Reducing the density and number of tobacco retailers: Policy solutions and legal issues

Nicotine and Tobacco Research

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 133-140

  Ackerman, Amy ^a   Etow, Alexis ^a   Bartel, Sara ^a   Ribisl, Kurt M ^b,c  

^a ChangeLab Solutions   (United States)

^b University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERTISING; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; LAW; LEGAL ASPECT; LICENSING; MARKETING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC POLICY; REVIEW; TOBACCO; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; TOBACCO USE; UNITED STATES; ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; ECONOMICS; HUMAN; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; SMOKING; SOCIAL CONTROL; TOBACCO USE DISORDER;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; COMMERCE; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMANS; SMOKING; SOCIAL CONTROL POLICIES; TOBACCO PRODUCTS; TOBACCO USE DISORDER; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85031893404     PISSN: 14622203     EISSN: 1469994X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw124     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Chan WC, Leatherdale ST. Tobacco retailer density surrounding schools and youth smoking behaviour: a multi-level analysis. Tob Induc Dis. 2011;9(1):9. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-9-9
2. Henriksen L, Feighery EC, Schleicher NC, Cowling DW, Kline RS, Fortmann SP. Is adolescent smoking related to the density and proximity of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising near schools? Prev Med. 2008;47(2):210-214. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.008
3. Chuang YC, Cubbin C, Ahn D, Winkleby MA. Effects of neighbourhood socioeconomic status and convenience store concentration on individual level smoking. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(7):568-573. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029041
4. Reitzel LR, Cromley EK, Li Y, et al. The effect of tobacco outlet density and proximity on smoking cessation. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(2):315-320. doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.191676
5. Hyland A, Travers MJ, Cummings KM, Bauer J, Alford T, Wieczorek WF. Tobacco outlet density and demographics in Erie County, New York. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1075-1076. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447908/. Accessed December 8, 2015
6. Novak SP, Reardon SF, Raudenbush SW, Buka SL. Retail tobacco outlet density and youth cigarette smoking: a propensity-modeling approach. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(4):670-676. doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.061622
7. Rodriguez D, Carlos HA, Adachi-Mejia AM, Berke EM, Sargent JD. Predictors of tobacco outlet density nationwide: a geographic analysis. Tob Control. 2013;22(5):349-355. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050120
8. Crosbie E, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry argues domestic trademark laws and international treaties preclude cigarette health warning labels, despite consistent legal advice that the argument is invalid. Tob Control. 2014;23(3):e7. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050569
9. Thomas BP, Gostin LO. Tobacco endgame strategies: challenges in ethics and law. Tob Control. 2013; 22(suppl 1): i55-i57. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050839
10. Henriksen L. The retail environment for tobacco: a barometer of progress towards the endgame. Tob Control. 2015;24(e1):e1-e2. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051884
11. Myers AE, Hall MG, Isgett LF, Ribisl KM. A comparison of three policy approaches for tobacco retailer reduction. Prev Med. 2015;74:67-73. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.025
12. McDaniel PA, Malone RE. Why California retailers stop selling tobacco products, and what their customers and employees think about it when they do: case studies. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:848. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-848
13. A Prescription for Health: Tobacco Free Pharmacies. ChangeLab Solutions web site. 2013. http://changelabsolutions.org/sites/default/files/A_ Prescription_for_Health-FINAL_20130712_1.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2015
