Needle and syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: findings from a Cochrane Review and meta-analysis

Addiction

Volumn 113, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 545-563

  Platt, Lucy ^a   Minozzi, Silvia ^b   Reed, Jennifer ^c   Vickerman, Peter ^d   Hagan, Holly ^c   French, Clare ^d   Jordan, Ashly ^c   Degenhardt, Louisa ^e   Hope, Vivian ^f   Hutchinson, Sharon ^g   Maher, Lisa ^h   Palmateer, Norah ^g   Taylor, Avril ⁱ   Bruneau, Julie ^j   Hickman, Matthew ^d  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Italy)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^f LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^g GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^h UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND   (United Kingdom)

^j UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

Cochrane; harm reduction; hepatitis C; incidence; meta analysis; needle and syringe programmes; opioid substitution therapy; review; substance use

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALIA; CHINA; COMORBIDITY; EUROPE; FACTUAL DATABASE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; META ANALYSIS; NORTH AMERICA; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED KINGDOM;

AUSTRALIA; CHINA; COMORBIDITY; DATABASES, FACTUAL; EUROPE; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; NEEDLE-EXCHANGE PROGRAMS; NORTH AMERICA; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 85041800902     PISSN: 09652140     EISSN: 13600443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/add.14012     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Gower E., Estes C., Blach S., Razavi-Shearer K., Razavi H. Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2014; 61: S45–S57.
2. Mohd Hanafiah K., Groeger J., Flaxman A. D., Wiersma S. T. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. Hepatol (Balt) 2013; 57: 1333–1342.
3. Perz J. F., Armstrong G. L., Farrington L. A., Hutin Y. J., Bell B. P. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 529–538.
4. Degenhardt L., Charlson F., Stanaway J., Larney S., Alexander L. T., Hickman M. et al. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: findings from the global burden of disease study. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 16: 1385–1398.
5. Pouget E. R., Hagan H., Des Jarlais D. C. Meta-analysis of hepatitis C seroconversion in relation to shared syringes and drug preparation equipment. Addiction 2012; 107: 1057–1065.
6. Strathdee S. A., Hallett T. B., Bobrova N., Rhodes T., Booth R., Abdool R. et al. HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future. Lancet 2010; 376: 268–284.
7. Kaplan E. H., Heimer R. A model-based estimate of HIV infectivity via needle sharing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 5: 1116–1118.
8. Tilson H., Aramrattana A., Bozzette S. A. Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries: an Assessment of the Evidence. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2007.
9. Gibson D. R., Flynn N. M., McCarthy J. J. Effectiveness of methadone treatment in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users. AIDS 1999; 13: 1807–1818.
10. Jones L., Pickering L., Sumnall H., McVeigh J., Bellis M. A. A Review of the Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Needle and Syringe Programmes for Injecting Drug Users. Liverpool: Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University; 2008.
11. Palmateer N., Kimber J., Hickman M., Hutchinson S., Rhodes T., Goldberg D. Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews. Addiction 2010; 105: 844–859.
12. Van Den Berg C., Smit C., Van Brussel G., Coutinho R., Prins M. Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam cohort studies among drug users. Addiction 2007; 102: 1454–1462.
13. Gibson D. R., Flynn N. M., Perales D. Effectiveness of syringe exchange programs in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users. AIDS 2001; 15: 1329–1341.
14. Gowing L., Farrell M. F., Bornemann R., Sullivan L. E., Ali R. Oral substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; Issue 8. Art. No.: CD004145. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004145.pub4.
15. MacArthur G. J., van Velzen E., Palmateer N., Kimber J., Pharris A., Hope V. et al. Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness. Int J Drug Policy 2014; 25: 34–52.
