Trade and human rights: A relationship to discover

Journal of International Economic Law

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 111-132

  Cottier, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036285496     PISSN: 13693034     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/5.1.111     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. Cf, for example, Anne Orford, 'Contesting Globalization: A Feminist Perspective on the Future of Human Rights' in Burns H. Weston and Stephen P. Marks (eds), The Future of International Human Rights (Ardsley, NY: Transnational 1999) 157-85. The author particularly discusses the Report of the Appellate Body on EC - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) of 16 January 1998 (WT/DS26(AB/R). The author argues that the ruling effects and impairs the right to food and civil and political rights, id. at 169-75; also, the TRIPs Agreement is equally perceived to limit the protection and promotion of human rights, id at 175.
2. Myres S. McDougal, Harald Lasswell, and Lung-Chu Chen, Human Rights and World Public Order (New Haven and London: Yale University Press 1980) 251, 737-78.
3. Missing links with trade issues are also shown in collections, such as Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1984) and more recently, for example, in the work of David R. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2000); Tim Dunne and Nicolas J. Wheeler (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999). Research is more advanced in linking human rights, trade promotion, and concessionary development aid; see Erika Schläppi & Walter Kaelin, Schweizerische Aussenwirtschaftshilfe und Menschenrechtspolitik: Konflikte und Konvergenzen (Chur: Ruegger 2001).
4. Missing links with trade issues are also shown in collections, such as Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1984) and more recently, for example, in the work of David R. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2000); Tim Dunne and Nicolas J. Wheeler (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999). Research is more advanced in linking human rights, trade promotion, and concessionary development aid; see Erika Schläppi & Walter Kaelin, Schweizerische Aussenwirtschaftshilfe und Menschenrechtspolitik: Konflikte und Konvergenzen (Chur: Ruegger 2001).
5. Missing links with trade issues are also shown in collections, such as Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1984) and more recently, for example, in the work of David R. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2000); Tim Dunne and Nicolas J. Wheeler (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999). Research is more advanced in linking human rights, trade promotion, and concessionary development aid; see Erika Schläppi & Walter Kaelin, Schweizerische Aussenwirtschaftshilfe und Menschenrechtspolitik: Konflikte und Konvergenzen (Chur: Ruegger 2001).
6. Missing links with trade issues are also shown in collections, such as Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1984) and more recently, for example, in the work of David R. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2000); Tim Dunne and Nicolas J. Wheeler (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999). Research is more advanced in linking human rights, trade promotion, and concessionary development aid; see Erika Schläppi & Walter Kaelin, Schweizerische Aussenwirtschaftshilfe und Menschenrechtspolitik: Konflikte und Konvergenzen (Chur: Ruegger 2001).
7. See generally Lance A. Compa and Stephen F. Diamond (eds), Human Rights, Labor Rights, and International Trade (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1996).
8. For a comprehensive analysis see Philip Alston (ed), The EU and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999)
9. See in particular Article XX(b) and (e) GATT 1994 (necessary to protect public morality, relating to products of prison labour, respectively); Article XIX(a) GATS (necessary to protect protect public morals or to maintain public order, provided fundamental interests of society are seriously threatened); Article 27(2) TRIPs Agreement (exclusion of patentability necessary to protect order public order or morality).
10. Cf Richard Falk, Human Rights and State Sovereignty (New York & London: Holmes & Meier Publishers 1981), see also Charles E. Ritterband) Universeller Menschenrechtsschutz und völkerrechtliches Interventionsverbot (Bern & Stuttgart: Verlag Haupt 1982).
11. Cf Richard Falk, Human Rights and State Sovereignty (New York & London: Holmes & Meier Publishers 1981), see also Charles E. Ritterband) Universeller Menschenrechtsschutz und völkerrechtliches Interventionsverbot (Bern & Stuttgart: Verlag Haupt 1982).
12. Quoted in John H. Jackson, World Trade and the Law of GATT (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merill 1969) 38.
13. UN GA Res 217A, UN GAOR, 3d Sess Pt 1, Resolutions, at 71, UN Doc A/810 (1948).
14. 999 UNTS 171, 6 ILM 368 (1967), entered into force 23 March 1976.
15. 213 UNTS 221.
16. 993 UNTS 3m 6 ILM 360 (1967), entered into force 3 January 1976.
