Retained blood syndrome after cardiac surgery: A new look at an old problem

Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 296-303

  Boyle, Edward M ^a   Gillinov, A Marc ^b   Cohn, William E ^c   Ley, S Jill ^d   Fischlein, Theodor ^e   Perrault, Louis P ^f  

^a ST CHARLES MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c TEXAS HEART INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d CALIFORNIA PACIFIC MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e PARACELSUS MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^f MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bleeding; Hemothorax; Pleural effusion; Postoperative care; Tamponade

Indexed keywords

ACUTE DISEASE; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CARDIAC PATIENT; CHRONIC DISEASE; HEART SURGERY; HEART TAMPONADE; HEMATOTHORAX; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HUMAN; PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; PERICARDITIS; PLEURA EFFUSION; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; POSTPERICARDIOTOMY SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETAINED BLOOD SYNDROME; REVIEW; SURGICAL ERROR; SURGICAL PATIENT; THORAX DRAINAGE; THORAX PAIN; ADVERSE EFFECTS; DRAINAGE; OPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SYNDROME; TREATMENT FAILURE;

BLOOD LOSS, SURGICAL; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; DRAINAGE; HUMANS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SYNDROME; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 84947911703     PISSN: 15569845     EISSN: 15590879     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/IMI.0000000000000200     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Christensen MC, Dziewior F, Kempel A, von Heymann C. Increased chest tube drainage is independently associated with adverse outcome after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26:46-51.
2. Wynne R, Botti M, Copley D, Bailey M. The normative distribution of chest tube drainage volume after coronary artery bypass grafting. Heart Lung. 2007;36:35-42.
3. Shalli S, Saeed D, Fukamachi K, et al. Chest tube selection in cardiac and thoracic surgery: a survey of chest tubeYrelated complications and their management. J Card Surg. 2009;24:503-509.
4. Karimov JH, Gillinov AM, Schenck L, et al. Incidence of chest tube clogging after cardiac surgery: a single-center prospective observational study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;44:1029-1036.
5. Dressler W. A post-myocardial infarction syndrome; preliminary report of a complication resembling idiopathic, recurrent, benign pericarditis. J Am Med Assoc. 1956;160:1379-1383.
6. Schramel R, Williamson W Jr, Iglesias F, Creech O Jr. Post-pericardiotomy syndrome: observations regarding auto-immune mechanisms in its etiology. Surg Forum. 1961;12:239-241.
7. Imazio M, Brucato A, Ferrazzi P, Spodick DH, Adler Y. Postpericardiotomy syndrome: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2013;14:351-353.
8. Imazio M, Brucato A, Rovere ME, et al. Contemporary features, risk factors, and prognosis of the post-pericardiotomy syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2012;108:1183-1187.
9. Imazio M. The post-pericardiotomy syndrome. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18:366-374.
10. De Scheerder I, Wulfrank D, Van Renterghem L, et al. Association of anti-heart antibodies and circulating immune complexes in the post-pericardiotomy syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 1984;57:423-428.
11. Imazio M, Brucato A, Ferrazzi P, et al. Colchicine for prevention of post-pericardiotomy syndrome and postoperative atrial fibrillation: the COPPS-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:1016-1023.
12. Bunge JJ, van Osch D, Dieleman JM, et al. Dexamethasone for the prevention of postpericardiotomy syndrome: a DExamethasone for Cardiac Surgery substudy. Am Heart J. 2014;168:126-131 e121.
13. Imazio M, Brucato A, Markel G, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized trials focusing on prevention of the postpericardiotomy syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:575-579.
14. Hoffman M, Fried M, Jabareen F, et al. Anti-heart antibodies in post-pericardiotomy syndrome: cause or epiphenomenon? A prospective, longitudinal pilot study. Autoimmunity. 2012;35:241-245.
15. Akl ES, Latif N, Dunn MJ, Rose ML, Yacoub MH. Antiheart antibodies following open heart surgery: incidence and correlation with postpericardiotomy syndrome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1992;6:503-507.
16. Moulton MJ, Creswell LL, Mackey ME, Cox JL, Rosenbloom M. Reexploration for bleeding is a risk factor for adverse outcomes after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:1037-1046.
17. Vivacqua A, Koch CG, Yousuf AM, et al. Morbidity of bleeding after cardiac surgery: is it blood transfusion, reoperation for bleeding, or both? Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:1780-1790.
18. Price S, Prout J, Jaggar SI, Gibson DG, Pepper JR. 'Tamponade' following cardiac surgery: terminology and echocardiography may both mislead. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26:1156-1160.
19. Russo AM, O'Connor WH, Waxman HL. Atypical presentations and echocardiographic findings in patients with cardiac tamponade occurring early and late after cardiac surgery. Chest. 1993;104:71-78.
