The (neglected) employment dimension of the World Trade Organization

International Studies in Human Rights

Volumn 84, Issue , 2006, Pages 125-155

  Charnovitz, Steve ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85032118661     PISSN: 09244751     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Marrakesh Declaration of 15 April 1994, para. 1, available at 〈http://www.worldtradelaw.net/uragreements/index.htm〉.
2. Anne O. Krueger, 'Wilful Ignorance: The Struggle to Convince the Free Trade Skeptics', 3 World Trade Review 483 (2004).
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5. Frances Williams, 'WTO Staff to Step Up Action Over Pay', Financial Times, 10 December 2002, at 16;
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7. 'WTO and World Bank Sign Cooperation Agreement', WTO News, 28 April 1997;
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9. 'Labours of Love', Financial Times, 6 December 1996, at 13;
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11. WIO, Labour Standards: Highly Controversial, available at 〈http://www.wto.org/english/thewto-e/whatis-e/tif-e/bey5-e.htm〉.
12. 'WTO, Exploring the Linkage Between the Domestic Policy Environment and International Trade', World Trade Report 2004. The issue of employment was absent from the World Trade Report 2003.
13. Marc Bacchetta & Marion Jansen, 'Adjusting to Trade Liberalization, WTO Special Studies 7, April 2003, available at 〈http://www.wto.org/eng-lish/res-e/reser-e/special-studies-e.htm〉.
14. Thomas J. Manley & Luis Lauredo, 'International Labor Standards in Free Trade Agreements in the Americas', 18 Emory International Law Review 85 (2004).
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17. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Book IV, chaps, ii, iii, v;
18. Karl Marx, The Free Trade Congress at Brussels, 1847, available at 〈http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/09/30.htm〉.
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24. ITO Charter, art. 3. The text of the ITO Charter is available at 〈http://www.wto.org/english/docs-e/legal-e/prewto-legal-e.htm〉.
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26. Gardner Patterson, Discrimination in International Trade. The Policy Issues (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1966) at 306-7 & n. 63.
27. WTO Singapore Ministerial Declaration, 13 December 1996, para. 4, available at 〈http://www.wto.org/english/thewto-e/minist-e/min96-e/wtodec-e.htm〉.
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29. Jan Tinbergen (coordinator), Reshaping the International Order. A Report to the Club of Rome (New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1976) at 113-14,145.
30. Fritz Leutwiler et al., Trade Policies for a Better Future (Geneva, GATT, 1985) at 43.
31. Peter Sutherland et al., The Future of the WTO (Geneva, WTO, 2005), para. 172.
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33. Steve Charnovitz, 'Worker Adjustment: The Missing Ingredient in Trade Policy', 28 California ManagementReview 156,167 (1986).
34. C. Fred Bergsten, 'A New Foreign Economic Policy for the United States', in C. Fred Bergsten and the Institute for International Economics, The United States and the World Economy (Washington, Institute for International Economics, 2005) at 3,18-19
35. Kent Jones, Who's Afraid of the WTO? (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004) at 61.
36. Cletus C. Coughlin, "The Controversy Over Free Trade: The Gap Between Economists and the General Public', The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, January/February 2002, at 1.
37. Gordon Betcherman, Karina Olivas & Amit Dar, 'Impacts of Active Labor Market Programs: New Evidence from Evaluations with Particular Attention to Developing and Transition Countries', World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, No. 0402, January 2004, at iii.
38. World Summit for Social Development, Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development, para. 52(g), available at 〈http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/wssd/agreements/index.html〉.
39. Jagdish Bhagwati has endorsed this idea. Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defense of Globalization (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004) at 235.
40. Eugenia McGill, 'Poverty and Social Analysis of Trade Agreements: A More Coherent Approach?', 27 Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 371 (2004).
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42. James Salzman, 'Labor Rights, Globalization and Institutions: The Role and Influence of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development', 21 Michigan Journal of International Law 769 (2000).
43. Steve Charnovitz, 'Strengthening the International Employment Regime', 30 Intereconomics 221, 233 (1995).
44. Jean Baneth, Comment, in Anne O. Krueger (ed.), Ine W1O As An International Organization (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998) at 271, 274 & n. 1
45. Herman Walker, Jr., 'Modern Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation', 42 Minnesota Law Review 805, 806 (1958).
46. Michael Hart (ed.), Also Present at the Creation (Ottawa, Centre for Trade Policy and Law, 1995) at 237-38.
