Patient blood management in obstetrics: management of anaemia and haematinic deficiencies in pregnancy and in the post-partum period: NATA consensus statement

Transfusion Medicine

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 22-39

  Munoz M ^a   Pena Rosas J P ^b   Robinson, S ^c   Milman, N ^d   Holzgreve, W ^e   Breymann, C ^f   Goffinet, F ^g   Nizard, J ^h   Christory, F ⁱ   Samama, C M ^j   Hardy, J F ^k  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÁLAGA   (Spain)

^b WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^c GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^e UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BONN   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^g ASSISTANCE PUBLIQUE HÔPITAUX DE PARIS   (France)

^h PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

ⁱ Haemostasis and Thrombosis (NATA)   (France)

^j CENTRE HOSPITALIER DE L UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^k UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIANEMIC AGENT; IRON;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MATERNAL DISEASE; OBSTETRICS; PATIENT CARE; PERINATAL CARE; POSTPARTUM ANAEMIA; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; PUERPERIUM; ADULT; BLOOD; BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY; CONSENSUS; GYNECOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION;

ADULT; ANEMIA; BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION; CONSENSUS; FEMALE; GYNECOLOGY; HUMANS; OBSTETRICS; POSTPARTUM PERIOD; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, HEMATOLOGIC;

EID: 85041948582     PISSN: 09587578     EISSN: 13653148     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/tme.12443     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Abhilashini, G.D., Sagili, H., Reddi, R. (2014) Intravenous iron sucrose and oral iron for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8, OC04–OC07.
2. ACOG (2008) American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists practice Bulletin no. 95: anemia in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112, 201–207.
3. Al, R.A., Unlubilgin, E., Kandemir, O., Yalvac, S., Cakir, L., Haberal, A. (2005) Intravenous versus oral iron for treatment of anemia in pregnancy: a randomized trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106, 1335–1340.
4. Allard, S. (2015) Anaemia in pregnancy-a renewed focus needed. BJOG, 122, 169.
5. Allary, J., Soubirou, J.F., Michel, J. et al. (2013) An individual scoring system for the prediction of postpartum anaemia. Annales Françaises d'Anesthèsie et de Rèanimation, 32, e1–e7.
6. Auerbach, M., Adamson, J., Bircher A. et al. (2015) On the safety of intravenous iron, evidence trumps conjecture. Haematologica, 100, e214–e215.
7. Barroso, F., Allard, S., Kahan, B.C., Connolly, C., Smethurst, H., Choo, L., Khan, K., Stanworth, S. (2011) Prevalence of maternal anaemia and its predictors: a multi-centre study. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 159, 99–105.
8. Bayoumeu, F., Subiran-Buisset, C., Baka, N.E., Legagneur, H., Monnier-Barbarino, P., Laxenaire, M.C. (2002) Iron therapy in iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: intravenous route versus oral route. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 186, 518–522.
9. Bergmann, R.L., Richter, R., Bergmann, K.E., Dudenhausen, J.W. (2010) Prevalence and risk factors for early postpartum anemia. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 150, 126–131.
10. Bhandal, N. & Russell, R. (2006) Intravenous versus oral iron therapy for postpartum anaemia. BJOG, 113, 1248–1252.
11. Bohlmann, M.K. & Rath, W. (2014) Medical prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a comparison of different guidelines. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 289, 555–567.
12. Bothwell, T.H. (2000) Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 257S–264S.
13. Breymann, C., Major, A., Richter, C., Huch, R., Huch, A. (1995) Recombinant human erythropoietin and parenteral iron in the treatment of pregnancy anemia: a pilot study. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 23, 89–98.
14. Breymann, C., Zimmermann, R., Huch, R., Huch, A. (1996) Use of recombinant human erythropoietin in combination with parenteral iron in the treatment of postpartum anaemia. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 26, 123–130.
15. Breymann, C., Richter, C., Huch, R., Huch, A. (2000) Effectiveness of recombinant erythropoietin and iron sucrose vs. iron therapy only, in patients with postpartum anaemia and blunted erythropoiesis. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 30, 154–161.
