Pericardial Blood as a Trigger for Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery

Annals of Thoracic Surgery

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 321-328

  St Onge, Samuel ^a   Perrault, Louis P ^a   Demers, Philippe ^a   Boyle, Edward M ^b   Gillinov, A Marc ^c   Cox, James ^d   Melby, Spencer ^d  

^a MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b ST CHARLES MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BLOOD; BLOOD CLOTTING; HEART SURGERY; HEMOLYSIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIPID PEROXIDATION; PERICARDIOTOMY; PERICARDIUM; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY BURST; REVIEW; THORAX DRAINAGE; FUNCTIONS OF THE HEMIC, LYMPHATIC AND RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEMS; MEDIASTINUM; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION;

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BLOOD; BLOOD PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; HUMANS; MEDIASTINUM; PERICARDIUM; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 85035093417     PISSN: 00034975     EISSN: 15526259     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.07.045     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. LaPar, D.J., Speir, A.M., Crosby, I.K., et al. Postoperative atrial fibrillation significantly increases mortality, hospital readmission, and hospital costs. Ann Thorac Surg 98 (2014), 527–533.
2. Gillinov, A.M., Bagiella, E., Moskowitz, A.J., et al. Rate control versus rhythm control for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 1911–1921.
3. Mathew, J.P., Fontes, M.L., Tudor, I.C., et al. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA 291 (2004), 1720–1729.
4. Steinberg, B.A., Zhao, Y., He, X., et al. Management of postoperative atrial fibrillation and subsequent outcomes in contemporary patients undergoing cardiac surgery: insights from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons CAPS-Care Atrial Fibrillation Registry. Clin Cardiol 37 (2014), 7–13.
5. Rostagno, C., La Meir, M., Gelsomino, S., et al. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: incidence, risk factors, and economic burden. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 24 (2010), 952–958.
6. Davis, E.M., Packard, K.A., Hilleman, D.E., Pharmacologic prophylaxis of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: beyond beta-blockers. Pharmacotherapy, 30, 2010, 749.
7. Tokmaji, G., McClure, R.S., Kaneko, T., Aranki, S.F., Management strategies in cardiac surgery for postoperative atrial fibrillation: contemporary prophylaxis and futuristic anticoagulant possibilities. Cardiol Res Pract, 2013, 2013, 637482.
8. Baker, W.L., White, C.M., Post-cardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation: a review of preventive strategies. Ann Pharmacother 41 (2007), 587–598.
9. Wu, X., Wang, C., Zhu, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Gao, Y., Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on magnesium in addition to beta-blocker for prevention of postoperative atrial arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass grafting. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 13, 2013, 5.
10. Lancaster, T.S., Schill, M.R., Greenberg, J.W., et al. Potassium and magnesium supplementation do not protect against atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a time-matched analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 102 (2016), 1181–1188.
11. Ramlawi, B., Otu, H., Mieno, S., et al. Oxidative stress and atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a case-control study. Ann Thorac Surg 84 (2007), 1166–1173.
12. Goldstein, R.N., Ryu, K., Khrestian, C., van Wagoner, D.R., Waldo, A.L., Prednisone prevents inducible atrial flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 19 (2008), 74–81.
13. Zakkar, M., Ascione, R., James, A.F., Angelini, G.D., Suleiman, M.S., Inflammation, oxidative stress and postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery. Pharmacol Ther 154 (2015), 13–20.
14. Chen, M.C., Chang, J.P., Liu, W.H., et al. Increased inflammatory cell infiltration in the atrial myocardium of patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 102 (2008), 861–865.
15. Zheng, Z., Jayaram, R., Jiang, L., et al. Perioperative rosuvastatin in cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 1744–1753.
16. Dieleman, J.M., van Paassen, J., van Dijk, D., et al. Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11, 2011, CD005566.
17. Ho, K.M., Tan, J.A., Benefits and risks of corticosteroid prophylaxis in adult cardiac surgery: a dose-response meta-analysis. Circulation 119 (2009), 1853–1866.