47. Allison M. Young, What's Next for Labor Mobility Under GATS?, in Pierre Sauve & Robert M. Stern (eds.), GATS 2000. New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization (Washington, Brookings, 2000) at 184,187
48. Gary G. Yerkey, 'U.S. Industry Sees Progress in Mode 4 As Key to Success in Overall WTO Trade Talks', BN A Daily Report for Executives, 4 February 2005, at A-19.
49. Christine Breining-Kaufmann, Rajesh Chadha & L. Alan Winters, "The Temporary Movement of Workers - GATS Mode 4', in L. Alan Winters & Pradeep S. Mehta (eds.), Bridging the Differences. Analyses of Five Issues of the WTO Agenda (Jaipur, CUTS, 2003) at 111;
50. Sumanta Chaudhuri, Aaditya Mattoo & Richard Self, 'Moving People to Deliver Services: How Can the WTO Help?', 38 Journal of World Trade 363 (2004);
51. UN Millennium Project, Task Force on Trade, Trade for Development, § 4.4.1 (presenting several thoughtful proposals for Mode 4 negotiations), available at 〈http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/reports2.htm〉.
52. Steve Charnovitz, 'Assessing the ILO's Efforts to Develop Migration Law', 30 Legallssues of Economic Integration 193 (2003).
53. Trade-Labour Debate: The State of Affairs, CUTS Centre for International Trade, Economics & Environment Research Report (Jaipur, CUTS, 2004).
54. Robert Howse, 'The World Trade Organization and the Protection of Workers' Rights', 3 Journal of Small and Emerging Business Law 131 (1999);
55. Matthew T. Mitro, 'Outlawing the Trade in Child Labor Products: Why the GATT Article XX Health Exception Authorizes Unilateral Sanctions', 51 American University Law Review 1223 (2002);
56. James Atleson, "The Voyage of Neptune Jade: The Perils and Promises of Transnational Labor Solidarity', 52 Buffalo Law Review 85 (2004);
57. Chantal Thomas, 'Should the World Trade Organization Incorporate Labor and Environmental Standards?', 61 Washington & Lee Law Review 347 (2004).
58. Arie Reich, "The WTO as a Law-Harmonizing Institution', 25 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Business Law 321, 349-54 (2004).
59. Kimberly Ann Elliott & Richard B. Freeman, Can Labor Standards Improve Under Globalization? (Washington, Institute for International Economics, 2003) at 134-35.
60. 3D, Practical Guide to the WTO for Human Rights Advocates (Geneva, 3D, 2004) at 30.
61. Brian Langille, 'Labor Rights', in P. J. Simmons & Chantal de Jonge Oudraat (eds.), Managing Global Issues (Washington, Carnegie Endowment, 2001) at 469, 487
62. Karen A. Tramontano, 'Stitching Up Global Labor Rights', Washington Post, 11 December 2004, at A23
63. Friedl Weiss, 'Internationally Recognized Labour Standards and Traded in Friedl Weiss, Erik Denters & Paul de Waart (eds.), International Economic Law with a Human Face (The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1998) at 79,106.
64. World Development Report 2005, A Better Investment Climate for Everyone (New York, Oxford University Press, 2004) chap. 7
65. World Development Report 1995, Workers in an Integrating World (New York, Oxford University Press, 1995).
66. Laborem Exercens, 14 September 1981, section 17, available at 〈http://www.vatican.va/holy-father/john-paul-ii/encyclicals/documents/hf-jp-ii-enc-14091981-laborem-exercens-en.html〉.
67. Michael Paulson, 'Clinton Says He Will Support Trade Sanctions for Worker Abuse', Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1 December 1999, at A1.
68. J- David Richardson, 'The WTO and Market-Supportive Regulation: A Way Forward on New Competition, Technological and Labor Issues', The Federal Reserve Bank of St, Louis Review, July/August 2000, at 115,116,121-23.
69. Sarah H. Cleveland, 'Human Rights Sanctions and International Trade: A Theory of Compatibility,' 5 Journal of International Economic Law 133 (2002
70. Thomas Cottier, 'Trade and Human Rights: A Relationship to Discover', 5 Journal of International Economic Law 111 (2002);
71. Lianne M. Jarvis, 'Women's Rights and the Public Morals Exception of GATT Article 20', 22 Michigan Journal of International Law 219 (2000);
72. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, 'Time for a United Nations "Global Compact" for Integrating Human Rights into the Law of Worldwide Organizations: Lessons from European Integration, 13 EJIL 621 (2002);
73. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, "The "Human Rights Approach" Advocated by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights by the International Labour Organization: Is It Relevant for WTO Law and Policy?', 7 Journal of International Economic Law 605 (2004);
74. Stephen J. Powell, "The Place of Human Rights in World Trade Organization Rules', 16 Florida Journal of International Law 219 (2004);
75. Federico Lenzerini, 'International Trade and Child Labour Standards', in Francesco Francioni (ed.), Environment, Human Rights and Trade (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) at 287.
76. Philip Alston, 'Resisting the Merger and Acquisition of Human Rights by Trade Law: A Reply to Petersmann, 13 EJIL 845 (2002).
77. Philip Alston (ed.), Labour Rights as Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
78. 'Putin Signs Kyoto Protocol - What's Next?', 15 Business and the Environment (1 December 2004) at 4.