16. Breymann, C., Visca, E., Huch, R., Huch, A. (2001) Efficacy and safety of intravenously administered iron sucrose with and without adjuvant recombinant human erythropoietin for the treatment of resistant iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 184, 662–667.
17. Breymann, C., von, Seefried, B., Stahel, M., Geisser, P., Canclini, C. (2007) Milk iron content in breast-feeding mothers after administration of intravenous iron sucrose complex. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 35, 115–118.
18. Breymann, C., Gliga, F., Bejenariu, C., Strizhova, N. (2008) Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of postpartum iron deficiency anemia. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 101, 67–73.
19. Breymann, C., Bian, X.M., Blanco-Capito, L.R., Chong, C., Mahmud, G., Rehman, R. (2011) Expert recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy and the postpartum period in the Asia-Pacific region. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 39, 113–121.
20. Breymann, C., Milman, N., Mezzacasa, A., Bernard, R., Dudenhausen, J.; FER-ASAP investigators. (2017) Ferric carboxymaltose vs. oral iron in the treatment of pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia: an international, open-label, randomized controlled trial (FER-ASAP). Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 45, 443–453.
21. van den, Broek, N.R., Letsky, E.A. et al. (1998) Iron status in pregnant women: which measurements are valid? British Journal of Haematology, 103, 817–824.
22. Carles, G., Tobal, N., Raynal, P., Herault, S., Beucher, G., Marret, H., Arbeille, P. (2003) Doppler assessment of the fetal cerebral hemodynamic response to moderate or severe maternal anemia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188, 794–799.
23. Christoph, P., Schuller, C., Studer, H., Irion, O., de Tejada, B.M., Surbek, D. (2012) Intravenous iron treatment in pregnancy: comparison of high-dose ferric carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 40, 469–474.
24. Daniilidis, A., Giannoulis, C., Pantelis, A., Tantanasis, T., Dinas, K. (2011) Total infusion of low molecular weight iron-dextran for treating postpartum anemia. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, 38, 159–161.
25. De Leeuw, N.K., Lowenstein, L., Hsieh, Y.S. (1966) Iron deficiency and hydremia in normal pregnancy. Medicine (Baltimore), 45, 291–315.
26. Duarte, R., Núñez, M.J., Marsac, A., Molina, A., Martín, E., Pavía J, Muñoz, M. (2014) Postoperative anaemia after obstetric and gynaecologic surgery: an audit for implementation of a patient blood management program. Transfusion Medicine, 24, 39 (abstract).
27. EMA (2013) New Recommendations to Manage Risk of Allergic Reactions with Intravenous Iron-Containing Medicines. European Medicines Agency, London, UK.
28. Filippi, V., Chou, D., Ronsmans, C., Graham, W., Say, L. (2016) Levels and causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. In: Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities (3rd edn) (eds Black, R.E., Laxminarayan, L., Walker, N. & Temmerman, M.), 2. World Bank, Washington, DC.
29. Froessler, B., Cocchiaro, C., Saadat-Gilani, K., Hodyl, N., Dekker, G. (2013) Intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron ferrous sulfate for antenatal and postpartum iron deficiency anemia: a randomized trial. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 26, 654–659.
30. Giannoulis, C., Daniilidis, A., Tantanasis, T., Dinas, K., Tzafettas, J. (2009) Intravenous administration of iron sucrose for treating anemia in postpartum women. Hippokratia, 13, 38–40.
31. Gombotz, H. (2012) Patient blood management: a patient-orientated approach to blood replacement with the goal of reducing anemia, blood loss and the need for blood transfusion in elective surgery. Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy, 39, 67–72.
32. Gombotz, H., Rehak, P.H., Shander, A., Hofmann, A. (2014) The second Austrian benchmark study for blood use in elective surgery: results and practice change. Transfusion, 54, 2646–2657.
