Geological hazards in the UNESCO World Heritage sites of the UK: From the global to the local scale perspective

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 176, Issue , 2018, Pages 166-194

  Cigna, Francesca ^a,b   Tapete, Deodato ^a,b   Lee, Kathryn ^a  

^a BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b ITALIAN SPACE AGENCY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cultural heritage; Flooding; Geological hazard; Geological modelling; Ground instability; Hazard awareness; Landslides; Mining; Site management; Subsidence; UNESCO; World Heritage List

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL HERITAGE; FLOODING; GEOLOGICAL HAZARD; HERITAGE CONSERVATION; LANDSLIDE; MINING; MODELING; SUBSIDENCE; UNESCO;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 85033556493     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.016     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Allan, J.R., Venter, O., Maxwell, S., Bertzky, B., Jones, K., Shi, Y., Watson, J.E.M., Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites. Biol. Conserv. 206 (2017), 47–55.
2. ARUP, Review of Mining Instability in Great Britain. Report to the Department of the Environment, 1990, Arup Geotechnics, London, UK Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/arup-review-of-mining-instability-in-great-britain.
3. BBC, Dorset Jurassic coast cliff crack causes concern. 18 May 2015 http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-32780736, 2015. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
4. Booth, K., Wildman, G., Geological Indicators of Flooding: User Guidance Notes, 2010. BGS Open Report OR/10/064, Nottingham, UK. 2010 (10 pp).
5. Booth, K.A., Diaz-Doce, D., Harrison, M., Wildman, G., User Guide for the British Geological Survey GeoSure Dataset. BGS Internal Report OR/10/066, Nottingham, UK. 2010 (17 pp).
6. British Geological Survey (BGS), UK Geohazard Note. Collapsible Ground. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2914, 2014.
7. British Geological Survey (BGS), BGS Data Products. Susceptibility to Groundwater Flooding. Explanatory Notes for Users. Nottingham, UK. 2016 (4 pp).
8. British Geological Survey (BGS), BGS National Landslide Database. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/landslides/nld.html, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
9. British Geological Survey (BGS), DiGMapGB-625. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/DiGMapGB_625.html, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
10. British Geological Survey (BGS), Report on a responsive visit to a sinkhole at Magdalen Road, Ripon on 11 Nov 2016. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/engineeringGeology/shallowGeohazardsAndRisks/sinkholes/riponNov2016.html, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
11. British Geological Survey (BGS), Geology of Britain. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/home.html, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
12. British Geological Survey (BGS), What is the Seismic Hazard in the UK. http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/hazard/UKhazard.html, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
13. Cameron, D.G., User Guide for the BRITPITS GIS Dataset. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/13/016 Nottingham, UK. 2012 (27pp).
14. Chris Blandford Associates, Durham Cathedral and Castle World Heritage Site Management Plan. 2006 (Nov 2006).
15. Cigna, F., Jordan, H., Bateson, L., McCormack, H., Roberts, C., Natural and anthropogenic geohazards in Greater London observed from geological and ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT Persistent Scatterers ground motion data: results from the EC FP7-SPACE PanGeo project. Pure Appl. Geophys. 172:11 (2015), 2965–2995.
16. Cigna, F., Harrison, A., Tapete, D., Lee, K., Understanding Geohazards in the UNESCO WHL Site of the Derwent Valley Mills (UK) Using Geological and Remote Sensing Data. Proc. SPIE 9688, Fourth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2016), 4–8 Apr 2016, Paphos, Cyprus, Paper 96881V, 2016 (10 pp) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240848.
17. Cigna, F., Tapete, D., Lee, K., Geohazards Affecting UNESCO WHL Sites in the UK Observed From Geological Data and Satellite InSAR. Proc. SPIE 9688, Fourth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2016), 4–8 Apr 2016, Paphos, Cyprus, Paper 96880X, 2016 (10 pp) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240768.
18. Coal Authority (CA), Opencast Coal dataset. Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/opencast-coal-data, 2001.
19. Cooper, A.H., Subsidence hazards caused by the dissolution of Permian gypsum in England: geology, investigation and remediation. Maund, J.G., Eddleston, M., (eds.) Geohazards in Engineering Geology. Engineering Geology Special Publication 15, 1998, The Geological Society of London, 265–275.
20. Cooper, A.H., Farrant, A.R., Price, S.J., The use of karst geomorphology for planning, hazard avoidance and development in Great Britain. Geomorphology 134:1–2 (2011), 118–131.
21. Culshaw, M., A Stability Assessment of the North Slope of the Ironbridge Gorge, Telford, Shropshire, Institute of Geological Sciences, WN/EG/73/1. 1973.
