Effect of nitrogen atom positioning on the trade-off between emissive and photocatalytic properties of carbon dots

Nature Communications

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Bhattacharyya, Santanu ^a,b   Ehrat, Florian ^a,b   Urban, Patrick ^a,b   Teves, Roland ^a,b   Wyrwich, Regina ^a   Döblinger, Markus ^a   Feldmann, Jochen ^a,b   Urban, Alexander S ^a,b   Stolarczyk, Jacek K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b NANOSYSTEMS INITIATIVE MUNICH NIM   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON DOT; CITRIC ACID; HYDROGEN; NITROGEN; POLYETHYLENEIMINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WATER; QUANTUM DOT;

CARBON; CATALYSIS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); ELECTRON; EMISSION; NANOPARTICLE; NITROGEN; PHOTOLYSIS; TRADE-OFF;

ARTICLE; ENERGY CONVERSION; MICROWAVE IRRADIATION; PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; PYROLYSIS; CATALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; LUMINESCENCE; MICROWAVE RADIATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY;

CARBON; CATALYSIS; CITRIC ACID; LUMINESCENCE; MICROWAVES; NITROGEN; PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; QUANTUM DOTS;

EID: 85033704984     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01463-x     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Xu, X. et al. Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent singlewalled carbon nanotube fragments. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 12736-12737 (2004).
2. Baker, S. N. & Baker, G. A. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew. Chem. In. Ed. 49, 6726-6744 (2010).
3. Cao, L. et al. Carbon nanoparticles as visible-light photocatalysts for efficient CO2 conversion and beyond. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 4754-4757 (2011).
4. Fernando, K. A. S. et al. Carbon quantum dots and applications in photocatalytic energy conversion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 8363-8376 (2015).
5. Ge, J. et al. A graphene quantum dot photodynamic therapy agent with high singlet oxygen generation. Nat. Commun. 5, 4596 (2014).
6. Gupta, V. et al. Luminscent graphene quantum dots for organic photovoltaic devices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 9960-9963 (2011).
7. Yu, H. et al. Smart utilization of carbon dots in semiconductor photocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 28, 9454-9477 (2016).
8. Zhang, X. et al. Color-switchable electroluminescence of carbon dot lightemitting diodes. ACS Nano 7, 11234-11241 (2013).
9. Zhang, Z., Zheng, T., Li, X., Xu, J. & Zeng, H. Progress of carbon quantum dots in photocatalysis applications. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 33, 457-472 (2016).
10. Zhu, S. et al. Surface chemistry routes to modulate the photoluminescence of graphene quantum dots: from fluorescence mechanism to up-conversion bioimaging applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 4732-4740 (2012).
11. Zhuo, S., Shao, M. & Lee, S.-T. Upconversion and downconversion fluorescent graphene quantum dots: ultrasonic preparation and photocatalysis. ACS Nano 6, 1059-1064 (2012).
12. Martindale, B. C. M., Hutton, G. A. M., Caputo, C. A. & Reisner, E. Solar hydrogen production using carbon quantum dots and a molecular nickel catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 6018-6025 (2015).
13. Hutton, G. A. M. et al. Carbon dots as versatile photosensitizers for solar-driven catalysis with redox enzymes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 16722-16730 (2016).
14. Dong, Y. et al. Graphene quantum dot as a green and facile sensor for free chlorine in drinking water. Anal. Chem. 84, 8378-8382 (2012).
15. Qu, S., Wang, X., Lu, Q., Liu, X. & Wang, L. A biocompatible fluorescent ink based on water-soluble luminescent carbon nanodots. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 12215-12218 (2012).
16. Zhu, S. et al. The photoluminescence mechanism in carbon dots (graphene quantum dots, carbon nanodots, and polymer dots): current state and future perspective. Nano Research 8, 355-381 (2015).
17. Wang X., et al. Photoinduced electron transfers with carbon dots. Chem. Commun. 3774-3776 (2009).
18. Kozak, O. et al. Photoluminescent carbon nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 28, 4085-4128 (2016).
19. Ding, H., Yu, S.-B., Wei, J.-S. & Xiong, H.-M. Full-color light-emitting carbon dots with a surface-state-controlled luminescence mechanism. ACS Nano 10, 484-491 (2016).
20. Sun, Y.-P. et al. Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7756-7757 (2006).
21. Wang, L. et al. Common origin of green luminescence in carbon nanodots and graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano 8, 2541-2547 (2014).
22. Krysmann, M. J., Kelarakis, A., Dallas, P. & Giannelis, E. P. Formation mechanism of carbogenic nanoparticles with dual photoluminescence emission. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 747-750 (2012).