18. Shen, J., Lall, S., Zheng, V., Buckley, P., Damiano, R.J., Schuessler, R.B., The persistent problem of new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation: a single-institution experience over two decades. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 141 (2011), 559–570.
19. Attaran, S., Shaw, M., Bond, L., Pullan, M.D., Fabri, B.M., Atrial fibrillation postcardiac surgery: a common but a morbid complication. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 12 (2011), 772–777.
20. Philippou, H., Adami, A., Davidson, S.J., Pepper, J.R., Burman, J.F., Lane, D.A., Tissue factor is rapidly elevated in plasma collected from the pericardial cavity during cardiopulmonary bypass. Thromb Haemost 84 (2000), 124–128.
21. Svenmarker, S., Engstrom, K.G., The inflammatory response to recycled pericardial suction blood and the influence of cell-saving. Scand Cardiovasc J 37 (2003), 158–164.
22. Kramer, P.A., Chacko, B.K., Ravi, S., et al. Hemoglobin-associated oxidative stress in the pericardial compartment of postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Lab Invest 95 (2015), 132–141.
23. Cox, J.L., A perspective of postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 56 (1993), 405–409.
24. Maesen, B., Nijs, J., Maessen, J., Allessie, M., Schotten, U., Post-operative atrial fibrillation: a maze of mechanisms. Europace 14 (2012), 159–174.
25. Hogue, C.W., Creswell, L.L., Gutterman, D.D., Fleisher, L.A., for the American College of Chest Physicians. Epidemiology, mechanisms, and risks: American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest 128:Suppl (2005), 9–16.
26. Auer, J., Weber, T., Berent, R., Ng, C.K., Lamm, G., Eber, B., Risk factors of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. J Card Surg 20 (2005), 425–431.
27. Zacharias, A., Schwann, T.A., Riordan, C.J., Durham, S.J., Shah, A.S., Habib, R.H., Obesity and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation 112 (2005), 3247–3255.
28. Sato, S., Yamauchi, S., Schuessler, R.B., Boineau, J.P., Matsunaga, Y., Cox, J.L., The effect of augmented atrial hypothermia on atrial refractory period, conduction, and atrial flutter/fibrillation in the canine heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 104 (1992), 297–306.
29. Ishii, Y., Schuessler, R.B., Gaynor, S.L., et al. Inflammation of atrium after cardiac surgery is associated with inhomogeneity of atrial conduction and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 111 (2005), 2881–2888.
30. Ishii, Y., Schuessler, R.B., Gaynor, S.L., Hames, K., Damiano, R.J., Postoperative atrial fibrillation: the role of the inflammatory response. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 153 (2017), 1357–1365.
31. Enc, Y., Ketenci, B., Ozsoy, D., et al. Atrial fibrillation after surgical revascularization: is there any difference between on-pump and off-pump?. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 26 (2004), 1129–1133.
32. Mihos, C.G., Santana, O., Lamas, G.A., Lamelas, J., Incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing minimally invasive versus median sternotomy valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 146 (2013), 1436–1441.
33. Tanawuttiwat, T., O'Neill, B.P., Cohen, M.G., et al. New-onset atrial fibrillation after aortic valve replacement: comparison of transfemoral, transapical, transaortic, and surgical approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 1510–1519.
34. Cuculich, P.S., Cooper, D.H., Pericardial invasion: lessons learned from surgical and transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 1520–1521.
35. Koch, C.G., Li, L., Van Wagoner, D.R., Duncan, A.I., Gillinov, A.M., Blackstone, E.H., Red cell transfusion is associated with an increased risk for postoperative atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 82 (2006), 1747–1756.
36. Koch, C.G., Li, L., Duncan, A.I., et al. Morbidity and mortality risk associated with red blood cell and blood-component transfusion in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Crit Care Med 34 (2006), 1608–1616.
37. Youn, J.Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., et al. Oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation: an emerging role of NADPH oxidase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 62 (2013), 72–79.
38. Wu, J.H., Marchioli, R., Silletta, M., et al. Oxidative stress biomarkers and incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation (OPERA) trial. J Am Heart Assoc, 4, 2015, e001886.
