Ecotoxicological evaluation of the risk posed by bisphenol A, triclosan, and 4-nonylphenol in coastal waters using early life stages of marine organisms (Isochrysis galbana, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Paracentrotus lividus, and Acartia clausi)

Environmental Pollution

Volumn 232, Issue , 2018, Pages 173-182

  Tato, Tania ^a,b   Salgueiro González, Noelia ^c   León, Víctor M ^d   González, Sergio ^a,b   Beiras, Ricardo ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF A CORUÑA   (Spain)

^d Instituto Español de Oceanografía   (Spain)

Author keywords

Alkylphenols; Embryo larval bioassays; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Environmental risk assessment; Personal care products; Plastic additives

Indexed keywords

ADDITIVES; ECOSYSTEMS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS; HEALTH RISKS; MARINE BIOLOGY; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PHENOLS; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS; PLASTIC PRODUCTS; PLASTICS INDUSTRY; TOXICITY; WATER POLLUTION;

ALKYLPHENOLS; EMBRYO-LARVAL BIOASSAY; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT; PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; PLASTIC ADDITIVES;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

4 NONYLPHENOL; 4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; TRICLOSAN; 4-NONYLPHENOL; BENZHYDRYL DERIVATIVE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PLASTIC;

ADDITIVE; BIOASSAY; COASTAL WATER; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; ECOTOXICOLOGY; EMBRYO; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK; LARVA; PHENOLIC COMPOUND; PPCP;

ACARTIA CLAUSI; ARTICLE; COASTAL WATERS; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA; MARINE SPECIES; MICROALGA; MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS; NONHUMAN; PARACENTROTUS LIVIDUS; PELAGIC ZONE; RISK; TOXICITY TESTING; ANIMAL; AQUATIC SPECIES; COPEPOD; DRUG EFFECTS; HAPTOPHYTA; MYTILUS; PARACENTROTUS; PHYSIOLOGY; TOXICITY; WATER POLLUTANT;

ACARTIA CLAUSII; ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA; MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS; PARACENTROTUS LIVIDUS;

