Food Fortification Program: Analysis of Wheat Flour Fortification Legislation and Policy in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and Wheat Flour and Edible Oil Fortification Legislation and Policy in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Geneva: GAIN.
61. Dewey KG (2003) Is breastfeeding protective against child obesity? J Hum Lact 19, 9-18.
62. Metzger MW & McDade TW (2010) Breastfeeding as obesity prevention in the United States: a sibling difference model. Am J Hum Biol 22, 291-296.
63. Victora CG, Horta BL, de Mola CL et al. (2015) Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study from Brazil. Lancet Glob Health 3, e199-e205.
64. The Alive & Thrive Initiative (2014) Framework for delivering nutrition results at scale. http://aliveandthrive. org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Overview-Framework-for-Delivering-Nutrition-Results-at-Scale-2014. pdf (accessed March 2016).
65. International Food Policy Research Institute (2014) Global Nutrition Report 2014: Actions and Accountability to Accelerate the World's Progress on Nutrition. Washington, DC: IFPRI.
66. Iodine Global Network (2015) Global Iodine Scorecard 2014-2015. http://www. ign. org/p142000429. html (accessed November 2015).
67. IGN South Asia Team (2015) Steadfast efforts to sustain the elimination of IDD in Bhutan. IDD Newsletter. May 2015. http://www. ign. org/newsletter/idd-may15-bhutan-2. pdf (accessed October 2017).
68. World Bank (2015) Vitamin A supplementation coverage rate (% of children ages 6-59 months). https://data. worldbank. org/indicator/SN. ITK. VITA. ZS (accessed November 2015).