Societal Costs of Micronutrient Deficiencies in 6- to 59-month-old Children in Pakistan

Food and Nutrition Bulletin

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 485-500

  Wieser, Simon ^a   Brunner, Beatrice ^a   Tzogiou, Christina ^a   Plessow, Rafael ^a   Zimmermann, Michael B ^b   Farebrother, Jessica ^b   Soofi, Sajid ^c   Bhatti, Zaid ^c   Ahmed, Imran ^c   Bhutta, Zulfiqar A ^c  

^a ZURICH UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Switzerland)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

child nutrition; cost analysis; disability adjusted life years (DALYs); economic status; micronutrient deficiency; Pakistan

Indexed keywords

AGE STRUCTURE; ANEMIA; CHILD HEALTH; COST ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY; ECONOMIC SYSTEM; GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN;

PAKISTAN;

TRACE ELEMENT;

COST; COST OF ILLNESS; DEFICIENCY; ECONOMIC MODEL; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL DISORDER; PAKISTAN; POVERTY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; SOCIOECONOMICS;

CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COST OF ILLNESS; COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; DEFICIENCY DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT NUTRITION DISORDERS; MALE; MICRONUTRIENTS; MODELS, ECONOMIC; PAKISTAN; POVERTY; QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 85034430803     PISSN: 03795721     EISSN: 15648265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0379572117720012     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Bougma K, Aboud FE, Harding KB, Marquis GS. Iodine and mental development of children 5 years old and under: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2013;5(4):1384–1416.
2. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM. Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369(9556):145–157.
3. Aga Khan University, Nutrition Wing Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, UNICEF. National Nutrition Survey Pakistan 2011. Islamabad, Pakistan: Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan; 2012.
4. Horton S, Steckel RH. Malnutrition. In: Lomborg B, ed. How Much Have Global Problems Cost the World? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2013:247–272.
5. Alderman H. The economic cost of a poor start to life. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2010;1(1):19–25.
6. Haddad L, Hawkes C, Udomkesmalee E. Global Nutrition Report 2015: Actions and Accountability to Advance Nutrition and Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2015.
7. Wieser S, Plessow R, Eichler K. Burden of micronutrient deficiencies by socio-economic strata in children aged 6 months to 5 years in the Philippines. BMC Publ Health. 2013;13(1):1167.
8. Plessow R, Arora N, Brunner B. Social costs of iron deficiency anemia in 6-59-month-old children in India. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136581.
9. National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) [Pakistan] and ICF International. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. Islamabad, Pakistan, and Calverton, MD: NIPS and ICF International; 2013.
10. Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2013;382(9890):427–451.
11. World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination. A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007.
12. Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood. 2014;123(5):615–624.
13. Rastogi T, Mathers C. Global Burden of Iron Deficiency Anemia in the Year 2000. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.
14. World Health Organization. Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011.
15. World Health Organization. Global Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations at Risk 1995-2005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2009.
16. Stoltzfus RJ, Mullany l, Black RE. Iron deficiency anemia. In: Ezzati M, ed. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: The Global and Regional Burden of Disease due to 25 Selected Major Risk Factors. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press; 2004:163–209.
17. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
18. Pakistan minimum wage statistics: Average monthly earnings of employees. International Labour Organization; 2017. http://bit.ly/2swBz4A. Accessed July 2, 2017.
19. Javed SA, Irfan M. Intergenerational Mobility: Evidence from Pakistan Panel Household Survey. Vol 53. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics; 2014:105–133.
20. Weinstein MC, Siegel JE, Gold MR, Kamlet MS, Russell LB. Recommendations of the panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. J Am Med Assoc. 1996;276(15):1253–1258.
21. Murray CJL, Barber RM, Foreman KJ. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet. 2015;386(10009):2145–2191.
22. Shiroiwa T, Fukuda T, Ikeda S, Shimozuma K. QALY and productivity loss: empirical evidence for “double counting”. Value Health. 2013;16(4):581–587.
23. Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Dayan CM, Lazarus JH. Therapy of endocrine disease: impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(1):R1–R15.
24. Zimmermann M, Andersson M. Development of a new framework to estimate the global burden of disease due to iodine deficiency. In: WHO/CDC. Methodological Approaches to Estimating Global and Regional Prevalences of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies. Report on the Joint World Health Organization/US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation. Atlanta, USA, 7–9 December 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014:65–77.
25. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Smith JB. Double burden of iron deficiency in infancy and low socioeconomic status. A longitudinal analysis of cognitive test scores to age 19 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(11):1108–1113.
26. Stein AJ, Meenakshi JV, Qaim M, Nestel P, Sachdev H, Bhutta ZA. Analyzing the health benefits of biofortified staple crops by means of the disability-adjusted life years approach: a handbook focusing on iron, zinc and vitamin A. Washington, DC, and Cali: HarvestPlus Technical Monograph 4; 2005.
27. Salomon JA, Haagsma JA, Davis A. Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(11):e712–e723.
28. Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F. An analysis of anemia and child mortality. J Nutr. 2001;131(2S-2):636S–648S.
29. Imdad A, Herzer K, Mayo-Wilson E, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD008524.
30. Mayo-Wilson E, Junior JA, Imdad A. Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD009384.
31. Horton S, Ross J. The economics of iron deficiency. Food Pol. 2003;28(1):51–75.
32. Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(9995):743–800.
33. Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, Barbara F, Georgieff M, Schallert T. Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Nutr Rev. 2006;64(5 pt 2):34–91.
34. McCann JC, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):931–945.
35. Sachdev H, Gera T, Nestel P. Effect of iron supplementation on mental and motor development in children: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(2):117–132.
36. Akhtar S, Ahmed A, Randhawa MA. Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in South Asia: causes, outcomes, and possible remedies. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013;31(4):413–423.
37. Life expectancy at birth, total (years) World Bank; 2017. http://bit.ly/2cgHlgD. Accessed July 2, 2017.
38. Smith D, Garavelle H. The practice of discounting economic evaluations of health care interventions. Int J Tech Assess Health Care. 2001;17(2):236–243.
39. Murray CJ, Ezzati M, Flaxman AD. GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2063–2066.
40. GDP per capita growth (annual %) 1990-2016. World Bank; 2015. http://bit.ly/2tBLfdh. Accessed July 20, 2017.
41. Labour force participation rates and un-employmed rates by age, sex and area. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics; 2008–09. http://bit.ly/2t7da4h. Accessed July 20, 2017.
42. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) World Bank; 2017. http://bit.ly/2tGznHw. Accessed July 20, 2017.
43. Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) World Bank; 2017. http://bit.ly/2uzzz7Z. Accessed July 20, 2017.
44. Brennan A, Akehurst R. Modelling in health economic evaluation. What is its place? What is its value? Pharmacoeconomics. 2000;17(5):445–459.
45. Ross JH, S. Economic Consequences of Iron Deficiency. Ottawa, Canada: Micronutrient Initiative; 1998.
46. Walker N, Tam Y, Friberg I. Overview of the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). BMC Publ Health. 2013;13(suppl 3):S1.
47. Burkhalter BR, Abel E, Aguayo V. Nutrition advocacy and national development: the PROFILES programme and its application. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(5):407–415.
48. Gaffey MF, Baloch Q, Rana M. Pakistan food fortification scoping study. Washington, DC: PATH; 2014.
49. Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A. Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? Lancet. 2013;382(9890):452–477.