ANIMALS; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; BENZHYDRYL COMPOUNDS; COPEPODA; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HAPTOPHYTA; MYTILUS; PARACENTROTUS; PHENOLS; PLASTICS; TOXICITY TESTS; TRICLOSAN; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 85029744986     PISSN: 02697491     EISSN: 18736424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.031     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Alexander, H.C., Dill, D.C., Smith, L.W., Guiney, P.D., Dorn, P., Bisphenol A: acute aquatic toxicity. Environ. Toxic. Chem. 7:1 (1988), 19–26.
2. Andersen, H.R., Halling-Sørensen, B., Kusk, K.O., A parameter for detecting estrogenic exposure in the copepod Acartia tonsa. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 44:1 (1999), 56–61.
3. Aranami, K., Readman, J.W., Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater. Chemosphere 66:6 (2007), 1052–1056.
4. Arditsoglou, A., Voutsa, D., Passive sampling of selected endocrine disrupting compounds using polar organic chemical integrative samplers. Environ. Pollut. 156:2 (2008), 316–324.
5. Balmer, M.E., Poiger, T., Droz, C., Romanin, K., Bergqvist, P.A., Müller, M.D., Buser, H.R., Occurrence of methyl triclosan, a transformation product of the bactericide triclosan, in fish from various lakes in Switzerland. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:2 (2004), 390–395.
6. Barceló, D., Petrovic, M., Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 387:4 (2007), 1141–1142.
7. Basheer, C., Lee, H.K., Tan, K.S., Endocrine disrupting alkylphenols and bisphenol-A in coastal waters and supermarket seafood from Singapore. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48:11 (2004), 1161–1167.
8. Beiras, R., Bellas, J., Inhibition of embryo development of the Mytilus galloprovincialis marine mussel by organic pollutants; assessment of risk for its extensive culture in the Galician Rias. Aquaculture 277:3 (2008), 208–212.
9. Beiras, R., Durán, I., Bellas, J., Sánchez-Marín, P., Biological effects of contaminants: Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryo test with marine sediment elutriates. ICES Tech. Mar. Environ. Sci. Num, 51, 2012 13 pp.
10. Belfroid, A., van Velzen, M., van der Horst, B., Vethaak, D., Occurrence of bisphenol A in surface water and uptake in fish: evaluation of field measurements. Chemosphere 49:1 (2002), 97–103.
11. Bellas, J., Saco-Álvarez, L., Nieto, O., Beiras, R., Ecotoxicological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using marine invertebrate embryo–larval bioassays. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 57:6 (2008), 493–502.
12. Blackburn, M.A., Waldock, M.J., Concentrations of alkylphenols in rivers and estuaries in England and Wales. Water Res. 29:7 (1995), 1623–1629.
13. Blair, B.D., Crago, J.P., Hedman, C.J., Klaper, R.D., Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern. Chemosphere 93:9 (2013), 2116–2123.
14. Cakal Arslan, O., Parlak, H., Effects of bisphenol A on the embryonic development of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus). Environ. Toxicol. 23:3 (2008), 387–392.
15. Cakal Arslan, O., Parlak, H., Oral, R., Katalay, S., The effects of nonylphenol and octylphenol on embryonic development of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53:2 (2007), 214–219.
16. Cheng, C.Y., Liu, L.L., Ding, W.H., Occurrence and seasonal variation of alkylphenols in marine organisms from the coast of Taiwan. Chemosphere 65:11 (2006), 2152–2159.
17. Comber, M.H.I., Williams, T.D., Stewart, K.M., The effects of nonylphenol on Daphnia magna. Water Res. 27:2 (1993), 273–276.
18. Coogan, M.A., Edziyie, R.E., La Point, T.W., Venables, B.J., Algal bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyl-triclosan in a North Texas wastewater treatment plant receiving stream. Chemosphere 67:10 (2007), 1911–1918.
19. Dachs, J., Van Ry, D.A., Eisenreich, S.J., Occurrence of estrogenic nonylphenols in the urban and coastal atmosphere of the lower Hudson River estuary. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:15 (1999), 2676–2679.
20. Dann, A.B., Hontela, A., Triclosan: environmental exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action. J. Appl. Toxicol. 31 (2011), 285–311.
21. David, A., Fenet, H., Gomez, E., Alkylphenols in marine environments: distribution monitoring strategies and detection considerations. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58:7 (2009), 953–960.
22. Deanin, R.D., Additives in plastics. Environ. Health Perspect. 11 (1975), 35–39.
23. Dhillon, G.S., Kaur, S., Pulicharla, R., Brar, S.K., Cledon, M., Verma, M., Surampalli, R.Y., Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12 (2015), 5657–5684.
