Winding road: Preliminary support for a spiritually integrated intervention addressing college students' spiritual struggles

Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion

Volumn 24, Issue , 2013, Pages 309-339

  Dworsky, Carmen K Oemig ^a   Pargament, Kenneth I ^a   Gibbel, Meryl Reist ^a   Krumrei, Elizabeth J ^a   Faigin, Carol Ann ^a   Gear Haugen, Maria R ^a   Desai, Kavita M ^a   Lauricella, Shauna K ^a   Lynn, Quinten ^a   Warner, Heidi L ^a  

^a BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

College; Psychospiritual; Spiritual resources; Spiritual struggle; Spiritually integrated therapy

Indexed keywords

EID: 85032115739     PISSN: 10468064     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Ai, A.L., Seymour, E.M., Tice, T.N., Qatar, K.Z., & Bolling, S.F. (2009). Spiritual struggle related to plasma interleukin-6 prior to cardiac surgery. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1, 112-128. doi:10.1080/14766086.2011.581812
2. Ano, G.A. (2005). Spiritual struggles between vice and virtue: A brief psychospiritual intervention. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH.
3. Ano, G.A. & Vasconcelles, E.B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461-480. doi:10.1002/jclp.20049
4. Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. doi:apa.org/psychoinfo/2000-15413-004
5. Arnett, J.J., & Jensen, L.A. (2002). A congregation of one: Individualized religious beliefs among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17(5), 451-467. doi:10.1177/0743558402175002
6. Astin, A. (2004). Why spirituality deserves a central place in liberal education. Liberal Education, 90(2), 34-41. http://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/index.cfm
7. Astin, A.W., Astin, H.S., & Lindholm, J.A. (2004). The spiritual life of college students: A national study of students' search for meaning and purpose. University of California, Los Angeles, Spirituality in Higher Education, Entering Freshmen Survey (2004). Retrieved from http://spirituality.ucla.edu/
8. Aten, J.D., & Leach, M. (Eds.), (2009). Spirituality and the therapeutic process: A comprehensive resource from intake to termination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11853-000
9. Avants, S.K., Beitel, M., & Margolin, A. (2005). Making the shift from 'addict self' to 'spiritual self': Results from a Stage I study of Spiritual Self-Schema (3-S) therapy for the treatment of addiction and HIV risk behavior. Mental Health Religion, 8(3), 167. doi:10.1080/13694670500138924
10. Berger, B.E., Ferrans, C.E., & Lashley, F.R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing, 24(6), 518-529. doi:10.1002/nur.10011
11. Boscaglia, N., Clarke, D.M., Jobling, T.W., & Quinn, M.A. (2005). The contribution of spirituality and spiritual coping to anxiety and depression in women with a recent diagnosis of gynecological cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 15, 755-761. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1438.2005.00248.x
12. Bryant, A.N., & Astin, H.S. (2008). The correlates of spiritual struggle during the college years. The Journal of Higher Education, 79(1), 1-27. doi:10.1353/jhe.2008.0000
13. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed). New York, NY: Academic Press.
14. Cole, B.S. (2005). Spiritually-focused psychotherapy for people diagnosed with cancer: A pilot outcome study. Mental Health Religion, 8(3), 217-226. doi:10.1080/13694670500138916
15. Derogotis, L.R. (1993). BSI Brief symptom inventory: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual (4th Ed.). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
16. Desai, K.M. (2006). Predictors of growth and decline following spiritual struggles. Unpublished masters thesis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH.
17. Ellison, C.G., & Lee, J. (2010). Spiritual struggles and psychological distress: Is there a dark side of religion? Social Indicators Research, 98, 501-517. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9553-3
18. Erikson, E. (1968). Identity, youth, and crisis. New York, NY: Norton.
19. Exline, J.J. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggle. In K.I. Pargament, J.J. Exline, & J.W. Jones (Eds.), The APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: Volume I: Context, theory, and research (pp. 459-475). Washington, DC: APA Press.
20. Exline, J.J., Park, C.L., Smyth, J.M., & Carey, M.P. (2011). Anger toward God: Social-cognitive predictors, prevalence, and links with adjustment to bereavement and cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 129-148. doi:10.1037/a0021716
21. Exline, J.J., & Rose, E. (2005). Religious and spiritual struggles. In R.F. Paloutzian & C.L. Park (Eds.), The handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 315-330). New York, NY: Guilford Press. http://azhartomorrow.al-fath.net/multmadia/bookes/anther%2520body/12.pdf#page=334
22. Exline, J.J., Yali, A., & Lobel, M. (1999). When God disappoints: Difficulty forgiving God and its role in negative emotion. Journal of Health Psychology, 4(3), 365-379. doi:10.1177/135910539900400306
23. Exline, J.J., Yali, A., & Sanderson, W. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(12), 1481. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(200012)56:12<1481::AID-1>3.0.CO;2-A
24. Faigin, C.A. & Pargament, K.I. (2008). Filling the spiritual void: spiritual struggles as a risk factor for addiction. Poster presented at the 20th annual convention of the Association for Psychological Science, Chicago, IL.
25. Fitchett, G., Rybarczyk, B.D., De Marco, G.A., & Nicholas, J.J. (1999). The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44(4), 333-353. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.44.4.333