39. Babior, B.M., Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109 (2000), 33–44.
40. Elahi, M.M., Flatman, S., Matata, B.M., Tracing the origins of postoperative atrial fibrillation: the concept of oxidative stress-mediated myocardial injury phenomenon. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 15 (2008), 735–741.
41. Carnes, C.A., Chung, M.K., Nakayama, T., et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 89 (2001), E32–E38.
42. Lenaerts, I., Driesen, R.B., Hermida, N., et al. Role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress in a sheep model of persistent atrial fibrillation. Europace 15 (2013), 754–760.
43. Manshanden, J.S.J., Gielen, C.L.I., de Borgie, C., Klautz, R.J.M., de Mol, B., Koolbergen, D.R., Continuous postoperative pericardial flushing: a pilot study on safety, feasibility, and effect on blood loss. EBioMedicine 2 (2015), 1217–1223.
44. Boyle, E.M., Gillinov, A.M., Cohn, W.E., Ley, S.J., Fischlein, T., Perrault, L.P., Retained blood syndrome after cardiac surgery: a new look at an old problem. Innovations (Phila) 10 (2015), 296–303.
45. Karimov, J.H., Gillinov, A.M., Schenck, L., et al. Incidence of chest tube clogging after cardiac surgery: a single-center prospective observational study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 44 (2013), 1029–1036.
46. Balzer, F., von Heymann, C., Boyle, E.M., Wernecke, K.D., Grubitzsch, K., Sander, M., Impact of retained blood requiring reintervention on outcomes after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 152 (2016), 595–601.
47. Chen, D., Dorling, A., Critical roles for thrombin in acute and chronic inflammation. J Thromb Haemost 7:Suppl 1 (2009), 122–126.
48. Jennewein, C., Tran, N., Paulus, P., Ellinghaus, P., Eble, J.A., Zacharowski, K., Novel aspects of fibrin(ogen) fragments during inflammation. Mol Med 17 (2011), 568–573.
49. Szaba, F.M., Smiley, S.T., Roles for thrombin and fibrin(ogen) in cytokine/chemokine production and macrophage adhesion in vivo. Blood 99 (2002), 1053–1059.
50. Boyle, E.M., Verrier, E.D., Spiess, B.D., Endothelial cell injury in cardiovascular surgery: the procoagulant response. Ann Thorac Surg 62 (1996), 1549–1557.
51. Schaer, D.J., Buehler, P.W., Cell-free hemoglobin and its scavenger proteins: new disease models leading the way to targeted therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 3, 2013, a013433.
52. Liu, X., Spolarics, Z., Methemoglobin is a potent activator of endothelial cells by stimulating IL-6 and IL-8 production and E-selectin membrane expression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285 (2003), C1036–C1046.
53. Kharazmi, A., Nielsen, H., Rechnitzer, C., Bendtzen, K., Interleukin 6 primes human neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst response. Immunol Lett 21 (1989), 177–184.
54. Kim, Y.M., Kattach, H., Ratnatunga, C., Pillai, R., Channon, K.M., Casadei, B., Association of atrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity with the development of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 51 (2008), 68–74.
55. Kiaii, B., Fox, S., Chase, L., et al. Postoperative atrial fibrillation is not pulmonary vein dependent: results from a randomized trial. Heart Rhythm 12 (2015), 699–705.
56. Nakanishi, K., Fukuda, S., Tanaka, A., et al. Peri-atrial epicardial adipose tissue is associated with new-onset nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circ J 76 (2012), 2748–2754.
57. Mazurek, T., Kiliszek, M., Kobylecka, M., et al. Relation of proinflammatory activity of epicardial adipose tissue to the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 113 (2014), 1505–1508.
58. Opolski, M.P., Staruch, A.D., Kusmierczyk, M., et al. Computed tomography angiography for prediction of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: proof of concept. J Cardiol 65 (2015), 285–292.
59. Chhabra, L., Kluger, J., Flynn, A.W., Spodick, D.H., Pericardial fat and postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 47, 2015, 584.