24. Di Toro, D.M., McGrath, J.A., Hansen, D.J., Technical basis for narcotic chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon criteria. I. water and tissue. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19:8 (2000), 1951–1970.
25. EC, Preliminary Opinion on Triclosan-antimicrobial Resistance. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. 2010, European Commission, Brussels SCCP/1251/09.
26. ECETOC, Environmental Risk Assessment of Difficult Substances. Technical Report No 88., 2003, European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels.
27. EFSA, No consumer health risk from bisphenol A exposure. Eur. Food Saf. Auth., 2015 https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/150121 (accessed 14/06/16).
28. EU, European Union Risk Assessment Report. 4-nonylphenol (Branched) and Nonylphenol., 2002, European Communities, Luxembourg.
29. EU, European Union Risk Assessment Report. 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol (Bisphenol-a)., 2010, European Communities, Luxembourg.
30. EU, Commission Regulation No 10/2011, of 14 January 2011, on Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food. 2011.
31. Fair, P.A., Lee, H.B., Adams, J., Darling, C., Pacepavicius, G., Alaee, M., Bossart, G.D., Henry, N., Muir, D., Occurrence of triclosan in plasma of wild Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and in their environment. Environ. Pollut. 157:8 (2009), 2248–2254.
32. Ferguson, P.L., Iden, C.R., Brownawell, B.J., Distribution and fate of neutral alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in a sewage-impacted urban estuary. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:12 (2001), 2428–2435.
33. Flint, S., Markle, T., Thompson, S., Wallace, E., Bisphenol A exposure, effects, and policy: a wildlife perspective. J. Environ. Manag. 104 (2012), 19–34.
34. Franz, S., Altenburger, R., Heilmeier, H., Schmitt-Jansen, M., What contributes to the sensitivity of microalgae to triclosan?. Aqua. Toxicol. 90:2 (2008), 102–108.
35. Fu, M., Li, Z., Gao, H., Distribution characteristics of nonylphenol in Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao and its adjacent rivers. Chemosphere 69:7 (2007), 1009–1016.
36. Gatidou, G., Vassalou, E., Thomaidis, N.S., Bioconcentration of selected endocrine disrupting compounds in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60:11 (2010), 2111–2116.
37. Health Canada, List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. 2015, Canada Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist.
38. Heemken, O.P., Reincke, H., Stachel, B., Theobald, N., The occurrence of xenoestrogens in the Elbe river and the North Sea. Chemosphere 45:3 (2001), 245–259.
39. His, E., Seaman, M.N.L., Beiras, R., A simplification the bivalve embryogenesis and larval development bioassay method for water quality assessment. Water Res. 31:2 (1997), 351–355.
40. Hwang, J., Suh, S.S., Park, S.Y., Ryu, T.K., Lee, S., Lee, T.K., Effects of triclosan on reproductive prarmeters and embryonic development of sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 100 (2014), 148–152.
41. ISO, Water Quality. Determination of Acute Lethal Toxicity to Marine Copepods (Copepoda, Crustacea). ISO 14669:1999. 1999, International Organization for Standardization, Genève.
42. ISO, Water Quality. Marine Algal Growth Inhibition Test with Skeletonema Sp. And Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ISO 10253:2006. 2006, International Organization for Standardization, Genève.
43. Japan Ministry of Health, Standards for Cosmetics. Evaluation and Licensing Division. 2000, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau Notification No.331 of 2000.
44. Jonkers, N., Laane, R.W., de Voogt, P., Fate of nonylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites in two Dutch estuaries: evidence of biodegradation in the field. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:2 (2003), 321–327.
45. Kawahata, H., Ohta, H., Inoue, M., Suzuki, A., Endocrine disrupter nonylphenol and bisphenol A contamination in Okinawa and Ishigaki Islands, Japan––within coral reefs and adjacent river mouths. Chemosphere 55:11 (2004), 1519–1527.
46. Kim, Y.M., Murugesan, K., Schmidt, S., Bokare, V., Jeon, J.R., Kim, E.J., Chang, Y.S., Triclosan susceptibility and co-metabolism – a comparison for three aerobic pollutant-degrading bacteria. Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011), 2206–2212.
47. Kiyomoto, M., Kikuchi, A., Unuma, T., Yokota, Y., Effects of ethynylestradiol and bisphenol A on the development of sea urchin embryos and juveniles. Mar. Biol. 149 (2006), 57–63.
48. Klosterhaus, S.L., Grace, R., Hamilton, M.C., Yee, D., Method validation and reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and alkylphenols in surface waters, sediments, and mussels in an urban estuary. Environ. Int. 54 (2013), 92–99.
49. Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thuman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., Buxton, H.T., Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002), 1202–1211.
50. Latch, D.E., Packer, J.L., Arnold, W.A., McNeill, K., Photochemical conversion of triclosan to 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in aqueous solution. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 158 (2003), 63–66.
51. Lee, D.G., Chu, K.H., Effects of growth substrate on triclosan biodegradation potential of oxygenase-expressing bacteria. Chemosphere 93:9 (2013), 1904–1911.
52. Lee, K.W., Raisuddin, S., Hwang, D.S., Park, H.G., Lee, J.S., Acute toxicities of trace metals and common xenobiotics to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus: evaluation of its use as a benchmark species for routine ecotoxicity tests in western pacific coastal regions. Environ. Toxicol. 22:5 (2007), 532–538.
53. Levy, C.W., Roujeinikova, A., Sedelnikova, S., Molecular basis of triclosan activity. Nature 398 (1999), 383–384.
54. Li, D., Dong, M., Shim, W.J., Yim, U.H., Hong, S.H., Kannan, N., Distribution characteristics of nonylphenolic chemicals in Masan Bay environments, Korea. Chemosphere 71 (2008), 1162–1172.
55. Loyo-Rosales, J.E., Rosales-Rivera, G.C., Lynch, A.M., Rice, C.P., Torrents, A., Migration of nonylphenol from plastic containers to water and a milk surrogate. J. Agr. Food Chem. 52 (2004), 2016–2020.
56. Massengo-Tiassé, R.P., Cronan, J.E., Diversity in enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 66(9), 2009, 1507.
57. McMurry, L.M., Oethinger, M., Levy, S.B., Triclosan targets lipid synthesis. Nature 394 (1998), 531–532.
58. Miller, T.R., Heidler, J., Chillrud, S., Delaquil, A., Ritchie, J.C., Mihalic, J., Bopp, R., Halden, R.U., Fate of triclosan and evidence for reductive dechlorination of triclocarban in estuarine sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008), 4570–4576.
59. Moreno-González, R., Campillo, J.A., León, V.M., Influence of an intensive agricultural drainage basin on seasonal distribution of organic pollutants in seawater from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 77 (2013), 400–411.
60. Murado, M.A., Gonzalez, M.P., Vazquez, J.A., Dose-response relationships: an overview, a generative model and its application to the verification of descriptive models. Enz. Micr. Techn 31 (2002), 439–455.
61. Nice, H.E., Thorndyke, M.C., Morritt, D., Steele, S., Crane, M., Development of Crassostrea gigas larvae is affected by 4-nonylphenol. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40:6 (2000), 491–496.
62. Orvos, D.R., Versteeg, D.J., Inauen, J., Capdevielle, M., Rothenstein, A., Cunningham, V., Aquatic toxicity of triclosan. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 (2002), 1338–1349.
63. Pérez, P., Beiras, R., Fernández, E., Monitoring copper toxicity in natural phytoplanktonassemblages: application of fast repetition rate fluorometry. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 73:6 (2010), 1292–1303.
64. Petrovic, M., Fernández-Alba, A.R., Borrull, F., Marce, R.M., Mazo, E.G., Barceló, D., Occurrence and distribution of nonionic surfactants, their degradation products, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in coastal waters and sediments in Spain. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21:1 (2002), 37–46.
65. Pintado-Herrera, M.G., González-Mazo, E., Lara-Martín, P.A., Determining the distribution of triclosan and metil triclosan in estuarine settings. Chemosphere 95 (2014), 478–485.
66. Pintado-Herrera, M.G., González-Mazo, E., Lara-Martín, P.A., Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (APGC-ToF-MS) for the determination of regulated and emerging contaminants in aqueous samples after stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). Anal. Chim. Acta 851C (2014), 1–13.
67. Pojana, G., Gomiero, A., Jonkers, N., Marcomini, A., Natural and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water, sediment and biota of a coastal lagoon. Environ. Intern 33:7 (2007), 929–936.
68. Ribeiro, C., Tiritan, M.E., Rocha, E., Rocha, M.J., Seasonal and spatial distribution of several endocrine-disrupting compounds in the Douro River Estuary, Portugal. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56:1 (2009), 1–11.
69. Rocha, M.J., Cruzeiro, C., Reis, M., Rocha, E., Pardal, M., Determination of seventeen endocrine disruptor compounds and their spatial and seasonal distribution in Ria Formosa Lagoon (Portugal). Environ. Monit. Assess. 185:10 (2013), 8215–8226.
70. Roepke, T.A., Snyder, M.J., Cherr, G.N., Estradiol and endocrine disrupting compounds adversely affect development of sea urchin embryos at environmentally relevant concentrations. Aquat. Toxicol. 71 (2005), 155–173.