26. Fowler, J.W. (1981). Stages of faith: the psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
27. Gall, T.L., Kristjansson, E., Charbonneau, C., & Florack, P. (2009). A longitudinal study on the role of spirituality in response to the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 174-186. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9182-3
28. Gallup, G., Jr., & Lindsay, D.M. (1999). Surveying the religious landscape: Trends in U.S. beliefs. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse.
29. Gratz, K.L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
30. Hall, C.M. (1986). Crisis as opportunity for spiritual growth. Journal of Religion, 25(1), 8-17. doi:10.1007/BF01533049
31. Hall, T.W., & Sorenson, R.L. (1999). God Image Inventory. In P.C. Hill & R.W. Hood Jr. (Eds.), Measures of religiosity (pp. 400-407). Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.
32. Harris, J.I., Erbes, C.R., Engdahl, B.E., Olson, R.H., Winskowski, A.M., & McMahill, J. (2008). Christian religious functioning and trauma outcomes. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 17. doi:10.1002/jclp.20427
33. Hebert, R., Zdaniuk, B., Schulz, R., & Scheier, M. (2009). Positive and negative religious coping and well-being in women with breast cancer. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12, 537-545. doi:10.1089/jpm.2008.0250
34. Idler, E.L., Musick, M.A., Ellison, C.G., George, L.K., Krause, N., Ory, M.G., Willams, D.R. (2003). Measuring multiple dimensions of religion and spirituality for health research: Conceptual background and findings from the 1998 General Social Survey. Research on Aging, 25, 327-365. doi: 10.1177/0164027503025004001
35. Johnson, C.V., & Hayes, J.A. (2003). Troubled spirits: Prevalence and predictors of religious and spiritual concerns among university students and counseling center clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(4), 409-419. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.4.409
36. Koenig, H.G., King, D.E., & Carson, V.B. (2012). The handbook of religion and health (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
37. Krumrei, E.J., Mahoney, A., & Pargament, K.I. (2009). Divorce and the divine: The role of spiritual appraisals, coping, and struggles for adults' post-divorce adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 373-383. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00605
38. Lindholm, J., Astin, H. & Astin, A. (2006). Spirituality and the professoriate. Los Angeles, CA: http://spirituality.ucla.edu/docs/results/faculty/spirit-professoriate.pdf
39. Magyar-Russell, G., & Pargament, K.I. (2006). The darker side of religion: Risk factors for poorer health and well-being. In P. McNamera (Ed.), Where God and man meet. How the brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding of religion, Vol. III: Psychology of religious experience (pp. 91-117). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
40. McConnell, K.M., Pargament, K.I., Ellison, C.G., & Flannelly, K.J. (2006). Examining the links between spiritual struggles and symptoms of psychopathology in a national sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1469-1484. doi:10.1002/jclp.20325
41. McCorkle, B.H., Bohn, C., Hughes, T., & Kim, D. (2005). "Sacred Moments" : Social anxiety in a larger perspective. Mental Health Religion, 8(3), 227-237. doi:10.1080/13694670500138874
42. Murray-Swank, N. & Pargament, K.I. (2005). God, where are you? Evaluating a spiritually-integrated intervention for sexual abuse. Mental Health Religion, 8(3), 191-203. doi:10.1080/13694670500138866
43. Nielson, M.E. (1998). An assessment of religious conflicts and their resolutions. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 181-190. doi:10.2307/1388036
44. Oman, D., Shapiro, S.L., Thoresen, C.E., Flinders, T., Driskill, J.D., & Plante, T.G. (2007). Learning from spiritual models and meditation: A randomized evaluation of a college course. Pastoral Psychology, 55(4), 473-493. doi:10.1007/s11089-006-0062-x
45. Pargament, K.I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
46. Pargament, K.I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
47. Pargament, K.I., Koenig, H.G., & Perez. L. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 519-543. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1
48. Pargament, K.I., Koenig, H.G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients a 2-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(15), 1881-730. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.15.1881
49. Pargament, K.I., Koenig, H.G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2004). Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical, and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: A 2-year longitudinal study. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(6), 713-730. doi:10.1177/1359105304045366
50. Pargament, K.I., Murray-Swank, N.A., Magyar, G.M., & Ano, G. (2005). Spiritual struggle: A phenomenon of interest to psychology and religion. In W.R. Miller & H.D. Delaney (Eds.), Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change. (pp. 245-268). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
51. Pargament, K.I., & Saunders, S.M. (2007). Introduction to the special issue on spirituality and psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(10), 903-907. doi:10.1002/jclp.20405
52. Pargament, K.I., Smith, B.W., Koenig, H.G., & Perez, L. (1998a). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 34(4), 710-724. doi:10.2307/1388152
53. Pargament, K.I., & Sweeney, P.J. (2011). Building spiritual fitness in the Army: An innovative approach to a vital aspect of human development. American Psychologist, 66, 58-64. doi:10.1037/a0021657
