The use of karst geomorphology for planning, hazard avoidance and development in Great Britain

Geomorphology

Volumn 134, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 118-131

  Cooper, Anthony H ^a   Farrant, Andrew R ^a   Price, Simon J ^a  

^a BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Drainage; GIS; Hazard; Karst; Sinkhole; Subsidence

Indexed keywords

BEDROCK; CAVE; CHALK; DATA SET; DATABASE; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; DIGITAL MAP; DOLOMITE; DRAINAGE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; GIS; GYPSUM; HAZARD; KARST; LIMESTONE; PLANNING SYSTEM; SALT; SINKHOLE; SOLUBILITY; SUBSIDENCE;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 80052914506     PISSN: 0169555X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Allen D.J., Brewerton I.J., Coleby L.M., Gibbs B.R., Lewis M.A., MacDonald A.M., Wagstaff S.J., Williams A.T. The physical properties of major aquifers in England and Wales. British Geological Survey 1997, 8. Technical Report WD/97/34, Environment Agency R&D Publication, 312 pp.
2. Applied Geology Limited Review of Instability due to Natural Underground Cavities in Great Britain 1993, 14. Applied Geology Ltd, Royal Lemington Spa.
3. Arthur S., Streetley H.R., Valley S., Streetley M.J., Herbert A.W. Modelling large ground source cooling systems in the Chalk aquifer of central London. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2010, 43:289-306.
4. Banks D., Davies C., Davies W. The Chalk as a karstic aquifer: evidence from a tracer test at Stanford Dingley, Berkshire, UK. The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 1995, 28:S31-S38.
5. BBC More Homes Razed After Collapse accessed 22nd March 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4915618.stm.
6. Brinkmann R., Parise M., Dye D. Sinkhole distribution in a rapidly developing urban environment: Hillsborough County, Tampa Bay area, Florida. Engineering Geology 2008, 99:169-184.
7. British Geological Survey Regional Geochemistry of Parts of North-West England and North Wales 1997, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, 128pp.
8. British Geological Survey Rock Classification Scheme accessed 22nd March 2011. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/bgsrcs/.
9. British Geological Survey Geological Data Index (GeoIndex) accessed 22nd March 2011. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/GeoIndex/.
10. British Standards Institution BS EN 12566-3:2005+A1:2009, Small Wastewater Treatment Systems for up to 50PT. Packaged and/or Site Assemble Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants 2005, 48pp.
11. British Standards Institution BS 6297:2007+A1:2008, Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Drainage Fields for use in Wastewater Treatment 2007, 44pp.
12. Busby J., Lewis M., Reeves H., Lawley R.S. Initial geological considerations before installing ground source heat pump systems. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2009, 42:295-306.
13. Chen A. Running hot and cold: report of the joint meeting of the British Geotechnical Association and the Engineering Group of the Geological Society on ground source energy systems, Wednesday 11 February 2009. Ground Engineering 2009, 10-11. August.
14. Cooper A.H. Foundered strata and subsidence resulting from the dissolution of Permian gypsum in the Ripon and Bedale areas, North Yorkshire. The English Zechstein and Related Topics. Special Publication 22 1986, 127-139. The Geological Society of London. G. Harwood, D.B. Smith (Eds.).
15. Cooper A.H. Subsidence resulting from the dissolution of Permian gypsum in the Ripon area; its relevance to mining and water abstraction. Engineering Geology of Underground Movements. Engineering Geology Special Publication 5 1988, 387-390. The Geological Society of London. F.G. Bell, M.G. Culshaw, J.C. Cripps, M.A. Lovell (Eds.).
16. Cooper A.H. Airborne multispectral scanning of subsidence caused by Permian gypsum dissolution at Ripon, North Yorkshire. The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 1989, 22:219-229.
17. Cooper A.H. Subsidence hazards caused by the dissolution of Permian gypsum in England: geology, investigation and remediation. Geohazards in Engineering Geology. Engineering Geology Special Publication 15 1998, 265-275. The Geological Society of London. J.G. Maund, M. Eddleston (Eds.).
18. Cooper A.H. Halite karst geohazards (natural and man-made) in the United Kingdom. Environmental Geology 2002, 42:505-512.
19. Cooper A.H. The classification, recording, databasing and use of information about building damage caused by subsidence and landslides. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2008, 41:409-424.