33. Goodnough, L.T. & Shander, A. (2012) Patient blood management. Anesthesiology, 116, 1367–1376.
34. Gupta, P.K., Sundaram, A., Mactaggart, J.N. et al. (2013) Preoperative anemia is an independent predictor of postoperative mortality and adverse cardiac events in elderly patients undergoing elective vascular operations. Annals of Surgery, 258, 1096–1102.
35. Gupta, A., Manaktala, U., Rathore, A.M. (2014) A randomised controlled trial to compare intravenous iron sucrose and oral iron in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 30, 120–125.
36. Guyatt, G.H., Cook, D.J., Jaeschke, R., Pauker, S.G., Schünemann, H.J. (2008) Grades of recommendation for antithrombotic agents: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest, 133, 123S–131S.
37. Haider, B.A., Olofin, I., Wang, M., Spiegelman, D., Ezzati, M., Fawzi, W.W.; Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (Anaemia). (2013) Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 346, f3443.
38. Hallberg, L., Bengtsson, C., Lapidus, L., Lindstedt, G., Lundberg, P.A., Hultén, L. (1993) Screening for iron deficiency: an analysis based on bone-marrow examinations and serum ferritin determinations in a population sample of women. British Journal of Haematology, 85, 787–798.
39. Hofmann, A., Friedman, D. & Farmer, S.L. (2007) Western Australian Patient Blood Management Project 2008–2012: Analysis, Strategy, Implementation and Financial Projections. Western Australia Department of Health, Perth, WA, Australia.
40. Holm, C., Thomsen, L.L., Norgaard, A., Langhoff-Roos, J. (2017) Single-dose intravenous iron infusion or oral iron for treatment of fatigue after postpartum haemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Vox Sanguinis, 112, 219–228.
41. Huch, A., Eichhorn, K.H., Danko, J., Lauener, P.A., Huch, R. (1992) Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of postpartum anemia. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 80, 127–131.
42. INACG (1977) Guidelines for the use of Iron Supplements to Prevent and Treat Iron Deficiency Anemia. A Report of the International Nutritional Anaemia Consultative Group. The Nutrition Foundation, Washington, DC.
43. Isbister, J.P. (2013) The three-pillar matrix of patient blood management – an overview. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology, 27, 69–84.
44. Jain, G., Palaria, U., Jha, S.K. (2013) Intravenous iron in postpartum anemia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 63, 45–48.
45. Kassebaum, N.J., Jasrasaria, R., Naghavi, M. et al. (2014) A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood, 123, 615–624.
46. Khalafallah, A.A., Dennis. A.E., Bates, J. et al. (2010) A prospective randomized, controlled trial of intravenous versus oral iron for moderate iron deficiency anaemia of pregnancy. Journal of Internal Medicine, 268, 286–295.
47. Khalafallah, A.A., Dennis, A.E., Ogden, K. et al. (2012) Three-year follow-up of a randomised clinical trial of intravenous versus oral iron for anaemia in pregnancy. BMJ Open, 2, e000998.
48. Knight, M., Kenyon, S., Brocklehurst, P., Neilson, J., Shakespeare, J., Kurinczuk, J.J. (eds). (2014) Saving Lives, Improving Mothers' Care – Lessons Learned to Inform Future Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
49. Kochhar, P.K., Kaundal, A., Ghosh, P. (2013) Intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 39, 504–510.
50. Koshy, M., Burd, L., Wallace, D., Moawad, A., Baron, J. (1988) Prophylactic red-cell transfusions in pregnant patients with sickle cell disease. A randomized cooperative study. The New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 1447–1452.
51. Krafft, A. & Breymann, C. (2011) Iron sucrose with and without recombinant erythropoietin for the treatment of severe postpartum anemia: a prospective, randomized, open-label study. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 37, 119–124.
52. Krafft, A., Huch, R. & Breymann, C. (2003) Impact of parturition on iron status in nonanaemic iron deficiency. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 33, 919–923.
53. Krafft, A., Bencaiova, G. & Breymann, C. (2009) Selective use of recombinant human erythropoietin in pregnant patients with severe anemia or nonresponsive to iron sucrose alone. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, 25, 239–245.
54. Lalonde, A. & International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2012) Prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 117, 108–118.
