A study of the probable transmission routes of MERS-CoV during the first hospital outbreak in the Republic of Korea

Indoor Air

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 51-63

  Xiao, S ^a   Li, Y ^a   Sung, M ^b   Wei, J ^a   Yang, Z ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b Sejong University   (South Korea)

^c GUANGZHOU MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

close contact; Fomite; long range airborne; Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; multi agent modeling; multi route transmission

Indexed keywords

DISEASES; MULTI AGENT SYSTEMS; RISK PERCEPTION; SOFTWARE AGENTS;

CLOSE CONTACT; CORONAVIRUSES; FOMITE; LONG-RANGE AIRBORNE; MIDDLE EAST; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; MULTI-AGENT MODEL; MULTI-ROUTE TRANSMISSION; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; TRANSMISSION ROUTE;

CORONAVIRUS;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; CORONAVIRUS INFECTION; EPIDEMIC; HUMAN; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SOUTH KOREA; THEORETICAL MODEL; TRANSMISSION;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HUMANS; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 85038100788     PISSN: 09056947     EISSN: 16000668     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12430     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J Virol. 2013;87:7790-7792.
2. World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). [WHO website]. September 18, 2017. http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/. Accessed September 18, 2017.
3. Oboho IK, Tomczyk SM, Al-Asmari AM, et al. 2014 MERS-CoV outbreak in Jeddah: a link to health care facilities. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:846-854.
4. Kim KM, Ki M, Cho S, et al. Epidemiologic features of the first MERS outbreak in Korea: focus on Pyeongtaek St. Mary's Hospital. Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015041.
5. World Health Organization. WHO statement on the tenth meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee regarding MERS. [WHO website]. September 3, 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2015/ihr-emergency-committee-mers/en/. Accessed June 3, 2016.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information about Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). [CDC website]. December, 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/downloads/factsheet-mers_en.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2016.
7. Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, et al. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:257-265.
8. Nicas M, Jones RM. Relative contributions of four exposure pathways to influenza infection risk. Risk Anal. 2009;29:1292-1303.
9. Otter JA, Donskey C, Yezli S, et al. Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination. J Hosp Infect. 2016;92:235-250.
10. World Health Organization. Summary and risk assessment of current situation in Republic of Korea and China. [WHO website]. June 19, 2015. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/risk-assessment-19june2015/en/. Accessed June 3, 2016.
11. Zumla A, Hui DS, Perlman S. Middle East respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2015;386:995-1007.
12. Hijawi B, Abdallat M, Sayaydeh A, et al. Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation. East Mediterr Health J. 2013;19:S12.
13. Seo YB, Heo JY, Song MS, et al. Environmental contamination and viral shedding in MERS patients during MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:755-760.
14. Kim SH, Chang SY, Sung M, et al. Extensive viable Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus contamination in air and surrounding environment in MERS isolation wards. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:363-369.
15. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Munster VJ. Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20590.
16. World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): update. [WHO website]. April 11, 2014. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_04_11_mers/en/. Accessed June 3, 2016.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). [CDC website]. June, 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/infection-prevention-control.html. Accessed June 3, 2016.
18. Chowell G, Abdirizak F, Lee S, et al. Transmission characteristics of MERS and SARS in the healthcare setting: a comparative study. BMC Med. 2015;13:1.
19. Ki M. MERS outbreak in Korea: hospital-to-hospital transmission. Epidemiol Health. 2015;2015:37.
20. World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): summary of current situation, literature update and risk assessment. [WHO website]. July 7, 2015. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/179184/2/WHO_MERS_RA_15.1_eng.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2016.
21. Park YS, Lee C, Kim KM, et al. The first case of the 2015 Korean Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak. Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015049.