23. Sharma, A. et al. Origin of excitation dependent fluorescence in carbon nanodots. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 3695-3702 (2016).
24. Wang, S., Chen, Z.-G., Cole, I. & Li, Q. Structural evolution of graphene quantum dots during thermal decomposition of citric acid and the corresponding photoluminescence. Carbon N. Y. 82, 304-313 (2015).
25. Qu, S. et al. Toward efficient orange emissive carbon nanodots through conjugated sp2-domain controlling and surface charges engineering. Adv. Mater. 28, 3516-3521 (2016).
26. Lim, S. Y., Shen, W. & Gao, Z. Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 362-381 (2015).
27. Fu, M. et al. Carbon dots: a unique fluorescent cocktail of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Nano. Lett. 15, 6030-6035 (2015).
28. Gude, V., Das, A., Chatterjee, T. & Mandal, P. K. Molecular origin of photoluminescence of carbon dots: aggregation-induced orange-red emission. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 28274-28280 (2016).
29. Shi, L. et al. Carbon dots with high fluorescence quantum yield: the fluorescence originates from organic fluorophores. Nanoscale 8, 14374-14378 (2016).
30. Song, Y. et al. Investigation from chemical structure to photoluminescent mechanism: a type of carbon dots from the pyrolysis of citric acid and an amine. J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 5976-5984 (2015).
31. Sun, J. et al. Ultra-high quantum yield of graphene quantum dots: aromaticnitrogen doping and photoluminescence mechanism. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 32, 434-440 (2015).
32. Dai, Y. et al. Versatile graphene quantum dots with tunable nitrogen doping. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 31, 597-604 (2014).
33. Wang, J. et al. High performance photoluminescent carbon dots for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging: effect of nitrogen doping ratios. Langmuir 31, 8063-8073 (2015).
34. Liu, W. et al. In situ synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots in the interlayer region of a layered double hydroxide with tunable quantum yield. J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 3536-3541 (2017).
35. Xu, Q. et al. Heteroatom-doped carbon dots: synthesis, characterization, properties, photoluminescence mechanism and biological applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 4, 7204-7219 (2016).
36. Kuo, N.-J., Chen, Y.-S., Wu, C.-W., Huang, C.-Y., Chan, Y.-H. & Chen, I. W. P. One-pot synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic n-doped graphene quantum dots via exfoliating and disintegrating graphite flakes. Sci. Rep. 6, 30426 (2016).
37. Zhai, X. et al. Highly luminescent carbon nanodots by microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Chem. Commun. 48, 7955 (2012).
38. Dong, Y. et al. Carbon-based dots co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur for high quantum yield and excitation-independent emission. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 7800-7804 (2013).
39. Barman, M. K., Jana, B., Bhattacharyya, S. & Patra, A. Photophysical properties of doped carbon dots (N, P, and B) and their influence on electron/hole transfer in carbon dots-nickel (II) Phthalocyanine Conjugates. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 20034-20041 (2014).
40. Reckmeier, C. J., Schneider, J., Susha, A. S. & Rogach, A. L. Luminescent colloidal carbon dots: optical properties and effects of doping. Opt. Express 24, A312-A340 (2016).
41. Qu, D. et al. Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent Ndoped graphene quantum dots. Sci. Rep. 4, 5294 (2014).
42. Permatasari, F. A., Aimon, A. H., Iskandar, F., Ogi, T. & Okuyama, K. Role of C-N configurations in the photoluminescence of graphene quantum dots synthesized by a hydrothermal route. Sci. Rep. 6, 21042 (2016).
43. Yeh, T.-F., Teng, C.-Y., Chen, S.-J. & Teng, H. Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots as photocatalysts for overall water-splitting under visible light illumination. Adv. Mater. 26, 3297-3303 (2014).
44. Chen, L. C. et al. Architecting nitrogen functionalities on graphene oxide photocatalysts for boosting hydrogen production in water decomposition process. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1600719 (2016).
45. Teng, C.-Y. et al. Roles of nitrogen functionalities in enhancing the excitationindependent green-color photoluminescence of graphene oxide dots. Nanoscale 9, 8256-8265 (2017).
46. Usachov, D. et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene: efficient growth, structure, and electronic properties. Nano. Lett. 11, 5401-5407 (2011).
47. Luo, Z. et al. Pyridinic N doped graphene: synthesis, electronic structure, and electrocatalytic property. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 8038-8044 (2011).
48. Barman, M. K., Bhattacharyya, S. & Patra, A. Steady state and time resolved spectroscopic study of C-dots-MEH-PPV polymer nanoparticles composites. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 16834-16840 (2013).