71. Saco-Álvarez, L., Durán, I., Lorenzo, J.I., Beiras, R., Methodological basis for the optimization of a marine sea-urchin embryo test (SET) for the ecological assessment of coastal water quality. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 73 (2010), 491–499.
72. Salgueiro-González, N., Concha-Graña, E., Turnes-Carou, I., Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., López-Mahía, P., Prada-Rodríguez, D., Determination of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in seawater samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for compliance with environmental quality standards (Directive 2008/105/EC). J. Chromatogr. A 1223 (2012), 1–8.
73. Salgueiro-González, N., Turnes-Carou, I., Viñas-Dieguez, L., Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., Lopez-Mahia, P., Prada-Rodriguez, D., Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in five estuaries of the northwest coast of Spain: ecological and human health impact. Chemosphere 131 (2015), 241–247.
74. Samaras, V.G., Stasinakis, A.S., Mamais, D., Thomaidis, N.S., Lekkas, T.D., Fate of selected pharmaceuticals and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds during wastewater treatment and sludge anaerobic digestion. J. Hazard. Mater 244–245C (2013), 259–267.
75. Schweizer, H.P., Triclosan: a widely used biocide and its link to antibiotics. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 202 (2001), 1–7.
76. Singer, H.P., Müller, S.R., Tixier, C., Pillonel, L., Triclosan: occurrence and fate of a widely used biocide in the aquatic environment: field measurements in wastewater treatment plants, surface waters, and lake sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002), 4998–5004.
77. Soares, A., Guieysse, B., Jefferson, B., Cartmell, E., Lester, J.N., Nonylphenol in the environment: a critical review on occurrence, fate, toxicity and treatment in wastewaters. Environ. Intern 34:7 (2008), 1033–1049.
78. Spongberg, A.L., Witter, J.D., Acuna, J., Vargas, J., Murillo, M., Umana, G., Perez, G., Reconnaissance of selected PPCP compounds in Costa Rican surface waters. Wat. Res. 45:20 (2011), 6709–6717.
79. Staniszewska, M., Falkowska, L., Grabowski, P., Kwaśniak, J., Mudrak-Cegiołka, S., Reindl, A.R., Zgrundo, A., Bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicolo 67:3 (2014), 335–347.
80. Talmage, S.S., Environmental and Human Safety of Major Surfactants. Alcohol Ethoxylates and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates. A Report to the Soap and Detergent Association., 1994, Lewis Publishers , Boca Raton, FL, 200.
81. US-EPA, Nonphyenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates Action Plan August. 2010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C, USA.
82. US-EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention 5/13/15 Letter in Response to Citizen Petition for a Ban on Triclosan. 2015, U.S. Enivronmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C, USA.
83. US-EPA, National Recommended Water Quality Criteria. Aquatic Life Criteria Table. 2016 https://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria-table (accessed 30/04/16).
84. US-EPA, Technical Overview of Ecological Risk Assessment: Risk Characterization. 2016 https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/technical-overview-ecological-risk-assessment-risk (accessed 29/04/16).
85. Volpi Ghirardini, A., Novelli, A.A., Likar, B., Pojana, G., Ghetti, P.F., Marcomini, A., Sperm cell toxicity test using sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): sensitivity and discriminatory ability toward anionic and nonionic surfactants. Environ. Toxic. Chem. 20:3 (2001), 644–651.
86. vom Saal, F.S., Nagel, S.C., Coe, B.L., Angle, B.M., Taylor, J.A., The estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) and obesity. Molec. Cell. Endocr. 354:1 (2012), 74–84.
87. Ward, T.J., Boeri, R.L., Acute Static Toxicity of Nonylphenol to the Marine Alga, Skeletonema Costatum. Final Report, 1990, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA.
88. Ward, T.J., Boeri, R.L., Acute Static Toxicity of Nonylphenol to the Freshwater Alga, Selenastrum Capricornutum. Final Report, 1990, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA.
89. Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R., Flöser, G., Caba, A., Ruck, W., Occurrence and distribution of triclosan in the German Bight (North Sea). Environ. Pollut. 156:3 (2008), 1190–1195.
90. Xu, E.G., Liu, S., Ying, G.G., Zheng, G.J., Lee, J.H., Leung, K.M., The occurrence and ecological risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage effluents from three different sewage treatment plants, and in natural seawater from a marine reserve of Hong Kong. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 85:2 (2014), 352–362.
91. Ying, G.G., Williams, B., Kookana, R., Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates - a review. Environ. Int. 28 (2002), 215–226.