Iron prophylaxis in pregnancy - General or individual and in which dose?

Annals of Hematology

Volumn 85, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 821-828

  Milman, Nils ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Anemia; Ferritin; Fetus; Hemoglobins; Iron; Iron deficiency; Newborn; Pregnancy; Prophylaxis

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; FERRITIN; FERROUS ION; HEMOGLOBIN; IRON; PLACEBO;

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG INDICATION; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION; HETEROZYGOSITY; HOMOZYGOSITY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; IRON ABSORPTION; IRON BALANCE; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; LACTATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; LOW DRUG DOSE; MATERNAL NUTRITION; NEWBORN DISEASE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUERPERIUM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; BIRTH WEIGHT; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FEMALE; FETAL BLOOD; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; IRON; POSTPARTUM PERIOD; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 33750125260     PISSN: 09395555     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00277-006-0145-x     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Rao R, Georgieff MK (2002) Perinatal aspects of iron metabolism. Acta Paediatr Suppl 438:124-129
2. Nokes C, van den Bosch C, Bundy D (1998) The effects of iron deficiency and anaemia on mental and motor performance, educational achievement, and behavior in children. A report of the INACG. International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC
3. Lozoff B (2000) Perinatal iron deficiency and the developing brain. Pediatr Res 48:137-139
4. Moos T (2002) Brain iron homeostasis. Dan Med Bull 49:279-301
5. Georgieff MK, Berry SA, Wobken JK, Welle J, Burdo JR, Connor JR (2000) Identification and localization of divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1) in term human placenta. Placenta 21:799-804
6. Fletcher J, Suter PEN (1969) The transport of iron by the human placenta. Clin Sci 36:209-220
7. Brown PJ, Molloy CM, Johnson PM (1982) Transferrin receptor affinity and iron transport in the human placenta. Placenta 3:21-28
8. Bergamaschi G, Bergamaschi P, Carlevati S, Cazzola M (1990) Transferrin receptor expression in the human placenta. Haematologica 75:220-223
9. Milman N, Ibsen KK, Christensen JM (1987) Serum ferritin and iron status in mothers and newborn infants. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 66:205-211
10. Preziosi P, Prual A, Galan P, Daouda H, Boureima H, Hercberg S (1997) Effect of iron supplementation on the iron status of pregnant women: consequences for the newborn. Am J Clin Nutr 66:1178-1182
11. Allen LH (2000) Anemia and iron deficiency: Effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1280S-1284S
12. Milman N, Agger OA, Nielsen OJ (1991) Iron supplementation during pregnancy. Effect on iron status markers, serum erythropoietin and human placental lactogen. A placebo controlled study in 207 Danish women. Dan Med Bull 38:471-476
13. Romslo I, Haram K, Sagen N, Augensen K (1983) Iron requirement in normal pregnancy as assessed by serum ferritin, serum transferrin saturation, and erythrocyte protoporfyrin determination. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 90:101-107
14. Michaelsen KF, Milman N, Samuelson G (1995) A longitudinal study of iron status in healthy infants: Effects of early iron status, growth velocity and dietary factors. Acta Paediatr Scand 84:1035-1044
15. Georgieff MK, Wewerka SW, Nelson CA, de Regnier RA (2002) Iron status at 9 months of infants with low iron stores at birth. J Pediatr 141:405-409
16. Tyson JE (1992) Immediate care of the newborn infant. In: Sinclair JC, Bracken MB (eds) Effective care of the newborn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 21-39
17. Rasmussen KM, Stoltzfus RJ (2003) New evidence that iron supplementation during pregnancy improves birth weight: New scientific questions. Am J Clin Nutr 78:673-674
18. Ramakrishnan U (2004) Nutrition and low birth weight: From research to practice. Am J Clin Nutr 79:17-21
19. Christian P, Khatry SK, Katz J et al (2003) Effects of alternative maternal micronutrient supplements on low birth weight in rural Nepal: double blind randomised community trial. BMJ 326:571-574
20. Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Fisher RL, Shearer JW (1992) Anemia vs iron deficiency: Increased risk of preterm delivery in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 55:985-988
21. Scholl TO, Hediger KL, Bendich A, Schall JI, Smith WK, Krueger PM (1997) Use of multivitamin/mineral prenatal supplements: Influence on the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 146:134-141
22. Cogswell ME, Parvanta I, Ickes L, Yip R, Brittenham GM (2003) Iron supplementation during pregnancy, anemia, and birth weight: A randomised controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 78:773-781
23. Scholl TO, Reilly T (2000) Anemia, iron and pregnancy outcome. J Nutr 130:443S-447S
24. Rasmussen KM (2001) Is there a causal relationship between iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia and weight at birth, length of gestation and perinatal mortality. J Nutr 131:590S-603S
25. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation (1988) Requirements of vitamin A, iron, folate and vitamin B12. FAO Food and Nutrition, series no. 23, pp 33-50
26. Department of Health (1991) Report on health and social subjects. Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. HSMO report no. 41, pp 161-166
27. Commision of the European Communities (1993) Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food. Directorate-General Industry 31st series, pp 180-181
28. Nordic Council of Ministers (2004) Nordic nutrition recommendations 2004. Copenhagen
29. Svanberg B (1975) Absorption of iron in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 48:7-27
30. Milman N, Byg K-E, Graudal N, Agger AO (2000) Reference values for hemoglobin and erythrocyte indices during normal pregnancy in 206 women with and without iron supplementation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 78:89-98
31. Fleming AF, Martin JD, Hahnel R, Westlake AJ (1974) Effects of iron and folic acid antenatal supplements on maternal haematology and fetal wellbeing. Med J Austr 2:429-436
32. Puolakka J, Jänne O, Pakarinen A, Järvinen PA, Vihko R (1980) Serum ferritin as a measure of iron stores during and after normal pregnancy with and without iron supplements. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 95:43-51
33. Foulkes J, Goldie DJ (1982) The use of ferritin to assess the need for iron supplements in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 3:11-16
34. Taylor DJ, Mallen C, McDougall N, Lind T (1982) Effect of iron supplementation on serum ferritin levels during and after pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 89:1011-1017
35. Galan P, Wainer R, De Benaze C, Hercberg S (1990) Prevention de l'anemie ferriprive au cours de la grossesse: Effet de la supplementation precoce en fer. In: Hercberg S, Galan P, Dupin H (eds) Recent knowledge on iron and folate deficiencies in the world. INSERM, Paris, pp 615-621
36. Thomsen JK, Prien-Larsen JC, Devantier A, Fogh-Andersen N (1993) Low dose iron supplementation does not cover the need for iron during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 72:93-98
37. Eskeland E, Malterud K, Ulvik RJ, Hunskaar S (1997) Iron supplementation in pregnancy: Is less enough? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76:822-828
38. Makrides M, Crowther CA, Gibson RA, Gibson RS, Skeaff CM (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of low-dose iron supplements during pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 78:145-153
39. Mahomed K (2004) Iron supplementation in pregnancy (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 1. Wiley, Chichester, UK
40. Sjöstedt JE, Manner P, Nummi S, Ekenved G (1977) Oral iron prophylaxis during pregnancy: A comparative study of different dosage regimens. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 60:3-9
41. Milman N, Clausen J, Byg K-E (1998) Iron status in 268 Danish women aged 18-30 years. Influence of menstruation, method of contraception, and iron supplementation. Ann Hematol 76:13-19
42. Milman N, Byg K-E, Ovesen L (2000) Iron status in Danes updated 1994. II: Prevalence of iron deficiency and iron overload in 1319 Danish women aged 40-70 years. Influence of blood donation, alcohol intake, and iron supplementation. Ann Hematol 79:612-621
43. Milman N, Bergholt T, Eriksen L, Byg K-E, Graudal N, Pedersen P, Hertz J (2005) Iron prophylaxis during pregnancy - how much iron is needed? A randomised, controlled study of 20 to 80 mg ferrous iron daily to pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84:238-427