16. Aspinall E. J., Nambiar D., Goldberg D. J., Hickman M., Weir A., Van Velzen E. et al. Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43: 235–248.
17. MacArthur G. J., Minozzi S., Martin N., Vickerman P., Deren S., Bruneau J. et al. Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 345: e5945.
18. Wodak A., Cooney A. Effectiveness of Sterile Needle and Syringe Programming in Reducing HIV/AIDS Among Injecting Drug Users. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
19. Hagan H., Pouget E. R., Des Jarlais D. C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to prevent hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs. J Infect Dis 2011; 204: 74–83.
20. Turner K. M., Hutchinson S., Vickerman P., Hope V., Craine N., Palmateer N. et al. The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction 2011; 106: 1978–1988.
21. Platt L., Minozzi S., Reed J., Vickerman P., Hagan H., French C. et al. Effectiveness of needle/syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy in preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; https://doi.org.10.1002/14651858.CD012021.
22. Sterne J. A., Hernán M. A., Reeves B. C., Savović J., Berkman N. D., Viswanathan M. et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ 2016; 355: i4919.
23. Atkins D., Best D., Briss P. A., Eccles M., Falck-Ytter Y., Florrorp S. et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004; 328: 1490.
24. Craine N., Hickman M., Parry J. V., Smith J., Walker A. M., Russell D. et al. Incidence of hepatitis C in drug injectors: the role of homelessness, opiate substitution treatment, equipment sharing, and community size. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137: 1255–1265.
25. Crofts N., Nigro L., Oman K., Stevenson E., Sherman J. Methadone maintenance and hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users. Addiction 1997; 92: 999–1005.
26. Hagan H., Des Jarlais D. C., Friedman S. R., Purchase D., Alter M. J. Reduced risk of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among injection drug users in the Tacoma syringe exchange program. Am J Public Health 1995; 85: 1531–1537.
27. Hagan H., McGough J. P., Thiede H., Weiss N. S., Hopkins S., Alexander E. R. Syringe exchange and risk of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 203–213.
28. Holtzman D., Barry V., Ouellet L. J., Des Jarlais D. C., Vlahov D., Golub E. T. et al. The influence of needle exchange programs on injection risk behaviors and infection with hepatitis C virus among young injection drug users in select cities in the United States, 1994–2004. Prev Med 2009; 49: 68–73.
29. Hope V. D., Hickman M., Ngui S. L., Jones S., Telfer M., Bizzarri M. et al. Measuring the incidence, prevalence and genetic relatedness of hepatitis C infections among a community recruited sample of injecting drug users, using dried blood spots. J Viral Hepatitis 2011; 18: 262–270.
30. Lucidarme D., Bruandet A., Ilef D., Harbonnier J., Jacob C., Decoster A. et al. Incidence and risk factors of HCV and HIV infections in a cohort of intravenous drug users in the north and east of France. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132: 699–708.
31. Nolan S., Dias Lima V., Fairbairn N., Kerr T., Montaner J., Grebely J. et al. The impact of methadone maintenance therapy on hepatitis C incidence among illicit drug users. Addiction 2014; 109: 2053–2059.
32. Palmateer N. E., Taylor A., Goldberg D. J., Munro A., Aitken C., Shepherd S. J. et al. Rapid decline in HCV incidence among people who inject drugs associated with national scale-up in coverage of a combination of harm reduction interventions. PLOS ONE 2014; 9; e104515.
33. Patrick D. M., Tyndall M. W., Cornelisse P. G. A., Li K., Sherlock C. H., Rekart M. L. et al. Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users during an outbreak of HIV infection. Can Med Assoc J 2001; 165: 889–895.
34. Rezza G., Sagliocca L., Zaccarelli M., Nespoli M., Siconolfi M., Baldassarre C. Incidence rate and risk factors for HCV seroconversion among injecting drug users in an area with low HIV seroprevalence. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28: 27–29.
35. Roy E., Alary M., Morissette C., Leclerc P., Boudreau J.-F., Parent R. et al. High hepatitis C virus prevalence and incidence among Canadian intravenous drug users. Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18: 23–27.