49. He, H. et al. Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of ultra-bright fluorescent carbon dots for live cell staining, cell-specific targeting and in vivo imaging. J. Mater. Chem. B 3, 4786-4789 (2015).
50. Zhu, H., Zhang, W. & Yu, S. F. Realization of lasing emission from graphene quantum dots using titanium dioxide nanoparticles as light scatterers. Nanoscale 5, 1797-1802 (2013).
51. Wei, D. et al. A new method to synthesize complicated multibranched carbon nanotubes with controlled architecture and composition. Nano. Lett. 6, 186-192 (2006).
52. Thomsen, C. & Reich, S. Double resonant raman scattering in graphite. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5214-5217 (2000).
53. Ferrari, A. C. & Robertson, J. Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon. Phys. Rev. B 61, 14095-14107 (2000).
54. Wei, D. et al. Synthesis of N-Doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties. Nano. Lett. 9, 1752-1758 (2009).
55. Wang, Y. & Hu, A. Carbon quantum dots: synthesis, properties and applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 6921-6939 (2014).
56. Zhao, Y. et al. Carbon dots: from intense absorption in visible range to excitation-independent and excitation-dependent photoluminescence. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct. 23, 922-929 (2015).
57. Zhou, Y., Sharma, S., Peng, Z. & Leblanc, R. Polymers in carbon dots: a review. Polymers 9, 67 (2017).
58. Zhu, B. et al. Preparation of carbon nanodots from single chain polymeric nanoparticles and theoretical investigation of the photoluminescence mechanism. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 580-586 (2013).
59. Li, H. et al. Water-soluble fluorescent carbon quantum dots and photocatalyst design. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 4430-4434 (2010).
60. Sk, M. A., Ananthanarayanan, A., Huang, L., Lim, K. H. & Chen, P. Revealing the tunable photoluminescence properties of graphene quantum dots. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 6954-6960 (2014).
61. Simon, T. et al. Redox shuttle mechanism enhances photocatalytic H2 generation on Ni-decorated CdS nanorods. Nat. Mater. 13, 1013-1018 (2014).
62. Xu, X., Bao, Z., Zhou, G., Zeng, H. & Hu, J. Enriching photoelectrons via three transition channels in amino-conjugated carbon quantum dots to boost photocatalytic hydrogen generation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 14118-14124 (2016).
63. Berr, M. J. et al. Hole scavenger redox potentials determine quantum efficiency and stability of Pt-decorated CdS nanorods for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 223903 (2012).
64. Caputo, C. A. et al. Photocatalytic hydrogen production using polymeric carbon nitride with a hydrogenase and a bioinspired synthetic ni catalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 11538-11542 (2014).
65. Lau, V. W.-h et al. Urea-modified carbon nitrides: enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by rational defect engineering. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1602251 (2017).
66. Ehrat, F., Simon, T., Stolarczyk J. K. & Feldmann, J. Size effects on photocatalytic H2 generation with CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals. Z. Phys. Chem. 229, 205-219 (2015).
67. Wang, C. et al. In situ nitrogen-doped graphene grown from polydimethylsiloxane by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Nanoscale 5, 600-605 (2013).
68. Tetsuka, H. et al. Optically tunable amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots. Adv. Mater. 24, 5333-5338 (2012).
69. Zhang, Y. et al. One-step microwave synthesis of N-doped hydroxylfunctionalized carbon dots with ultra-high fluorescence quantum yields. Nanoscale 8, 15281-15287 (2016).
70. Eda, G. et al. Blue photoluminescence from chemically derived graphene oxide. Adv. Mater. 22, 505-509 (2010).
71. Li, M. et al. Quenching of fluorescence of reduced graphene oxide by nitrogendoping. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 233112 (2012).
72. Xu, Y. et al. The synergistic effect of graphitic N and pyrrolic N for the enhanced photocatalytic performance of nitrogen-doped graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 181, 810-817 (2016).
73. Wang, H., Maiyalagan, T. & Wang, X. Review on recent progress in nitrogendoped graphene: synthesis, characterization, and its potential applications. ACS Catal. 2, 781-794 (2012).
74. Jia, L., Wang, D.-H., Huang, Y.-X., Xu, A.-W. & Yu, H.-Q. Highly durable NDoped Graphene/CdS Nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water under visible light irradiation. J.Phys. Chem. C 115, 11466-11473 (2011).
75. Tarafder, K., Surendranath, Y., Olshansky, J. H., Alivisatos, A. P. & Wang, L.-W. Hole transfer dynamics from a CdSe/CdS quantum rod to a tethered ferrocene derivative. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 5121-5131 (2014).
76. Tong, Y. et al. Dilution-induced formation of hybrid perovskite nanoplatelets ACS Nano 10, 10936-10944 (2016)