22. Donnelly, L.J., Culshaw, M.G., Hobbs, P.R.N., Flint, R.C., Jackson, P.D., Engineering geological and geophysical investigations of a slope failure at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 64 (2005), 119–137.
23. Drdácký M., Binda, L., Herle, I., Lanza, L.G., Maxwell, I., Pospíšil, S., Protecting the cultural heritage from natural disasters. IP/B/CULT/IC/2006_163. 2007, European Parliament, Brussels (120 pp).
24. English Heritage, Future Secure for Industrial Icon, 24 Feb 2016. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/iron-bridge-conservation-announced, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
25. Entwisle, D., Lawley, R., Tye, A., Turner, P., User Guide for DiGMapPlus Engineering Properties: Sulfate and Sulfide Potential. BGS Open Report OR/15/054, Nottingham, UK. 2015 (15 pp).
26. Environment Agency, Abandoned mines and the water environment. Science project SC030136-41. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291482/LIT_8879_df7d5c.pdf, 2013.
27. Evans, S., Incredible drone footage shows 900ft crack along face of Britain's Jurassic Coast following massive landslide. Mirror, 20 Apr 2016. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/incredible-drone-footage-shows-900ft-7792307, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
28. Farrant, A.R., Cooper, A.H., Karst geohazards in the UK: the use of digital data for hazard management. Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol. 41:3 (2008), 339–356.
29. Foster, C., Pennington, C.V.L., Culshaw, M.G., Lawrie, K., The national landslide database of Great Britain: development, evolution and applications. Environ. Earth Sci. 66:3 (2012), 941–953.
30. Gibson, J., Shaped by the sea; endangered archaeology of Orkney's maritime communities. Harrison, R., Maher, R.A., (eds.) Human Ecodynamics in the North Atlantic: A Collaborative Model of Humans and Nature through Science and Time, 2014, Lexington Books, London, UK.
31. Gibson, A.D., Culshaw, M.G., Dashwood, C., Pennington, C.V.L., Landslide management in the UK—the problem of managing hazards in a ‘low-risk’ environment. Landslides 10:5 (2013), 599–610.
32. GOV.UK, Long term flood risk assessment for locations in England. https://flood-warning-information.service.gov.uk/long-term-flood-risk/, 2017. (Accessed 16 February 2017)
33. Harrison, A.M., Plim, J.F.M., Harrison, M., Jones, L.D., Culshaw, M.G., The relationship between shrink–swell occurrence and climate in south-east England. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 123:4 (2012), 556–575.
34. Historic England, A Changing Climate: Water, Flooding and Historic Buildings. https://heritagecalling.com/2016/12/07/a-changing-climate-water-flooding-and-historic-buildings/, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
35. Howard, A.J., Managing global heritage in the face of future climate change: the importance of understanding geological and geomorphological processes and hazards. Int. J. Herit. Stud. 19 (2013), 632–658.
36. Kershaw, S., Environmental risks from Britain's mining legacy. Hazard, Risk and Resilience Summer 2014, University of Durham. http://ihrrblog.org/2014/07/22/environmental-risks-britains-mining-legacy/, 2014. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
37. Kossoff, D., Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Howard, A.J., Knight, D., Industrial mining heritage and the legacy of environmental pollution in the Derbyshire Derwent catchment: quantifying contamination at a regional scale and developing integrated strategies for management of the wider historic environment. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 6 (2016), 190–199.
38. Lee, K.A., Diaz-Doce, D., User Guide for the British Geological Survey GeoSure Dataset. BGS Internal Report OR/14/012, Nottingham, UK. 2014 (17 pp).
39. Linley, K.A., User Guide Mining Hazard (Not Including Coal) V7. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/15/039, Nottingham, UK. 2015 (18 pp).
40. Markham, A., Osipova, E., Lafrenz, Samuels K., Caldas, A., World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France. http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/883/, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
41. Musson, R.M.W., Sargeant, S.L., Eurocode 8 Seismic Hazard Zoning Maps for the UK. British Geological Survey Technical Report, CR/07/125N, Nottingham, UK. 2007 (70 pp).
42. Musson, R.M.W., Winter, P.W., Seismic hazard maps for the UK. Nat. Hazards 14 (1996), 141–154.
43. Nichol, D., Graham, J.R., Remediation and monitoring of a highway across an active landslide at Trevor, North Wales. Eng. Geol. 59 (2001), 337–348.
44. Pavlova, I., Makarigakis, A., Depret, T., Jomelli, V., Global overview of the geological hazard exposure and disaster risk awareness at world heritage sites. J. Cult. Herit., 2015 (7 pp) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.11.001.
45. Pennington, C.V.L., A Geological Assessment of the Landslides in the Ironbridge Gorge, Shropshire. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/08/157, Nottingham, UK. 2008 (40 pp).