36. Ruan Y., Qin G., Yin L., Chen K., Qian H.-Z., Hao C. et al. Incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses among injection drug users in southwestern China: a 3-year follow-up study. AIDS 2007; 21: S39–S46.
37. Spittal P. M., Pearce M. E., Chavoshi N., Christian W. M., Moniruzzaman A., Teegee M. et al. The Cedar Project: high incidence of HCV infections in a longitudinal study of young aboriginal people who use drugs in two Canadian cities. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 632.
38. Thiede H., Hagan H., Murrill C. S. Methadone treatment and HIV and hepatitis B and C risk reduction among injectors in the Seattle area. J Urban Health 2000; 77: 331–345.
39. Thorpe L. E., Ouellet L. J., Hershow R., Bailey S. L., Williams I. T., Williamson J. et al. Risk of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users who share injection equipment. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 645–653.
40. Tsui J. I., Evans J. L., Lum P. J., Hahn J. A., Page K. Association of opioid agonist therapy with lower incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174: 1974–1981.
41. Vallejo F., Barrio G., Brugal M. T., Pulido J., Toro C., Sordo L. et al. High hepatitis C virus prevalence and incidence in a community cohort of young heroin injectors in a context of extensive harm reduction programmes. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69: 599–603.
42. van Beek I., Dwyer R., Dore G. J., Luo K., Kaldor J. M. Infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus among injecting drug users in a prevention setting: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 1998; 317: 433–437.
43. White B., Dore G. J., Lloyd A. R., Rawlinson W. D., Maher L. Opioid substitution therapy protects against hepatitis C virus acquisition in people who inject drugs: the HITS-c study. Med J Aust 2014; 201: 326–329.
44. Page K., Hahn J. A., Evans J., Shiboski S., Lum P., Delwart E. et al. Acute hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users: a prospective study of incident infection, resolution, and reinfection. J Infect Dis 2009; 200: 1216–1226.
45. Roy E., Boudreau J.-F., Boivin J.-F. Hepatitis C virus incidence among young street-involved IDUs in relation to injection experience. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102: 158–161.
46. Sendi P., Hoffmann M., Bucher H. C., Erb P., Haller P., Gyr N. et al. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 69: 183–188.
47. Shannon K., Kerr T., Marshall B., Li K., Zhang R., Strathdee S. A., et al. Survival sex work involvement as a primary risk factor for hepatitis C virus acquisition in drug-using youths in a Canadian setting. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010; 164: 61–65.
48. Solomon S. S., Celentano D. D., Srikrishnan A. K., Vasudevan C. K., Murugavel K. G., Iqbal S. H. et al. Low incidences of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infection and declining risk behaviors in a cohort of injection drug users in Chennai, India. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172: 1259–1267.
49. Stein M. D., Herman D. S., Anderson B. J. A trial to reduce hepatitis C seroincidence in drug users. J Addict Dis 2009; 28: 389–398.
50. Stephens B. P., Tait J., Evans M., Dillon J. F. The natural history of the acquisition of HCV in chaotic PWID. Hepatol (Balt) 2013; 58: 1103A.
51. Tsirogianni E., Kokkonis G., Tziokgas K., Tsekoura P., Stafilidou M., Sotiriadou K. et al. Incidence of new HCV infection or reinfection after successful anti-HCV therapy among people who inject drugs attending a substitution treatment programme in northern Greece. Suchtmed Forsch Prax 2013; 15: 260.
52. Villano S. A., Vlahov D., Nelson K. E., Lyles C. M., Cohn S., Thomas D. L. Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 3274–3277.
53. Widell A., Alanko M., Flamholc L., Jacobssen H., Molnegren V., Bjorkman P. Continued heavy transmission of HCV in a needle exchange program that is associated with minimal transmission of HIV. A nine year longitudinal cohort study. J Hepatol 2009; 50: S161.