14. Hudmon KS, Fenlon CM, Corelli RL, Prokhorov AV, Schroeder SA. Tobacco sales in pharmacies: time to quit. Tob Control. 2006;15(1):35-38. doi:10.1136/tc.2005.012278
15. Katz MH. Banning tobacco sales in pharmacies: the right prescription. JAMA. 2008;300(12):1451-1453. doi:10.1001/jama.300.12.1451
16. Mitchell A, Voon T. Part III: Tobacco control around the world. The Global Tobacco Epidemic and the Law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Edgar Publishing Limited; 2014
17. Royal Pharmaceutical Society. "Going Up In Smoke"; Pharmacy and Smoking. Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society website. 2012. www.rpharms.com/museum-pdfs/pharmacy-and-smoking.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2015
18. Bilir N, Cakir B, Dagli E, Erguder T, Onder Z. Tobacco Control in Turkey. World Health Organization website. 2009. www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/98446/E93038.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2015
19. Parliament of the Republic of Ghana. Public Health Act of 2012 (Act 851) Art. 68. 2012. http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/gha136559.pdf
20. Philip Morris USA v. City and County of San Francisco, 345 Fed. Appx. 276 (9th Cir. 2009)
21. Walgreen Co. v. City and County of San Francisco, 185 Cal. App. 4th 424, 429-436, 498 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010)
22. Safeway v. City and County of San Francisco, 797 F. Supp. 2d 964, 971-973 (ND Cal. 2011)
23. Municipalities with tobacco-free pharmacy laws enacted as of October 2, 2015. American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation website. http://www. no-smoke.org/pdf/pharmacies.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2015
24. Tobacco Free Pharmacies Action Guide. CounterTobacco.org website. Mar 2014. http://countertobacco.org/sites/default/files/CounterTobacco_ PharmaciesActionGuide_FinalWeb.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2015
25. Jin Y, Lu B, Klein EG, Berman M, Foraker RE, Ferketich AK. Tobaccofree pharmacy laws and trends in tobacco retailer density in California and Massachusetts. Am J Public Health. 2016: e1-e7. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303040
26. Boston Public Health Commission. Regulation Restricting the Sale of Tobacco Products in the City of Boston. 2009. www.bphc.org/whatwedo/tobacco-free-living/Documents/TobaccoRestrictionRegulation_12_08. pdf. Accessed July 27, 2015
27. Everett SA, Husten CG, Kann L, Warren CW, Sharp D, Crossett L. Smoking initiation and smoking patterns among US college students. J Am Coll Health. 1999; 48(2): 55-60. doi:10.1080/07448489909595674
28. Tobacco Retailer Licensing: An Effective Tool for Public Health. ChangeLab Solutions website. 2012. www.changelabsolutions.org/publications/tobacco-retailer-licensing. Accessed December 8, 2015
29. City of Huntington Park, California. Huntington Park, Cal., Municipal Code ch. 4-19.03. 2011. http://qcode.us/codes/huntingtonpark/view. php?topic=4-19-4_19_03&frames=on. Accessed July 27, 2015
30. City of West Hollywood, California. West Hollywood, Cal., Municipal Code ch. 7.32. 1984. http://qcode.us/codes/westhollywood/. Accessed July 27, 2015
31. City of Chicago, Illinois. Chicago, Il., Municipal Code ch 4-64-180. 1990. www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/Illinois/chicago_il/municipalcodeofch icago?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0$vid=amlegal:chicago_il. Accessed July 28, 2015
32. City of New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans, La., Code 66-75. 2014. www.municode.com/library/la/new_orleans/codes/code_of_ ordinances?nodeId=PTIICO_CH66EN_ARTIISMFRAIAC_DIV2RE_ SS66-79 66-100RE. Accessed July 28, 2015
33. City of Binghamton, New York. Binghamton, NY, Code 410-24(P). 2006. www.binghamton-ny.gov/ordinance/zoning. Accessed July 28, 2015
34. Mingxin B, ed. China Bans Smoking in Schools. English News. 2014. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-01/29/c_133083717.htm. Accessed December 3, 2015
35. Turkish Civil Code, Law No.: 5727, Bill amending the law on prevention of hazards of tobacco products, Article 3(7). 2008. www.tobaccocontrollaws. org/files/live/Turkey/Turkey%20-%20Law%20No.%205727. pdf. Accessed December 3, 2015