22. Kim SJ. 30 cases linked to Pyeongtaek St. Mary's Hospital. [The Korea Times website]. June 5, 2015. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/11/113_180300.html. Accessed August 5, 2016.
23. Nicas M, Sun G. An integrated model of infection risk in a healthcare environment. Risk Anal. 2016;26:1085-1096.
24. Atkinson MP, Wein LM. Quantifying the routes of transmission for pandemic influenza. Bull Math Biol. 2008;70:820-867.
25. Gao X. Relative Effectiveness of Ventilation in Community Indoor Environments for Controlling Infection. Hong Kong: HKU Theses Online (HKUTO); 2011.
26. Xiao S, Li Y, Wong TW, Hui DSC. Role of fomites in SARS transmission during the largest hospital outbreak in Hong Kong. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0181558.
27. Pan X, Han CS, Dauber K, Law KH. A multi-agent based framework for the simulation of human and social behaviors during emergency evacuations. AI & Soc. 2007;22:113-132.
28. Gilbert GN. Agent-Based Models. London: Sage; 2007.
29. Kozier B, Erb GL, Olivieri R. Fundamentals of Nursing, Concepts, Process and Practice. Chesmut Hill, MA: School of Nursing Boston College; 1991.
30. Huslage K, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E, Weber DJ. A quantitative approach to defining ‘high-touch’ surfaces in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:850-853.
31. Li Y, Duan S, Yu I, Wong T. Multi-zone modeling of probable SARS virus transmission by airflow between flats in Block E, Amoy Gardens. Indoor Air. 2005;15:96-111.
32. Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science. 1994;266:1202-1208.
33. Sorensen JH, Jensen CO, Mikkelsen T, et al. Modeling the atmospheric dispersion of foot-and-mouth disease virus for emergency preparedness. Phys Chem Earth. 2001;26:93-97.
34. Chen C, Zhao B, Yang X, Li Y. Role of two-way airflow owing to temperature difference in severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission: revisiting the largest nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Hong Kong. J R Soc Interface. 2011;8:699-710.
35. Li Y, Delsante A, Symons J. Prediction of natural ventilation in buildings with large openings. Build Environ. 2000;35:191-206.
36. Brockmann D, Hufnagel L, Geisel T. The scaling laws of human travel. Nature. 2006;439:462-465.
37. Gonzalez MC, Hidalgo CA, Barabasi AL. Understanding individual human mobility patterns. Nature. 2008;453:779-782.
38. Xie X, Li Y, Chwang ATY, et al. How far droplets can move in indoor environments: revisiting the wells evaporation–falling curve. Indoor Air. 2007;17:211-225.
39. Riley E, Murphy G, Riley R. Airborne spread of measles in a suburban elementary school. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;107:421-432.
40. Draper NR, Smith H, Pownell E. Applied Regression Analysis, vol. 3. New York, NY: Wiley; 1966.
41. Chau JPC, Thompson DR, Twinn S, et al. An evaluation of hospital hand hygiene practice and glove use in Hong Kong. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:1319-1328.
42. Pittet D, Dharan S, Touveneau S, et al. Bacterial contamination of the hands of hospital staff during routine patient care. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:821-826.
43. Wein LM, Atkinson MP. Assessing infection control measures for pandemic influenza. Risk Anal. 2009;29:949-962.
44. Johnson GR, Morawska L, Ristovski ZD, et al. Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions. J Aerosol Sci. 2011;42:839-851.
45. Lee JH, Lee CS, Lee HB. An appropriate lower respiratory tract specimen is essential for diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30:1207-1208.
46. Goh GKM, Dunker AK, Uversky V. Prediction of intrinsic disorder in MERS-CoV/HCoV-EMC supports a high oral-fecal transmission. PLoS Curr. 2013;5:1-22.
47. Corman VM, Albarrak AM, Omrani AS, et al. Viral shedding and antibody response in 37 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:477-483.
48. Gryphon Scientific. Supplemental information: dose response parameters for gain of function pathogens. [Gryphon Scientific website]. December, 2015. http://www.gryphonscientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Supplemental-Info-Dose-Response.pdf. Assessed on April 13, 2016.
49. Al-Abdallat MM, Payne DC, Alqasrawi S, et al. Hospital-associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1225-1233.
50. Cowling BJ, Park M, Fang VJ, et al. Preliminary epidemiologic assessment of MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea, May–June 2015. Euro Surveill. 2015;20:21163.
51. Wong G, Liu W, Liu Y, et al. MERS, SARS, and Ebola: the role of super-spreaders in infectious disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;18:398-401.
52. Li Y, Yu ITS, Xu P, et al. Predicting super spreading events during the 2003 SARS epidemics in Hong Kong and Singapore. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:719-728.
53. Chan JFW, Lau SKP, To KKW, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:465-522.