20. Pompilio G, Filippini S, Agrifoglio M, et al. Determinants of pericardial drainage for cardiac tamponade following cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39:e107Ye113.
21. Ashikhmina EA, Schaff HV, Sinak LJ, et al. Pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery: risk factors, patient profiles, and contemporary management. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:112-118.
22. Lancey RA, Gaca C, Vander Salm TJ. The use of smaller, more flexible chest drains following open heart surgery: an initial evaluation. Chest. 2001; 119:19-24.
23. Payne M, Magovern GJ Jr, Benckart DH, et al. Left pleural effusion after coronary artery bypass decreases with a supplemental pleural drain. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:149-152.
24. Gaudino M, Anselmi A, Pavone N, Massetti M. Constrictive pericarditis after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95:731-736.
25. Hall TS, Brevetti GR, Skoultchi AJ, Gregory P, Spotnitz AJ. Re-exploration for hemorrhage following open heart surgery differentiation on the causes of bleeding and the impact on patient outcomes. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;7:352-357.
26. Karthik S, Grayson AD, McCarron EE, Pullan DM, Desmond MJ. Reexploration for bleeding after coronary artery bypass surgery: risk factors, outcomes, and the effect of time delay. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 78:527-534.
27. Mehta RH, Sheng S, O'Brien SM, et al. Reoperation for bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: incidence, risk factors, time trends, and outcomes. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:583-590.
28. Vuylsteke A, Pagel C, Gerrard C, et al. The Papworth Bleeding Risk Score: a stratification scheme for identifying cardiac surgery patients at risk of excessive early postoperative bleeding. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39: 924-930.
29. Schleder S, Dittmar M, Poschenrieder F, et al. Diagnosis of pericardial effusion with a new generation hand-carried ultrasound device in car-diothoracic intensive care unit patients. Acta Radiol. 2012;53:1133-1136.
30. Pepi M, Muratori M, Barbier P, et al. Pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery: incidence, site, size, and haemodynamic consequences. Br Heart J. 1994;72:327-331.
31. Peng MJ, Vargas FS, Cukier A, et al. Postoperative pleural changes after coronary revascularization. Comparison between saphenous vein and internal mammary artery grafting. Chest. 1992;101:327-330.
32. Vargas FS, Cukier A, Hueb W, Teixeira LR, Light RW. Relationship between pleural effusion and pericardial involvement after myocardial revas-cularization. Chest. 1994;105:1748-1752.
33. Landymore RW, Howell F. Pulmonary complications following myo-cardial revascularization with the internal mammary artery graft. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1990;4:156-161.
34. Light RW. Pleural effusions following cardiac injury and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;22:657-664.
35. Light RW, Rogers JT, Moyers JP, et al. Prevalence and clinical course of pleural effusions at 30 days after coronary artery and cardiac surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(12 pt 1):1567-1571.
36. Peng MC, Hou CJ, Li JY, Hu PY, Chen CY. Prevalence of symptomatic large pleural effusions first diagnosed more than 30 days after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Respirology. 2007;12:122-126.
37. Iyem H, Islamoglu F, Yagdi T, et al. Effects of pleurotomy on respiratory sequelae after internal mammary artery harvesting. Tex Heart Inst J. 2006;33: 116-121.
38. Hurlbut D, Myers ML, Lefcoe M, Goldbach M. Pleuropulmonary morbidity: internal thoracic artery versus saphenous vein graft. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;50:959-964.
39. Wheatcroft M, Shrivastava V, Nyawo B, Rostron A, Dunning J. Does pleurotomy during internal mammary artery harvest increase post-operative pulmonary complications? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2005;4: 143-146.
40. Lee YC, Vaz MA, Ely KA, et al. Symptomatic persistent post-coronary artery bypass graft pleural effusions requiring operative treatment: clinical and histologic features. Chest. 2001;119:795-800.
41. Charniot JC, Zerhouni K, Kambouchner M, et al. Persistent symptomatic pleural effusion following coronary bypass surgery: clinical and histologic features, and treatment. Heart Vessels. 2007;22:16-20.
42. Altman L. Clinton's 4-Hour Surgery Went Well, Doctors Say. New York Times. March 11, 2005. Website: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/11/us/clintons-4hour-surgery-went-well-doctors-say.html?-r=0. Accessed October 2015.
43. Jantz MA, Antony VB. Pleural fibrosis. Clin Chest Med. 2006;27:181-191.
44. Dixon B, Santamaria JD, Reid D, et al. The association of blood transfusion with mortality after cardiac surgery: cause or confounding? Transfusion. 2013;53:19-27.
45. Sadikot RT, Rogers JT, Cheng DS, Moyers P, Rodriguez M, Light RW. Pleural fluid characteristics of patients with symptomatic pleural effusion after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160: 2665-2668.
46. Engle MA, McCabe JC, Ebert PA, Zabriskie J. The Postpericardiotomy syndrome and antiheart antibodies. Circulation. 1974;49:401-406.