36. Mistry R, Pednekar M, Pimple S, et al. Banning tobacco sales and advertisements near educational institutions may reduce students' tobacco use risk: evidence from Mumbai, India. Tob Control. 2015;24(e1):e100-e107. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050819
37. Pearson AL, van der Deen FS, Wilson N, Cobiac L, Blakely T. Theoretical impacts of a range of major tobacco retail outlet reduction interventions: modelling results in a country with a smoke-free nation goal. Tob Control. 2015; 24(e1): e32-e38. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051362
38. Farley SM, Coady MH, Mandel-Ricci J, et al. Public opinions on tax and retail-based tobacco control strategies. Tob Control. 2015; 24(e1): e10-e13. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051272
39. Licensing & Zoning: Tools for Public Health. ChangeLab Solutions website. 2012. http://changelabsolutions.org/publications/licensing-zoning. Accessed July 28, 2015
40. Point-of-Sale Strategies: A Tobacco Control Guide. Center for Public Health Systems Science website. 2014. http://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/tclc-guide-pos-policy-WashU-2014.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2015
41. Santa Clara County, California. Santa Clara County, Cal., Code A18-370. 2015. www.municode.com/library/ca/santa_clara_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TITAGEAD_DIVA18HEWE_ CHXXIIIPERETOPRELSMDE_SA18-370ELREPE. Accessed July 28, 2015
42. City of Hamilton, Massachussets. Regulation of the Hamilton Board of Health Restricting the Sale of Tobacco Products and Nicotine Delivery Products. 2014. www.hamiltonma.gov/Pages/HamiltonMA_ Health/20140630093601007.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2015
43. Town of Gill, Massachussets. Gill Board of Health Tobacco Sales Regulations. 2015. www.gillmass.org/pdfs/BOH/2015-0526-Gill-BOHTobacco-Regulations-effective-2015-0901.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2015
44. Healthy Zoning Regulations. Healthy Eating Active Living Cities Campaign website. www.healcitiescampaign.org/healthy_zone.html. Accessed July 28, 2015
45. Tobacco Retail Licensing: Local Regulation of the Number, Location, and Type of Tobacco Retail Establishments in New York. The Center for Public Health & Tobacco Policy website. 2010. http://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/nycenter-syn-retaillicensing-s010.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2015
46. Model California Ordinance Requiring a Tobacco Retailer License: "Plug-In" Policy Options. ChangeLab Solutions website. 2014. http://changelabsolutions.org/publications/model-TRL-Ordinance. Accessed July 28, 2015
47. Caceres L, Chaiton M. Hungary: state licensing for tobacco outlets. Tob Control. 2013;22(5):292-293. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051251
48. Monshouwer K, Verdurmen J, Ketelaars T, van Laar M. Points of sale of tobacco products. Trimbos Instituut. 2014. https://assets.trimbos.nl/docs/fc34ad60-2cec-4100-8a9f-dc49bb88373e.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2015
49. State of California. California Business and Professions Code 23817.5. 2012. http://ca.regstoday.com/law/bpc/ca.regstoday.com/laws/bpc/calawbpc_ DIVISION9_CHAPTER5.aspx. Accessed July 28, 2015
50. Commonwealth of Kentucky. Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. 241.065. 2013. www. lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=42435. Accessed July 28, 2015
51. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 138, 17. 2015. https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter138/Section17. Accessed July 28, 2015
52. State of New Jersey. N.J. Stat. Ann. 33:1-12.14. 1999. http://law.onecle. com/new-jersey/33-intoxicating-liquors/1-12.14.html. Accessed July 28, 2015
53. Charles County, Maryland. MD CODE, Art. 2B, 9-209. 2014. https://govt. westlaw.com/mdc/Document/N53A692609CE911DB9BCF9DAC28345A2 A?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType =CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc. Default). Accessed July 28, 2015
54. State of Wisconsin. Wis. Stat. Ann. 125.51. 2015. https://docs.legis.wisconsin. gov/statutes/statutes/125/III/51. Accessed July 28, 2015