54. Yang J., Oviedo-Joekes E., Christian K. W. M., Li K., Louie M., Schechter M. et al. The cedar project: methadone maintenance treatment among young aboriginal people who use opioids in two Canadian cities. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011; 30: 645–651.
55. Aitken C., Agius P. A., Higgs P. G., Stoove M. A., Bowden D. S., Dietze P. M. The effects of needle-sharing and opioid substitution therapy on incidence of hepatitis C virus infection and reinfection in people who inject drugs. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145: 796–801.
56. Palmateer N., Hutchinson S., McAllister G., Munro A., Cameron S., Goldberg D. et al. Risk of transmission associated with sharing drug injecting paraphernalia: analysis of recent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using cross-sectional survey data. J Viral Hepatitis 2014; 21: 25–32.
57. Strathdee S. A., Patrick D. M., Currie S. L., Cornelisse P. G., Rekart M. L., Montaner J. S. et al. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. AIDS 1997; 11: F59–F65.
58. Wiessing L., Likatavicius G., Klempova D., Hedrich D., Nardone A., Griffiths P. Associations between availability and coverage of HIV-prevention measures and subsequent incidence of diagnosed HIV infection among injection drug users. Am J Public Health 2009; 99: 1049–1052.
59. Des Jarlais D. C., Nugent A., Solberg A., Feelemyer J., Mermin J., Holtzman D. Syringe service programs for persons who inject drugs in urban, suburban, and rural areas—United States, 2013. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64: 1337–1341.
60. Wood E., Lloyd-Smith E., Li K., Strathdee S. A., Small W., Tyndall M. W. et al. Frequent needle exchange use and HIV incidence in Vancouver, Canada. Am J Med 2007; 120: 172–179.
61. Hagan H., McGough J. P., Thiede H., Hopkins S. G., Weiss N. S., Alexander E. R. Volunteer bias in nonrandomized evaluations of the efficacy of needle-exchange programs. J Urban Health 2000; 77: 103–112.
62. Barbui C. Do Cochrane systematic reviews meet WHO needs? Addiction 2015; 110: 899–900.
63. Davoli M., Amato L., Clark N., Farrell M., Hickman M., Hill S. et al. The role of Cochrane reviews in informing international guidelines: a case study of using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation system to develop World Health Organization guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence. Addiction 2015; 110: 891–898.
64. Lawlor D. A., Davey Smith G., Ebrahim S. Commentary: The hormone replacement–coronary heart disease conundrum: is this the death of observational epidemiology? Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33: 464–467.
65. Iversen J., Page K., Madden A., Maher L. HIV, HCV and health-related harms among women who inject drugs: implications for prevention and treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69: S176–S181.
66. Miller C. L., Wood E., Spittal P. M., Li K., Frankish J. C., Braitstein P. et al. The future face of coinfection: prevalence and incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection among young injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36: 743–749.
67. Tracy D., Hahn J. A., Fuller Lewis C., Evans J., Briceno A., Morris M. D. et al. Higher risk of incident hepatitis C virus among young women who inject drugs compared with young men in association with sexual relationships: a prospective analysis from the UFO study cohort. BMJ Open 2014; 4; e004988.
68. Sederer L. I., Sharfstein S. S. Fixing the troubled mental health system. JAMA 2014; 312: 1195–1196.
69. Vickerman P., Martin N., Turner K., Hickman M. Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings. Addiction 2012; 107: 1984–1995.
70. Vickerman P., Platt L., Jolley E., Rhodes T., Kazatchkine M. D., Latypov A. Controlling HIV among people who inject drugs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: insights from modeling. Int J Drug Policy 2014; 25: 1163–1173.
71. Mathers B. M., Degenhardt L., Ali H., Wiessing L., Hickman M., Mattick R. P. et al. Reference Group to the UN on HIV and Injecting Drug Use. HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet 2010; 375: 1014–1028.
72. Martin N. K., Vickerman P., Foster G. R., Hutchinson S. J., Goldberg D. J., Hickman M. Can antiviral therapy for hepatitis C reduce the prevalence of HCV among injecting drug user populations? A modeling analysis of its prevention utility. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 1137–1144.