54. Pargament, K.I., Zinnbauer, B.J., Scott, A.B., Butter, E.M., Zerowin, J., & Stanik, P. (1998b). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 77-89. doi:10.1002/jclp.10225
55. Park, C.L., Wortmann, J.H., & Edmondson, D. (2011). Religious struggle as a predictor of subsequent mental and physical well-being in advanced heart failure patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34, 426-436. doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9315-y
56. Parks, S.D. (2000). Big questions, worthy dreams: Mentoring young adults in their search for meaning, purpose, and faith. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
57. Pearce, M.J., Singer, J.L., & Prigerson, H.G. (2006). Religious coping among caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients: Main effects and psychosocial mediators. Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 743-759. doi:10.1177/1359105306066629
58. Phillips, R.E., III & Stein, C.H. (2007). God's will, God's punishment, or God's limitations? Religious coping strategies reported by young adults living with serious mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 529-540. doi:10.1002/jclp.20364
59. Phillips, R.E., III, Cheng, C.M., Pargament, K.I., Oemig, C., Colvin, S.D., Abarr, A.N., Reed, A.S. (2009). Spiritual coping in American Buddhists: An exploratory study. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 231-243. doi:10.1080/10508610903143263
60. Profitt, D.H., Calhoun, L.G., Tedeschi, R.G., & Cann, A. (2003). Clergy and crisis: Correlates of posttraumatic growth and well-being. Unpublished manuscript.
61. Raiya, H.A., Pargament, K.I., Mahoney, A., & Stein, C. (2008). A psychological measure of Islamic religiousness: Development and evidence of reliability and validity. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(4), 291-315. doi:10.1080/10508610802229270
62. Richards, P. S., Barrett, M.E., Hardman, R.K., & Eggett, D.L. (2006). Comparative efficacy of spirituality, cognitive, and emotional support groups for treating eating disorder inpatients. Eating Disorders, 14(5), 401-415. doi: 10.1080/10640260600952548
63. Richards, P.S., & Bergin, A.E. (Eds.). (2000). The handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
64. Rockenbach, A.B., Walker, C.R., & Luzader, J. (2012). A phenomenological analysis of college students' spiritual struggles. Journal of College Student Development, 53, 55-75. doi:10.1353/csd.2012.0000
65. Rosmarin, D.H., Pargament, K.I., & Flannelly, K.J. (2009). Do spiritual struggles predict poorer physical/mental health among Jews? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 244-258. doi:10.1080/10508610903143503
66. Rye, M.S., & Pargament, K.I., (2002). Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 419-441. doi:10.1002/jclp.1153
67. Sherman, A.C., Plante, T.G., Simonton, S., Latif, U., & Anaissie, E.J. (2009). Prospective study of religious coping among patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 118-128. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9179-y
68. Smith, T.B., Bartz, J.D., & Richards, P.S. (2007). Outcomes of religious and spiritual adaptations to psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 643-655. doi:10.1080/10503300701250347
69. Smith, T.B., McCullough, M.E., & Poll, J. (2003). Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 614-636. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
70. Sperry, L., & Shafranske, E.P. (Eds.). (2005). Spiritually oriented psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
71. Tarakeshwar, N., Pargament, K.I., & Mahoney, A. (2003). Initial development of a measure of religious coping among Hindus. Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 607-628. doi:10.1002/jcop.10071
72. Tarakeshwar, N., Pearce, M.J., & Sikkema, K.J. (2005). Development and implementation of a spiritual coping group intervention for adults living with HIV/AIDS: A pilot study. Mental Health Religion, 8(3), 179-190. doi:10.1080/13694670500138908
73. Thune-Boyle, I.C., Stygall, J., Keshtgar, M.R., Davidson, T.I., & Newman, S.P. (2011). Religious coping strategies in patients diagnosed with breast cancer in the UK. Psycho-oncology, 20, 771-782. doi:10.1002/pon.1784
74. Trenholm, P., Trent, J., & Compton, W.C. (1998). Negative religious conflict as a predictor of panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 59-65. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199801)54:1<59::AID-JCLP7>3.0.CO;2-P
75. Trevino, K. M., Pargament, K.I. Cotton, S., Leonard, A.C., Hahn, J., Caprini-Faigin, C.A., & Tsevat, J. (2010). Religious coping and physiological, psychological, social, and spiritual outcomes in patients with HIV/AIDS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 379-389. doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9332-6
76. Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
77. Weber, S.R., Pargament, K.I., Kunik, M.E., Lomax, J.W., II, & Stanley, M.A. (2012). Psychological distress among religious nonbelievers: A systematic review. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(1), 72-86. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9541-1
78. Weinborn, M. (1999). A theoretical approach to the religion-mental health connection: Initial exploration of a religious orienting system. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio.
79. Yonker, J.E., Schnabelrauch, C.A., & De Haan, L.G. (2012). The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychologial outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 290-314. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.08.010
80. Zwingmann, C., Wirtz, M., Muller, C., Korber, J., & Murken, S. (2006). Positive and negative religious coping in German breast cancer patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 533-547. doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9074-3