47. Bartels C, Honig R, Burger G, Diehl V, de Vivie R. The significance of anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-heart muscle antibodies for the diagnosis of postpericardiotomy syndrome. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:1494-1499.
48. Szaba FM, Smiley ST. Roles for thrombin and fibrin(ogen) in cytokine/chemokine production and macrophage adhesion in vivo. Blood. 2012;99: 1053-1059.
49. Kramer PA, Chacko BK, Ravi S, et al. Hemoglobin-associated oxidative stress in the pericardial compartment of postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Lab Invest. 2015;95:132-141.
50. Light RW. Cytokines and the pleura. In: Light RW, ed. Pleural Diseases. Philadelphia, PA USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007:44-54.
51. Mandl-Weber S, Cohen CD, Haslinger B, Kretzler M, Sitter T. Vascular endothelial growth factor production and regulation in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Kidney Int. 2007;61:570-578.
52. Grove CS, Lee YC. Vascular endothelial growth factor: the key mediator in pleural effusion formation. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2002;8:294-301.
53. Thickett DR, Armstrong L, Millar AB. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in inflammatory and malignant pleural effusions. Thorax. 1999;54: 707-710.
54. Magnus PC, Kramer RS, Ross CS, et al. Abstract 13474: causes of 30-day readmission after cardiac surgery in Northern New England. Circulation. 2011;124:A13474.
55. Shetty SJ, Idell S. Pleural fibrosis. In: Light RW, LEE YC, eds. Textbook of Pleural Diseases. Boca Raton, FL USA: CRC Press; 2008:101-112.
56. Idell S, Girard W, Koenig KB, McLarty J, Fair DS. Abnormalities of pathways of fibrin turnover in the human pleural space. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:187-194.
57. LaPar DJ, Speir AM, Crosby IK, et al. Postoperative atrial fibrillation significantly increases mortality, hospital readmission, and hospital costs. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:527-533.
58. Arsenault KA, Yusuf AM, Crystal E, et al. Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;1:CD003611.
59. Biancari F, Mahar MA. Meta-analysis of randomized trials on the efficacy of posterior pericardiotomy in preventing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:1158-1161.
60. Ege T, Tatli E, Canbaz S, et al. The importance of intrapericardial drain selection in cardiac surgery. Chest. 2004;126:1559-1562.
61. Eryilmaz S, Emiroglu O, Eyileten Z, et al. Effect of posterior pericardial drainage on the incidence of pericardial effusion after ascending aortic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:27-31.
62. DuBose J, Inaba K, Demetriades D, et al. Management of post-traumatic retained hemothorax: a prospective, observational, multicenter AAST study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72:11-22.
63. DuBose J, Inaba K, Okoye O, et al. Development of posttraumatic em-pyema in patients with retained hemothorax: results of a prospective, observational AAST study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:752-757.
64. Maniar HS, Bell JM, Moon MR, et al. Prospective evaluation of patients readmitted after cardiac surgery: analysis of outcomes and identification of risk factors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:1013-1018.
65. Iribarne A, Chang H, Alexander JH, et al. Readmissions after cardiac surgery: experience of the National Institutes of Health/Canadian Institutes of Health research cardiothoracic surgical trials network. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:1274-1280.
66. Halm MA. To strip or not to strip? Physiological effects of chest tube manipulation. Am J Crit Care. 2007;16:609-612.
67. Day TG, Perring RR, Gofton K. Is manipulationof mediastinal chest drains useful or harmful after cardiac surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2008;7:888-890.
68. Boyacioglu K, Kalender M, Ozkaynak B, Mert B, Kayalar N, Erentu V. A new use of Fogarty catheter: chest tube clearance. Heart Lung Circ. 2014;23:e229Ye230.
69. Halejian BA, Badach MJ, Trilles F. Maintaining chest tube patency. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1988;167:521.
70. Arakawa Y, Shiose A, Takaseya T, et al. Superior chest drainage with an active tube clearance system: evaluation of a downsized chest tube. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:580-583.
71. Perrault LP, Pellerin M, Carrier M, et al. The PleuraFlow Active Chest Tube Clearance System: initial clinical experience in adult cardiac surgery. Innovations. 2012;7:354-358.
72. Shalli S, Boyle EM, Saeed D, et al. The active tube clearance system: a novel bedside chest-tube clearance device. Innovations. 2010;5:42-47.
73. Carey JS, Parker JP, Robertson JM, Misbach GA, Fisher AL. Hospital discharge to other healthcare facilities: impact on in-hospital mortality. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197:806-812.
74. Lazar HL, Fitzgerald CA, Ahmad T, et al. Early discharge after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: are patients really going home earlier? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121:943-950.
75. Berenson RA, Paulus RA, Kalman NS. Medicare's readmissions-reduction programVa positive alternative. N Engl J Med. 2012;366: 1364-1366.
76. Clancy CM. New hospital readmission policy links financial and quality incentives. J Nurs Care Qual. 2013;28:1-4.