46. Pennington, C., Freeborough, K., Dashwood, C., Dijkstra, T., Lawrie, K., The national landslide database of Great Britain: acquisition, communication and the role of social media. Geomorphology 249 (2015), 44–51.
47. Rayner, C., Rayner, M., Rosenbaum, M., A Geological Trail through the landslides of Ironbridge Gorge. Proceedings of the Shropshire Geological Society. 12, 2007, 39–52.
48. Sanderson, E.W., Jaith, M., Levy, M.A., Redford, K.H., Wannebo, A.V., Woolmer, G., The human footprint and the last of the wild. Bioscience 52:10 (2002), 891–904.
49. Smith, A., Digital Geological Map of Great Britain, Information Notes, 2013. BGS Open Report OR/13/007, Nottingham, UK. 2013 (54 pp).
50. Smith, A., User Guide for the BGS DiGMapGB-50 data (V7). BGS Open Report OR/13/008, Nottingham, UK. 2013 (17 pp).
51. Spizzichino, D., Leoni, G., Comerci, V., Brustia, E., Guerrieri, L., Dessì B., Trigila, A., Iadanza, C., PROTHEGO Deliverable D.01.01: UNESCO Cultural Heritage vs Natural hazards at European scale, Version 1.0. JPI-CH Heritage Plus PROTHEGO project, Open Report. Date 15/12/2016. pp. 30. http://www.prothego.eu/docs/PROTHEGO_D.01.01.pdf, 2016.
52. Spizzichino, B., Margottini, C., Brustia, E., Comerci, V., Dessì B., Guerrieri, L., Iadanza, C., Trigila, A., Vittori, E., European UNESCO Cultural Heritage Sites Affected by Geo-hazard. Fourth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2016), 4–8 Apr 2016, Paphos, Cyprus, Abstract Book. 2016.
53. Tapete, D., Cigna, F., InSAR data for geohazard assessment in UNESCO World Heritage sites: state-of-the-art and perspectives in the Copernicus era. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 63 (2017), 24–32, 10.1016/j.jag.2017.07.007.
54. The Telegraph, Man tried to warn woman, 22, crushed under rockfall, 18 Dec 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9753178/Man-tried-to-warn-woman-22-crushed-under-rockfall.html, 2012. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
55. Themistocleous, K., Agapiou, A., Cuca, B., Danezis, C., Cigna, F., Margottini, C., Spizzichino, D., Methodology for Locale-scale Monitoring for the PROTHEGO Project: The Choirokoitia Case Study. Proc. SPIE 10005, Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications VII, 26–29 Sept 2016, Edinburgh, UK, Paper 100050M, 2016 (8 pp) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2242047.
56. Themistocleous, K., Cuca, B., Agapiou, A., Lysandrou, V., Tzouvaras, M., Hadjimitsis, D.G., Kyriakides, F., Kouhartsiouk, D., Margottini, C., Spizzichino, D., Cigna, F., Crosta, G., Frattini, P., Fernandez Merodo, J.A., The protection of cultural heritage sites from geo-hazards: the PROTHEGO project. Ioannides, M., Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol 10059), 2016, 91–98, 10.1007/978-3-319-48974-2_11.
57. Tye, A.M., Entwisle, D.E., Newsham, R., User Guide for the British Geological Survey Corrosivity (Ferrous) Dataset. BGS Open Report OR/11/023, Nottingham, UK. 2011 (17 pp).
58. UNESCO, Recommendation concerning the Protection at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage. http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/, 1972. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
59. UNESCO, International expert meeting on World Heritage and buffer zones. http://whc.unesco.org/en/events/473/, 2008. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
60. UNESCO, Stonehenge and Avebury WHS climate change risk assessment. http://www.stonehengeandaveburywhs.org/downloads/stonehenge-and-avebury-whs-climate-change-risk-assessment-2014/, 2014. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
61. UNESCO, Operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/, 2015. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
62. UNESCO, World Heritage list. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/, 2016. (Accessed 12 August 2016)
63. Venter, O., Sanderson, E.W., Magrach, A., Allan, J.R., Beher, J., Jones, K.R., Possingham, H.P., Laurance, W.F., Wood, P., Fekete, B.M., Levy, M.A., Watson, J.E.M., Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nat. Commun., 7, 2016, 12558.
64. Walsby, J.C., Geosure: a bridge between geology and decision making. Liverman Communicating Environmental Geoscience, 2008, Geological Society, London, UK, 81–87.
65. WWF-UK, A Global Assessment of Extractive Activity Within Natural World Heritage Sites. London, UK. 2015 (24 pp).
66. Younger, P.L., Environmental impacts of coal mining and associated wastes: a geochemical perspective. Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ. 236 (2004), 169–209, 10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.236.01.12.