44. Skikne B, Baynes RD (2005) Iron absorption. In: Brock JH, Halliday JW, Pippard MJ, Powell LW (eds) Iron metabolism in health and disease. Saunders, London, pp 151-187
45. Brise H (1962) Influence of meals on iron absorption in oral iron therapy. Acta Med Scand 376(Suppl 171):39-45
46. Wright RO, Shannon MW, Wright RJ, Hu H (2000) Association between iron deficiency and low-level lead poisoning in an urban primary care clinic. Am J Public Health 89:1049-1053
47. Akesson A, Berglund M, Schutz A, Bjellerup P, Bremme K, Vahter M (2002) Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status. Am J Public Health 92:284-287
48. Meadows NJ, Graigner SL, Ruse W, Keeling PWN, Thompson RPH (1983) Oral iron and the bioavailability of zinc. Br Med J 287:1013-1014
49. O'Brien KO, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Wen J, Abrams SA (2000) Prenatal iron supplements impair zinc absorption in pregnant Peruvian women. J Nutr 130:2251-2255
50. Rossander-Hultén L, Brune M, Sandström B, Lönnerdal B, Hallberg L (1991) Competitive inhibition of iron absorption by manganese and zinc in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 54:152-156
51. Solomons NW (1988) Physiological interactions of minerals. In: Bodwell CE, Erdman JW (eds) Nutrient interactions. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 115-148
52. O'Brien KO, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Yang D-X, Abrams SA (1999) Influence of prenatal iron and zinc supplements on supplemental iron absorption, red blood cell iron incorporation, and iron status in pregnant Peruvian women. Am J Clin Nutr 69:509-515
53. Casanueva E, Viteri FE (2003) Iron and oxidative stress in pregnancy. J Nutr 133:1700S-1708S
54. Lund EK, Wharf SG, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Johnson IT (1999) Oral ferrous sulfate supplements increase the free radical-generating capacity of feces from healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 69:250-255
55. Kerr DNS, Davidson S (1958) The prophylaxis of iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Lancet 2:483-488
56. Sölvell L (1970) Oral iron therapy. Side effects. In: Hallberg L, Harwerth H-G, Vannotti A (eds) Iron deficiency. Pathogenesis, clinical aspects, therapy. Academic, London, pp 573-583
57. Kerr DNS, Davidson S (1958) Gastrointestinal intolerance to oral iron preparations. Lancet 2:489-492
58. Milman N, Byg K-E, Bergholt T, Eriksen L (2006) Side effects of oral iron prophylaxis in pregnancy - myth or reality? Acta Haematol 115:53-57
59. Milman N (2006) Iron and pregnancy - a delicate balance. Ann Hematol (in press). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB= pubmed
60. Anonymous (1978) Do all pregnant women need iron? Br Med J 2:1317
61. Goodlin RC (1982) Why treat "physiologic " anaemias of pregnancy? J Reprod Med 27:639-646
62. Hibbard BM (1988) Iron and folate supplements during pregnancy: supplementation is valuable only in selected patients. Br Med J 297:639-646
63. Barrett FR, Whittaker PG, Williams JG, Lind T (1994) Absorption of non-haem iron from food during normal pregnancy. Br Med J 309:79-82
64. Hemminki E, Rimpelä U (1991) A randomized comparison of routine versus selective iron supplementation during pregnancy. J Am Coll Nutr 10:3-10
65. Zoller H, Cox TM (2005) Hemochromatosis: Genetic testing and clinical practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:945-958
66. Milman N, Pedersen P (2003) Evidence that the Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene originated from a population in Southern Scandinavia and spread with the Vikings. Clin Genet 64:36-47
67. Milman N, Pedersen P, Ovesen L, Melsen GV, Fenger K (2004) Frequency of the C282Y and H63D mutations of the haemochromatosis gene (HFE) in 2501 ethnic Danes. Ann Hematol 83:654-657
68. Milman N, Graudal N, Galløe A, Agger AO (1996) Serum ferritin and selective iron prophylaxis in pregnancy? J Intern Med 240:47-50
69. Milman N, Byg K-E, Bergholt T, Eriksen L, Hvas A-M (2006) Body iron and individual iron prophylaxis in pregnancy - should the iron dose be adjusted according to serum ferritin? Ann Hematol. DOI 10.1007/ s00277-006-0141-1
70. Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C (2001) A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr 131:649S-668S