20. Cooper A.H. The GIS approach to evaporite karst geohazards in Great Britain. Environmental Geology 2008, 53:981-992.
21. Cooper A.H., Calow R. Avoiding gypsum geohazards: guidance for planning and construction. British Geological Survey Technical Report 1998, WC/98/5. 62pp.
22. Cooper A.H., Saunders J.M. Road and bridge construction across gypsum karst in England. Engineering Geology 2002, 65:217-223.
23. Cooper A.H., Farrant A.R., Adlam K.A.M., Walsby J.C. The development of a national Geographic Information System (GIS) for British karst geohazards and risk assessment. Geotechnical and Environmental Applications of Karst Geology and Hydrology 2001, 125-130. Balkema, Rotterdam. B.F. Beck, J.G. Herring (Eds.).
24. Culshaw M.G., Kelk B. A national geo-hazard information system for the UK insurance industry - the development of a commercial product in a geological survey environment: paper 111. Proceeding 1st European Congress on Regional Geological Cartography and Information Systems, Bologna, Italy 1994, 3pp.
25. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs Flood and Water Management Act 2010, 84pp.
26. Department of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance Note 14: Development on Unstable Land 1990, HMSO, London, 25pp.
27. Department of Transport Local Government and the Regions Planning Policy Guidance Note 14. Development on UNSTABLE land. Annex2: Subsidence and Planning 2002, The Stationary Office, London, 57pp.
28. Edmonds C.N. Towards the prediction of subsidence risk upon the Chalk outcrop. The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 1983, 16:261-266.
29. Edmonds C.N. Predicting natural cavities in chalk. Land Surface Evaluation for Engineering Practice. Engineering Geology Special Publication 18 2001, 29-38. The Geological Society of London. J.S. Griffiths (Ed.).
30. Edmonds C.N. Subsidence hazard in Berkshire in areas underlain by chalk karst. Land Surface Evaluation for Engineering Practice. Engineering Geology Special Publication 18 2001, 97-106. The Geological Society of London. J.S. Griffiths (Ed.).
31. Edmonds C.N. Karst and mining geohazards with particular reference to the Chalk outcrop, England. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2008, 41:261-274.
32. Edmonds C.N., Green C.P., Higginbottom I.E. Subsidence hazard prediction for limestone terrains, as applied to the English Cretaceous Chalk. Planning and Engineering Geology, Engineering Geology Special Publication 4 1987, 283-293. The Geological Society of London. M.G. Culshaw, F.G. Bell, J.C. Cripps, M. O'Hara (Eds.).
33. Edmonds C.N., Martin G., Marker B.R. A national study of natural underground cavities in Great Britain - data collection, spatial analysis, planning and engineering significance. Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Sinkholes and Karst: Third Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, St.Petersburg Beach, Florida, 2-4 October 1989 1989, 349-359. Balkema, Rotterdam. B.F. Beck (Ed.).
34. Ellison R.A., Woods M.A., Allen D.J., Forster A., Pharoah T.C., King C. Geology of London. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 256 (North London), 257 (Romford), 270 (South London) and 271 (Dartford) (England and Wales) 2004, 114pp.
35. Environment Agency Groundwater protection: Policy and Practice (GP3 - Part 4) accessed 22nd March 2011. 96pp. http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEHO0708BOGU-e-e.pdf.
36. Environment Agency Groundwater Protection Zones accessed 22nd March 2011. http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/37833.aspx.
37. Environment Alliance Pollution Prevention Guidelines: Treatment and Disposal of Sewage where no Foul Sewer is Available: PPG4 2006, Environment Agency, 12pp.
38. Parliament European Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities 2000, pp. L327/321 - L327/372.
39. European Parliament Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration. Official Journal of the European Union 2006, pp. L372/319 - L372/331.
40. Faber Maunsell Highway structures general advice - Ridley Road Emergency Works Final Report on Site Investigations. For London Borough of Bromley Environmental Services Department 5th December 2006 2006, 38pp.
41. Farrant A.R. Karst development in the southern English Chalk. Geotechnical and Environmental Applications of Karst Geology and Hydrogeology. Proceedings of the Eighth Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, April 1-4th Louisville, Kentucky, USA 2001, 77-82. Balkema, Rotterdam. B.F. Beck, J.G. Herring (Eds.).