55. Lebrecht, A., Häberlin, F. & Eberhard, J. (1995) Anemia in puerperium; parenteral iron substitution renders erythropoietin therapy dispensable. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 55, 167–170.
56. Lumbiganon, P., Laopaiboon, M., Intarut, N., Vogel, J.P., Souza, J.P., Gülmezoglu, A.M., Mori, R.; WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network. (2014) Indirect causes of severe adverse maternal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the WHO Multicountry Survey on maternal and newborn health. BJOG, 121 (Suppl 1), 32–39.
57. Makrydimas, G., Lolis, D., Lialios, G., Tsiara, S., Georgiou, I., Bourantas, K.L. (1998) Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment of postpartum anemia. Preliminary results. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 81, 27–31.
58. Markova, V., Norgaard, A., Jørgensen, K.J., Langhoff-Roos, J. (2015) Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, CD010861.
59. Meier, J., Filipescu, D., Kozek-Langenecker, S., Llau-Pitarch, J., Mallett, S., Martus, P., Matot, I.; ETPOS collaborators. (2016) Intraoperative transfusion practices in Europe. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 116, 255–261.
60. Milman, N. (2006) Iron prophylaxis in pregnancy--general or individual and in which dose? Annals of Hematology, 85, 821–828.
61. Milman, N. (2008) Prepartum anaemia: prevention and treatment. Annals of Hematology, 87, 949–959.
62. Milman, N. (2011) Postpartum anemia I: definition, prevalence, causes, and consequences. Annals of Hematology, 90, 1247–1253.
63. Milman, N. (2012) Postpartum anemia II: prevention and treatment. Annals of Hematology, 91, 143–154.
64. Milman, N., Agger, A.O., Nielsen, O.J. (1991) Iron supplementation during pregnancy. Effect on iron status markers, serum erythropoietin and human placental lactogen. A placebo controlled study in 207 Danish women. Danish Medical Bulletin, 38, 471–476.
65. Milman, N., Byg, K.E., Agger AO. (2000) Hemoglobin and erythrocyte indices during normal pregnancy and postpartum in 206 women with and without iron supplementation. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 79, 89–98.
66. Milman, N., Bergholt, T., Eriksen, L., Byg, K.E., Graudal, N., Pedersen, P., Hertz, J. (2005) Iron prophylaxis during pregnancy – how much iron is needed? A randomized dose-response study of 20-80 mg ferrous iron daily in pregnant women. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 84, 238–247.
67. Milman, N., Bergholt, T., Byg, K.E., Eriksen, L., Hvas, A.M. (2007) Reference intervals for haematological variables during normal pregnancy and postpartum in 434 healthy Danish women. European Journal of Haematology, 79, 39–46.
68. al-Momen, A.K., al-Meshari, A., al-Nuaim, L., Saddique, A., Abotalib, Z., Khashogji, T., Abbas, M. (1996) Intravenous iron sucrose complex in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 69, 121–124.
69. Moretti, D., Goede, J.S., Zeder, C. et al. (2015) Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood, 126, 1981–1989.
70. Muñoz, M., García-Erce, J.A. & Remacha, A.F. (2011) Disorders of iron metabolism. Part II: iron deficiency and iron overload. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 64, 287–296.
71. Muñoz, M., Gómez-Ramírez, S., Kozek-Langeneker, S. et al. (2015) ‘Fit to fly’: overcoming barriers to preoperative haemoglobin optimization in surgical patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 115, 15–24.
72. Murray-Kolb, L.E. & Beard, J.L. (2009) Iron deficiency and child and maternal health. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 946S–950S.
73. Myers, B., Myers, O. & Moore, J. (2012) Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject) and iron(III) hydroxide dextran (Cosmofer) in pregnancy. Obstetric Medicine, 5, 105–107.
74. Neeru, S., Nair, N.S., Rai, L. (2012) Iron sucrose versus oral iron therapy in pregnancy anemia. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 37, 214–218.