55. City of San Francisco, California. San Francisco, Cal., Health Code Art. 19H. 2014. http://library.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/California/health/healthcode?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0$vid=amlegal:sanfrancisco_ ca$sync=1. Accessed July 28, 2015
56. Mosher JF, Treffers RD. State pre-emption, local control, and alcohol retail outlet density regulation. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44(4):399-405. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.029
57. State Control Systems. National Alcoholic Beverage Control Association website. www.nabca.org/states/states.aspx. Accessed July 13, 2015
58. Chapman S, Freeman B. Regulating the tobacco retail environment: beyond reducing sales to minors. Tob Control. 2009;18(6):496-501. doi:10.1136/tc.2009.031724
59. Henriksen L. Comprehensive tobacco marketing restrictions: promotion, packaging, price and place. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):147-153. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050416
60. Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525. (2001)
61. Chapman R. State Health Officer's Report on Tobacco Use and Promotion in California. California Department of Public Health's Tobacco Control Program website. 2012, revised 2013. www.cdph.ca.gov/Documents/EMBARGOED%20State%20Health%20Officers%20Report%20 on%20Tobacco.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2015
62. Burge S. Smoke shops skirt hazy drug laws. The Press-Enterprise. 2010. www. allbusiness.com/crime-law/controlled-substances-cannabis/13687973-1.html
63. City of South San Francisco, California. South S.F., Cal., Municipal Code ch 20.420. 2012. http://qcode.us/codes/southsanfrancisco/. Accessed July 28, 2015
64. Wooten H, McLaughlin I, Chen L, Fry C, Mongeon C, GraffS. Zoning and licensing to regulate the retail environment and achieve public health goals. Duke F L & Soc Change. 2013;5(65):70-88. http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=dflsc. Accessed July 28, 2015
65. Coxe N, Webber W, Burkhart J, et al. Use of tobacco retail permitting to reduce youth access and exposure to tobacco in Santa Clara County, California. Prev Med. 2014; 67(suppl 1): S46-S50. doi:10.1016/j. ypmed.2014.01.023
66. Finland Tobacco Act of 2010, 19.12.2008/984, ch. 4 10b. 2010. www. tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/Finland/Finland%20-%20Tobacco%20 Act.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2015
67. Ashe M, Jernigan D, Kline R, Galaz R. Land use planning and the control of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and fast food restaurants. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(9):1404-1408. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447982/. Accessed December 8, 2015
68. Merriam DH, Bronin SC. Rathkopf's The Law of Zoning and Planning. Vol. 1-4. 4th ed. New York, NY: Clark Boardman Callaghan; 2015
69. City of San Francisco, California. San Francisco, Cal., Health Code Art. 19J. 2014. www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/California/health/healthcod e?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0$vid=amlegal:sanfrancisco_ca$sync=1. Accessed July 28, 2015
70. U.S. Const. amend. V
71. Lingle v. Chevron USA, Inc., 544 U.S. 528, 536-539. (2005)
72. Penn. Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104, 123-124. (1978)
73. Conti v. United States, 291 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
74. Kafka v. Montana Dep't of Fish Wildlife & Parks, 201 p.3d 8, 23. (Mont. 2008)
75. 16A C.J.S. Constitutional Law 398. 2015
76. McQuillin Municipal Corporations. Vol. 26:115. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Clark Boardman Callaghan; 2005
77. Lucas v. S. Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1004. (1992). (internal quotations omitted)
78. Art Neon Co. v. City and County of Denver, 488 F.2d 118, 121 (10th Cir. 1974)
79. WorldWide Video of Washington, Inc. v. City of Spokane, 368 F.3d 1186 (9th Cir. 2005)
80. Outdoor Graphics, Inc. v. City of Burlington, Iowa, 103 F.3d 690 (8th Cir. 1996)
81. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, 1
82. EJS Properties, LLC v. City of Toledo, 698 F.3d 845, 855, 864 (6th Cir. 2012)
83. Goodpaster v. City of Indianapolis, 736 F.3d 1071 (7th Cir. 2013) (internal citations omitted)