42. Farrant A.R., Cooper A.H. Karst geohazards in the UK: the use of digital data for hazard management. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2008, 41:339-356.
43. Fleury S. Land Use Policy and Practice on Karst Terrains - Living on Limestone 2009, Springer, 187pp.
44. Ford D., Williams P. Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology 2007, Wiley, Chichester, 562pp.
45. Fry V.A. Lessons from London: regulation of open-loop ground source heat pumps in central London. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2009, 42:325-334.
46. Galve J.P., Gutiérrez F., Remondo J., Bonachea J., Lucha P., Cendrero A. Evaluating and comparing methods of sinkhole susceptibility mapping in the Ebro Valley evaporite karst (NE Spain). Geomorphology 2009, 111:160-172.
47. Gibson A.D., Forster A., Culshaw M.G., Cooper A.H., Farrant A.R., Jackson N., Willet D. Rapid geohazard assessment system for the UK Natural Gas Pipeline Network, Geoline 2005: International Symposium on Geology and Linear Developments, 23rd-25th May 2005, Lyon, France 2005.
48. Government Draft Statutory Instruments The Groundwater (England and Wales) Regulations 2009 2009, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, pp. 1-10.
49. Griffiths J.S., Doornkamp J.C. Land instability and the legal responsibilities of the landowner, developer and consultant earth scientist. Terra Nova 1995, 7:550-503.
50. Guerrero J., Gutiérrez F., Bonachea J., Lucha P. A sinkhole susceptibility zonation based on paleokarst analysis along a stretch of the Madrid-Barcelona high-speed railway built over gypsum- and salt-bearing evaporites (NE Spain). Engineering Geology 2008, 102:62-73.
51. Gutiérrez F., Cooper A.H. Evaporite dissolution subsidence in the historical city of Calatayud, Spain: damage appraisal and prevention. Natural Hazards 2002, 25:259-288.
52. Gutiérrez F., Cooper A.H., Johnson K.S. Identification, prediction, and mitigation of sinkhole hazards in evaporite karst areas. Environmental Geology 2008, 53:1007-1022.
53. Gutiérrez F., Galve J.P., Lucha P., Bonachea J., Jordá L., Jordá R. Investigation of a large collapse sinkhole affecting a multi-storey building by means of geophysics and the trenching technique (Zaragoza city, NE Spain). Environmental Geology 2009, 58:1107-1122.
54. Hall M., Cooper A.H., Ford J.R., Price S.J., Burke H. The use of NEXTMap Britain for geological surveying in the Vale of York. Elevation Models in Geoscience. Special Publication 345 2010, 55-66. The Geological Society of London. C. Fleming, J.R.A. Giles, S.H. Marsh (Eds.).
55. Harrison M., Forster A. The Assessment of National Scale Geohazard potential through the application of GIS modelling. Engineering Geology for Tomorrow's Cities 2006, The Geological Society of London, CD paper number 286 included on CD with the volume. M.G. Culshaw, H. Reeves, I. Jefferson, T.W. Spink (Eds.).
56. Howard Humphreys Subsidence in Norwich. Report of the Study on the Causes and Mechanisms of Land Subsidence, Norwich, carried out for the Department of the Environment (Research contract PECD7/1/362) 1993, Partners Ltd, HMSO, London, 99pp.
57. James A.N. Soluble Materials in Civil Engineering 1992, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 434pp.
58. James A.N., Cooper A.H., Holliday D.W. Solution of the gypsum cliff (Permian Middle Marl) by the River Ure at Ripon Parks, North Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1981, 43:433-450.
59. Klimchouk A. The dissolution and conversion of gypsum and anhydrite. International Journal of Speleology 1996, 25:9-20. A. Klimchouk, D. Lowe, A. Cooper, U. Sauro (Eds.).
60. Klimchouk A., Cucchi F., Calaforra J.M., Aksem S., Finocchiaro F., Forti P. The dissolution of gypsum from field observations. International Journal of Speleology 1996, 25:37-48. A. Klimchouk, D. Lowe, A. Cooper, U. Sauro (Eds.).
61. Lamont-Black J., Younger P.L., Forth R.A., Cooper A.H., Bonniface J.P. A decision-logic framework for investigating subsidence problems potentially attributable to gypsum karstification. Engineering Geology 2002, 65:205-215.
62. LeFeuvre P., St John Cox C. Evidence. Ground source heating and cooling pumps - state of play and future trends, Environment Agency report prepared by AEA Technology Plc 2009, 80pp.