75. New, S. & Wirth, M. (2015) Anaemia, pregnancy, and maternal mortality: the problem with globally standardised haemoglobin cutoffs. BJOG, 122, 166–169.
76. NICE (2008) Antenatal Care for Uncomplicated Pregnancies. NICE Guidelines [CG62]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.
77. Palo, R., Ahonen, J., Salo, H., Salmenperä, M., Krusius, T., Mäki, T. (2007) Transfusion of red blood cells: no impact on length of hospital stay in moderately anaemic parturients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 51, 565–569.
78. Parker, J.A., Barroso, F., Stanworth, S.J., Spiby, H., Hopewell, S., Doree, C.J., Renfrew, M.J., Allard, S. (2012) Gaps in the evidence for prevention and treatment of maternal anaemia: a review of systematic reviews. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12, 56.
79. Patel, A., Goudar, S.S., Geller, S.E. et al. (2006) Drape estimation vs. visual assessment for estimating postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 93, 220–224.
80. Pavord, S., Myers, B., Robinson, S., Allard, S., Strong, J., Oppenheimer, C.; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. (2012) UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. British Journal of Haematology, 156, 588–600.
81. Peña-Rosas, J.P., De-Regil, L.M., Garcia-Casal, M.N., Dowswell, T. (2015a) Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, CD004736.
82. Peña-Rosas, J.P., De-Regil, L.M., Gomez Malave, H., Flores-Urrutia, M.C., Dowswell, T. (2015b) Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10, CD009997.
83. Perelló, M.F., Coloma, J.L., Masoller, N., Esteve, J., Palacio, M. (2014) Intravenous ferrous sucrose versus placebo in addition to oral iron therapy for the treatment of severe postpartum anaemia: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG, 121, 706–713.
84. Perez, E.M., Hendricks, M.K., Beard, J.L. et al. (2005) Mother-infant interactions and infant development are altered by maternal iron deficiency anemia. The Journal of Nutrition, 135, 850–855.
85. Pfenniger, A., Schuller, C., Christoph, P., Surbek, D. (2012) Safety and efficacy of high-dose intravenous iron carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose for treatment of postpartum anemia. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 40, 397–402.
86. Prendiville, W.J., Elbourne, D., McDonald, S. (2000) Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD000007.
87. Prick, B.W., Duvekot, J.J., van der Moer, P.E. et al. (2014a) Cost-effectiveness of red blood cell transfusion vs. non-intervention in women with acute anaemia after postpartum haemorrhage. Vox Sanguinis, 107, 381–388.
88. Prick, B., Jansen, A., Steegers, E.A. et al. (2014b) Transfusion policy after severe postpartum haemorrhage: a randomised non-inferiority trial. BJOG, 121, 1005–1014.
89. Prick, B.W., Schuit, E., Mignini, L., Jansen, A.J., van Rhenen, D.J., Steegers, E.A., Mol, B.W., Duvekot, J.J.; EBM Connect Collaboration. (2015) Prediction of escape red blood cell transfusion in expectantly managed women with acute anaemia after postpartum haemorrhage. BJOG, 122, 1789–1797.
90. Rajan, P.V. & Wing, D.A. (2010) Postpartum hemorrhage: evidence-based medical interventions for prevention and treatment. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 53, 165–181.
91. Rampton, D., Folkersen, J., Fishbane, S. et al. (2014) Hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron: guidance for risk minimization and management. Haematologica, 99, 1671–1676.
92. Ranucci, M., Di Dedda, U., Castelvecchio, S., Menicanti, L., Frigiola, A., Pelissero, G.; Surgical and Clinical Outcome Research (SCORE) Group. (2012) Impact of preoperative anemia on outcome in adult cardiac surgery: a propensity-matched analysis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 94, 1134–1141.
93. Rathod, S., Samal, S.K., Mahapatra, P.C., Samal, S. (2015) Ferric carboxymaltose: a revolution in the treatment of postpartum anemia in Indian women. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 5, 25–30.
94. RBMP (2015) Consensus Statement on Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy. Malaria in Pregnancy Working Group. Roll Back Malaria Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland.