60. Nakagawa, H., Scherlag, B.J., Patterson, E., Ikeda, A., Lockwood, D., Jackman, W.M., Pathophysiologic basis of autonomic ganglionated plexus ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 6:Suppl (2009), 26–34.
61. Liu, S., Jing, Y., Zhang, J., Bian, C., Zhang, Y.U., Zhang, X., Does anterior fat pad removal reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation after CABG? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 38 (2015), 1363–1368.
62. Pokushalov, E., Kozlov, B., Romanov, A., et al. Botulinum toxin injection in epicardial fat pads can prevent recurrences of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: results of a randomized pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), 628–629.
63. Wang, W., Mei, Y.Q., Yuan, X.H., Feng, X.D., Clinical efficacy of epicardial application of drug-releasing hydrogels to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 151 (2016), 80–85.
64. Kaygin, M.A., Dag, O., Gunes, M., et al. Posterior pericardiotomy reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation, pericardial effusion, and length of stay in hospital after coronary artery bypasses surgery. Tohoku J Exp Med 225 (2011), 103–108.
65. Biancari, F., Mahar, M.A., Meta-analysis of randomized trials on the efficacy of posterior pericardiotomy in preventing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139 (2010), 1158–1161.
66. Kaleda, V.I., McCormack, D.J., Shipolini, A.R., Does posterior pericardiotomy reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery?. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 14 (2012), 384–389.
67. Gozdek, M., Pawliszak, W., Hagner, W., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing safety and efficacy of posterior pericardial drainage in patients undergoing heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 153 (2017), 865–875.e12.
68. Boyacioglu, K., Kalender, M., Ozkaynak, B., Mert, B., Kayalar, N., Erentug, V., A new use of Fogarty catheter: chest tube clearance. Heart Lung Circ 23 (2014), e229–e230.
69. Day, T.G., Perring, R.R., Gofton, K., Is manipulation of mediastinal chest drains useful or harmful after cardiac surgery?. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 7 (2008), 888–890.
70. Halm, M.A., To strip or not to strip? Physiological effects of chest tube manipulation. Am J Crit Care 16 (2007), 609–612.
71. Shalli, S., Boyle, E.M., Saeed, D., Fukamachi, K., Cohn, W.E., Gillinov, A.M., The active tube clearance system: a novel bedside chest-tube clearance device. Innovations (Phila) 5 (2010), 42–47.
72. Arakawa, Y., Shiose, A., Takaseya, T., et al. Superior chest drainage with an active tube clearance system: evaluation of a downsized chest tube. Ann Thorac Surg 91 (2011), 580–583.
73. Perrault, L.P., Pellerin, M., Carrier, M., et al. The PleuraFlow active chest tube clearance system: initial clinical experience in adult cardiac surgery. Innovations (Phila) 7 (2012), 354–358.
74. Sirch, J., Ledwon, M., Püski, T., Boyle, E.M., Pfeiffer, S., Fischlein, T., Active clearance of chest drainage catheters reduces retained blood. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 151 (2016), 832–838.
75. St-Onge, S., Ben Ali, W., Bouhout, I., et al. Examining the impact of active clearance of chest drainage catheters on postoperative atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 154 (2017), 501–508.
76. Ege, T., Tatli, E., Canbaz, S., et al. The importance of intrapericardial drain selection in cardiac surgery. Chest 126 (2004), 1559–1562.
77. Sakopoulos, A.G., Hurwitz, A.S., Suda, R.W., Goodwin, J.N., Efficacy of Blake drains for mediastinal and pleural drainage following cardiac operations. J Card Surg 20 (2005), 574–577.
78. Moss, E., Miller, C.S., Jensen, H., et al. A randomized trial of early versus delayed mediastinal drain removal after cardiac surgery using silastic and conventional tubes. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 17 (2013), 110–115.
79. Karkouti, K., Callum, J., Wijeysundera, D.N., et al. Point-of-care hemostatic testing in cardiac surgery: a stepped-wedge clustered randomized controlled trial. Circulation 134 (2016), 1152–1162.