17. See in particular the contributions in Graine de Burca and Joanne Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues (Oxford; Portland, OR: Hart Publishing 2001); Johann L. Duvigneau, 'Die Konstitutionalisierung des WTO-Rechts', 56 Swiss Rev of External Economic Relations 295 (2001). For discussions on constitutionalization of international law mainly influenced by human rights see Jochen A. Frowein, 'Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts' in Völkerrecht und Internationales Privatrecht in einem sich globalisierenden internationalen System - Auswirkungen der Entstaatlichung transnationaler Rechtsbeziehungen, 39 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht 427-47 (Heidelberg: C. F. Müller 1999): ('The protection of human rights in public international law is an element of constitutionalization, particularly where possibilities if control and sanction exist as within the EC-System', id at 447).
18. See in particular the contributions in Graine de Burca and Joanne Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues (Oxford; Portland, OR: Hart Publishing 2001); Johann L. Duvigneau, 'Die Konstitutionalisierung des WTO-Rechts', 56 Swiss Rev of External Economic Relations 295 (2001). For discussions on constitutionalization of international law mainly influenced by human rights see Jochen A. Frowein, 'Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts' in Völkerrecht und Internationales Privatrecht in einem sich globalisierenden internationalen System - Auswirkungen der Entstaatlichung transnationaler Rechtsbeziehungen, 39 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht 427-47 (Heidelberg: C. F. Müller 1999): ('The protection of human rights in public international law is an element of constitutionalization, particularly where possibilities if control and sanction exist as within the EC-System', id at 447).
19. See in particular the contributions in Graine de Burca and Joanne Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues (Oxford; Portland, OR: Hart Publishing 2001); Johann L. Duvigneau, 'Die Konstitutionalisierung des WTO-Rechts', 56 Swiss Rev of External Economic Relations 295 (2001). For discussions on constitutionalization of international law mainly influenced by human rights see Jochen A. Frowein, 'Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts' in Völkerrecht und Internationales Privatrecht in einem sich globalisierenden internationalen System - Auswirkungen der Entstaatlichung transnationaler Rechtsbeziehungen, 39 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht 427-47 (Heidelberg: C. F. Müller 1999): ('The protection of human rights in public international law is an element of constitutionalization, particularly where possibilities if control and sanction exist as within the EC-System', id at 447).
20. Such was the starting point of Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, Constitutional Functions and and Constitutional Problems of International Economic Law (Fribourg: University Press Fribourg 1991).
21. One author made the point: 'The human rights regime is not working as an effective system because virtually no one is afraid of the possibility of sanctions, and many of the violators feel that the gains from their actions outweigh the unlikely legal consequences that might ensue', David Barnhizer, 'Human Rights as a Strategic System' in David Barnhizer (ed), Effective Strategies for Protecting Human Rights (Dartmouth: Ashgate 2001) 1.
22. See Philip Alston (ed), The EU and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999), in particular Bruno de Witte, 'The Past and Future Role of the European Court of Justice in the Protection of Human Rights', id 859-79.
23. See Philip Alston (ed), The EU and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999), in particular Bruno de Witte, 'The Past and Future Role of the European Court of Justice in the Protection of Human Rights', id 859-79.
24. Cf Alice Tay (ed), East Asia - Human Rights, Nation-Building, Trade (Baden-Baden: Nomos 1999), discussing, inter alia, the concept of 'Asian values' as opposed to 'Western human rights'.
25. The problem of universality of rights is extensively discussed by Eva Brems, Human Rights: Universality and Diversity (The Hague, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff 2001).
26. Leading cases include Case 36/75 Rutili v Minister for the Interior [1975] ECR 491 (free movement of persons); Case C 260/89 Ellinki Radiophonia Tileorassi AE v Dimotiki Etaira Plifforissis et al [1991] ECR 12925 (ERT) (public monopolies).
27. See United States - Import Prohibitions of Certain Shrimps and Shrimp Products, Report of the Appellate Body (AB 1998-4, WT/DS58/AB/R); European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, Report of the Appellate Body (AB-2000-11, WT/DS135/AB/R 12 March 2001).
28. See United States - Import Prohibitions of Certain Shrimps and Shrimp Products, Report of the Appellate Body (AB 1998-4, WT/DS58/AB/R); European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, Report of the Appellate Body (AB-2000-11, WT/DS135/AB/R 12 March 2001).