63. Maurice L.D., Atkinson T.C., Barker J.A., Bloomfield J.P., Farrant A.R., Williams A.T. Karstic behavior of groundwater in the English Chalk. Journal of Hydrology 2006, 330:63-70.
64. McDowell P.W. Geophysical investigations of sinkholes in chalk, U.K. Case Study No 9. Sinkholes and Subsidence 2005, 313-316. Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction, Praxis, Chichester. A.C. Waltham, F.G. Bell, M.G. Culshaw (Eds.).
65. McDowell P.W., Coulton J., Edmonds C.N., Poulsom A.J. The nature, formation and engineering significance of sinkholes related to dissolution of chalk in SE Hampshire, England. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2008, 41:279-290.
66. Murphy P.J. The karstification of the Permian strata east of Leeds. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 2000, 53:25-30.
67. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister The Building Regulations 2000; section H: Drainage and Waste Disposal accessed 22nd March 2011. http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_ADH_2002.pdf.
68. Patterson D.A., Davey J.C., Cooper A.H., Ferris J.K. The investigation of dissolution subsidence incorporating microgravity geophysics at Ripon, Yorkshire. The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 1995, 28:83-94.
69. Paukstys B., Cooper A.H., Arustiene J. Planning for gypsum geohazards in Lithuania and England. Engineering Geology 1999, 52(1-2):93-103.
70. Price M. Drainage from roads and airfields to soakways: groundwater pollutant or valuable recharge?. Journal of the Institution of Water and Environmental Management 1994, 8:468-479.
71. Price M., Atkinson T.C., Barker J.A., Wheeler D., Monkhouse R.A. A tracer study of the danger posed to a chalk aquifer by contaminated highway run-off. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Water, Maritime & Energy, 96(Paper 9754) 1992, 9-18.
72. Reuter F., Tolmachev V.V., Molek H., Suderlau G., Chomenko V.P. Bauen und Bergbau in Senkungs- und Erdfallgebieten, Eine Ingenieurgeologie des Karstes. Schriftenreihe für Geologische Wissenschaften 1990, 28. Academie-Verlag, Berlin, 76pp.
73. Sargent C., Goulty N.R. Seismic reflection survey for investigation of gypsum dissolution and subsidence at Hell Kettles, Darlington, UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2009, 42:31-38.
74. Smith D.B. The late Permian palaeogeography of north-east England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1989, 47:285-312.
75. Sowers G.F. Building on Sinkholes - Design and Construction of Foundations in Karst Terrain 1996, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 202pp.
76. Thompson A., Hine P.D., Greig J.R., Peach D.W. Assessment of Subsidence Arising from Gypsum Dissolution 1996, Symonds Group Ltd, East Grinstead, 288pp.
77. Thompson A., Hine P.D., Peach D.W., Frost L., Brook D. Subsidence hazard assessment as a basis for Planning Guidance in Ripon. Geohazards in Engineering Geology. Engineering Geology Special Publication 15 1998, 415-426. The Geological Society of London. J.G. Maund, M. Eddleston (Eds.).
78. Tihansky A.B. Sinkholes, West-Central Florida. Land Subsidence in the United States 1999, 1182:121-140. USGS Circular. D. Galloway, D.R. Jones, S.E. Ingebritsen (Eds.).
79. Tuckwell G., Grossey T., Owen S., Stearns P. The use of microgravity to detect small distributed voids and low-density ground. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 2008, 41:371-380.
80. Waltham A.C., Cooper A.H. Features of gypsum caves and karst at Pinega (Russia) and Ripon (England). Cave and Karst Science 1998, 25:131-140.
81. Waltham A.C., Simms M.J., Farrant A.R., Goldie H. Karst and Caves of Great Britain. Conservation Review Series 1997, Chapman and Hall, London.
82. Waltham A.C., Bell F.G., Culshaw M.G. Sinkholes and Subsidence; Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction 2005, Springer, Praxis, Chichester, 382pp.
83. Wilson A.A. The Mercia Mudstone Group (Triassic) of Manchester Airport, Second Runway. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 2003, 54:129-145.
84. Woods-Ballard B., Kellagher R., Martin P., Jeffries C., Bray R., Shaffer P. The SUDS Manual, C697 2007, CIRIA, London, 547 pp.