Making connections: exploring the centrality of posttraumatic stress symptoms and covariates after a terrorist attack

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

Volumn 8, Issue sup3, 2017, Pages

  Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott ^a   Heir, Trond ^a,b  

^a Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

aetiology; network analysis; psychopathology; PTSD; terrorism

Indexed keywords

EID: 85032939343     PISSN: 20008198     EISSN: 20008066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1333387     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Åkerstedt, T., Knutsson, A., Westerholm, P., Theorell, T., Alfredsson, L., & Kecklund, G. (2002). Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1–10.
2. Armour, C., Fried, E. I., Deserno, M. K., Tsai, J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017). A network analysis of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and correlates in US military veterans. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, 49–59. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.11.008
3. Armour, C., Műllerová, J., & Elhai, J. D. (2016). A systematic literature review of PTSD’s latent structure in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV to DSM-5. Clinical Psychology Review, 44, 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.003
4. Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
5. Brummett, B. H., Babyak, M. A., Siegler, I. C., Vitaliano, P. P., Ballard, E. L., Gwyther, L. P., & Williams, R. B. (2006). Associations among perceptions of social support, negative affect, and quality of sleep in caregivers and noncaregivers. Health Psychology, 25, 220–225. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.2.220
6. Bryant, R. A. (2003). Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 789–795. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01895-4
7. Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’donnell, M., Forbes, D., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2016). Acute and chronic posttraumatic stress symptoms in the emergence of posttraumatic stress disorder: A network analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:135–142. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3470
8. Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 301–328. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
9. Cramer, A. O., Sluis, S., Noordhof, A., Wichers, M., Geschwind, N., Aggen, S. H., … Borsboom, D. (2012). Dimensions of normal personality as networks in search of equilibrium: You can’t like parties if you don’t like people. European Journal of Personality, 26, 414–431. doi:10.1002/per.1866
10. Csardi, G., & Nepusz, T. (2006). The igraph software package for complex network research. Interjournal, Complex Systems, 1695, 1–9.
11. Elhai, J. D., & Palmieri, P. A. (2011). The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A literature update, critique of methodology, and agenda for future research. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 849–854. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.04.007
12. Engelhard, I. M., Hout, M. A. V. D., & Lommen, M. J. J. (2009). Individuals high in neuroticism are not more reactive to adverse events. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 697–700. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.031
13. Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. (2017). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.08462
14. Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–18. doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i04
15. Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. (2016). A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Retrieved December 17, 2016, from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01367v4.pdf
16. Fortunato, S. (2010). Community detection in graphs. Physics Reports, 486, 75–174. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002
17. Fried, E. I., Van Borkulo, C. D., Boschloo, L., Cramer, A., Schoevers, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2016). Mental disorders as networks of problems: A review of recent insights. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1319-z
18. Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2008). Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso. Biostatistics, 9, 432–441. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxm045
19. Fruchterman, T. M., & Reingold, E. M. (1991). Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Software: Practice and Experience, 21, 1129–1164.
20. Geraerts, E., & McNally, R. J. (2008). Forgetting unwanted memories: Directed forgetting and thought suppression methods. Acta Psychologica, 127, 614–622. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.003
21. Hansen, M. B., Birkeland, M., Nissen, A., Blix, I., Solberg, Ø., & Heir, T. (in press). Prevalence and course of symptom-defined PTSD in individuals directly or indirectly exposed to terror - A longitudinal study. Psychiatry. doi:10.1080/00332747.2016.1230983
22. Hansen, M. B., Nissen, A., & Heir, T. (2013). Proximity to terror and post-traumatic stress: A follow-up survey of governmental employees after the 2011 Oslo bombing attack. BMJ Open, 3, e002692. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002692
23. Hem, C., Hussain, A., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Heir, T. (2012). The Norwegian version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL): Construct validity in a community sample of 2004 tsunami survivors. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 66, 355–359. doi:10.3109/08039488.2012.655308
24. Hofmann, S. G., Curtiss, J., & McNally, R. J. (2016). A complex network perspective on clinical science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 597–605. doi:10.1177/1745691616639283
25. John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The big five inventory–Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: University of California,Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
26. Joseph, S., Andrews, B., Williams, R., & Yule, W. (1992). Crisis support and psychiatric symptomatology in adult survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 63–73.
27. Litz, B. T., Orsillo, S. M., Kaloupek, D., & Weathers, F. (2000). Emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 26–39. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.1.26
28. Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L., Glynn, S. M., & Shetty, V. (2006). The role of hyperarousal in the manifestation of posttraumatic psychological distress following injury. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 624–628. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.624
29. McNally, R. J. (2016). Can network analysis transform psychopathology? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 95–104. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.006
30. McNally, R. J., Robinaugh, D. J., Wu, G. W., Wang, L., Deserno, M. K., & Borsboom, D. (2015). Mental disorders as causal systems a network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 836–849. doi:10.1177/2167702614553230
31. Merz, C. J., & Wolf, O. T. (2017). Sex differences in stress effects on emotional learning. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 95, 93–105. doi:10.1002/jnr.23811
32. Nuijten, M. (2016). Mental disorders as complex networks: An introduction and overview of a network approach to psychopathology. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 13, 68–76.
33. Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. (2007). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 183–204. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183
34. Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., … Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013). Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 686–697. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003
35. Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52–73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52
36. Pietrzak, R., Feder, A., Schechter, C., Singh, R., Cancelmo, L., Bromet, E., … Southwick, S. M. (2014). Dimensional structure and course of post-traumatic stress symptomatology in World Trade Center responders. Psychological Medicine, 44, 2085–2098. doi:10.1017/S0033291713002924
37. Porter, S., & Peace, K. A. (2007). The scars of memory: A prospective, longitudinal investigation of the consistency of traumatic and positive emotional memories in adulthood. Psychological Science, 18, 435–441. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01918.x
38. Reichardt, J., & Bornholdt, S. (2006). Statistical mechanics of community detection. Physical Review E, 74, 016110. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.74.016110
39. Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., & Bohni, M. K. (2008). A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis. Psychological Review, 115, 985–1011. doi:10.1037/a0013397
40. Santiago, P. N., Ursano, R. J., Gray, C. L., Pynoos, R. S., Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernandez, R., … Fullerton, C. (2013). A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: Intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. Plos One, 8, e59236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059236
41. Schell, T. L., Marshall, G. N., & Jaycox, L. H. (2004). All symptoms are not created equal: The prominent role of hyperarousal in the natural course of posttraumatic psychological distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 189–197. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.113.2.189
42. Shepherd, L., & Wild, J. (2014). Emotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 360–367. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.03.002
43. Solberg, Ø., Birkeland, M., Blix, I., Hansen, M., & Heir, T. (2016). Towards an exposure-dependent model of post-traumatic stress: Longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress symptomatology and functional impairment after the 2011 Oslo bombing. Psychological Medicine, 46, 3241–3254. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001860
44. Solomon, Z., Horesh, D., & Ein-Dor, T. (2009). The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters among war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 837. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04839
45. VA National Center for PTSD. (2012). Using the PTSD checklist. Retrieved December 17, 2016, from https://sph.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/PTSDChecklistScoring.pdf