95. RCOG (2009) Postpartum Haemorrhage, Prevention and Management (Green-top Guideline No. 52). Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, UK.
96. Sanghavi, M. & Rutherford, J.D. (2014) Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. Circulation, 130, 1003–1008.
97. Seid, M.H., Derman, R.J., Baker, J.B., Banach, W., Goldberg, C., Rogers, R. (2008) Ferric carboxymaltose injection in the treatment of postpartum iron deficiency anemia: a randomized controlled clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199, e431–e437.
98. Shafi, D., Purandare, S.V., Sathe, A.V. (2012) Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: intravenous versus oral route. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 62, 317–321.
99. Shander, A., Isbister, J., Gombotz, H. (2016) Patient blood management: the global view. Transfusion, 56 (Suppl 1), S94–102.
100. Sifakis, S. & Pharmakides, G. (2000) Anemia in pregnancy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 900, 125–136.
101. Singh, S. & Singh, P.K. (2013) A study to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron sucrose and intramuscular iron sorbitol therapy for anemia during pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 63, 18–21.
102. Singh, K., Fong, Y.F., Kuperan, P. et al. (1998) A comparison between intravenous iron polymaltose complex (Ferrum Hausmann) and oral ferrous fumarate in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. European Journal of Haematology, 60, 119–124.
103. Siu, A.L. (2015) Screening for iron deficiency anemia and iron supplementation in pregnant women to improve maternal health and birth outcomes: U.S. Preventive Services task force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 163, 529–536.
104. Stevens, G.A., Finucane, M.M., De-Regil, L.M., et al.; Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (Anaemia). (2013) Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health, 1, e16–e25.
105. Van der Linden, P. & Hardy, J.F. (2016) Implementation of patient blood management remains extremely variable in Europe and Canada: the NATA benchmark project. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 33, 913–921.
106. Van Wyck, D.B., Martens, M.G., Seid, M.H., Baker, J.B., Mangione, A. (2007) Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose compared with oral iron in the treatment of postpartum anemia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 110, 267–278.
107. Verma, S., Inamdar, S.A., Malhotra, N. (2011) Intravenous iron therapy versus oral iron in postpartum patients in rural area. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 3, 67–70.
108. Vogel, J.P., Souza, J.P., Mori, R. et al. (2014) Maternal complications and perinatal mortality: findings of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on maternal and newborn health. BJOG, 121 (Suppl 1), 76–88.
109. Wågström, E., Akesson, A., Van Rooijen, M., Larson, B., Bremme, K. (2007) Erythropoietin and intravenous iron therapy in postpartum anaemia. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 86, 957–962.
110. Wali, A., Mushtaq, A., Nilofer. (2002) Comparative study--efficacy, safety and compliance of intravenous iron sucrose and intramuscular iron sorbitol in iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 52, 392–395.
111. Weiss, G. & Goodnough, L.T. (2005) Anemia of chronic disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1011–1023.
112. Westad, S., Backe, B., Salvesen, K.A. et al. (2008) A 12-week randomised study comparing intravenous iron sucrose versus oral ferrous sulphate for treatment of postpartum anemia. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 87, 916–923.
113. White, J., Qureshi, H., Massey, E., Needs, M., Byrne, G., Daniels, G., Allard, S.; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. (2016) Guideline for blood grouping and red cell antibody testing in pregnancy. Transfusion Medicine, 26, 246–263.
114. WHO (2001a) The Clinical use of Blood in Obstetrics, Paediatrics, Surgery and Anaesthesia, Trauma and Burns. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
115. WHO (2001b) Developing a National Policy and Guidelines on the Clinical use of Blood. Recommendations. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
116. WHO (2001c) Iron Deficiency Anaemia Assessment, Prevention, and Control: A Guide for Programme Managers. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
117. WHO (2011) Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
118. WHO (2012) Guideline: Daily Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Women. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
119. WHO (2016) Guideline: Iron Supplementation in Postpartum Women. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
120. Wu, W.C., Schifftner, T.L., Henderson, W.G. et al. (2007) Preoperative hematocrit levels and postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA, 297, 2481–2488.