Compendium of measures to control chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2017

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 262-282

  Balsamo, Gary ^a   Maxted, Angela M ^b   Midla, Joanne W ^c   Murphy, Julia M ^d   Wohrle, Ron ^e   Edling, Thomas M ^f   Fish, Pilar H ^g   Flammer, Keven ^h   Hyde, Denise ⁱ   Kutty, Preeta K ^j   Kobayashi, Miwako ^k   Helm, Bettina ^l   Oiulfstad, Brit ^m   Ritchie, Branson W ⁿ   Stobierski, Mary Grace ^o   Ehnert, Karen ^p   Tully, Thomas N ^q  

^a Louisiana Office of Public Health   (United States)

^b NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (United States)

^c CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

^d VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (United States)

^e WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (United States)

^f PETCO Animal Supplies Inc   (United States)

^g National Aviary   (United States)

^h NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ The Eden Alternative   (United States)

^j NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^k CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^l UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

^m Acute Communicable Disease Control Program   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^o MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES   (United States)

^p LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^q LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

avian; avian chlamydiosis; Chlamydia psittaci; compendium; pet bird; psittacosis

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; CHLORTETRACYCLINE; DOXYCYCLINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; OXYTETRACYCLINE; TETRACYCLINE;

AGGLUTINATION TEST; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE; COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DISINFECTION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE; GENOTYPING TECHNIQUE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INFECTION CONTROL; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; ORNITHOSIS; PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS; PSITTACINE; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; PURCHASING; QUARANTINE; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; ANIMAL; BIRD; BIRD DISEASE; CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI; MICROBIOLOGY; PET ANIMAL; TRANSMISSION; VETERINARY MEDICINE; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMALS; BIRD DISEASES; BIRDS; CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI; HUMANS; PETS; PSITTACOSIS; ZOONOSES;

EID: 85029541432     PISSN: 10826742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1647/217-265     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Wheelhouse N, Longbottom D. Endemic and emerging chlamydial infections of animals and their zoonotic implications. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2012; 59(4): 283-291.
2. Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam nov and Simkaniaceae fam nov, each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999; 49(2): 415-440.
3. Heddema ER, van Hannen EJ, Dium B, et al. An outbreak of psittacosis due to Chlamydophila psittaci genotype A in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Med Microbiol. 2006; 55(11): 1571-1575.
4. Heddema ER, van Hannen EJ, Bongaerts M, et al. Typing of Chlamydia psittaci to monitor epidemiology of psittacosis and aid disease control in the Netherlands, 2008-2013. Euro Surveill. 2015; 20(5): pii?21026.
5. Heddema ER, van Hannen EJ, Duim B, et al. Genotyping of Chlamydophila psittaci in human samples. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12(12): 1989-1990.
6. Vanrompay D, Harkinezhad T, van de Walle M, et al. Chlamydophila psittaci transmission from pet birds to humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13(7): 1108-1109.
7. Gaede W, Reckling KF, Dresenkamp B, et al. Chlamydophila psittaci infections in humans during an outbreak of psittacosis from poultry in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008; 55(4): 184-188.
8. Laroucau K, de Barbeyrac B, Vorimore F, et al. Chlamydial infections in duck farms associated with human cases of psittacosis in France. Vet Microbiol. 2009; 135(1-2): 82-89.
9. Vanrompay D, Andersen AA, Ducatelle R, et al. Serotyping of European isolates of Chlamydia psittaci from poultry and other birds. J Clin Microbiol. 1993; 31(1): 134.
10. Stewardson AJ, Grayson ML. Psittacosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010; 24: 7-25.
11. Harkinezhad T, Geens T, Vanrompay D. Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds: a review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences. Vet Microbiol. 2009; 135(1-2): 68-77.
12. Moroney JF, Guevara R, Iverson C, et al. Detection of chlamydiosis in a shipment of pet birds, leading to recognition of an outbreak of clinically mild psittacosis in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 1998; 26(6): 1425-1429.
13. Pandeli V, Ernest D. A case of fulminant psittacosis. Crit Care Resuscitation. 2006; 8(1): 40-42.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of Notifiable diseases-United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014; 61(53): 1-121.
15. Schlossberg D. Psittacosis (due to Chlamydia psittaci). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett?s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2015: 2171-2173.
16. Constantinescu O, Scott YG. Chlamydophila psittaci in a 48-year-old man with respiratory failure. Hosp Physician. 2008; March: 45-48.
17. OSHA Hazard Information Bulletins: Contracting occupationally related psittacosis. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Web site. https://www.osha.gov/dt s/hib/hib-data/hib19940808.html. Accessed on August 25, 2016.
18. Kalmar ID, Dicxk V, Dossche L, et al. Zoonotic infection with Chlamydia psittaci at an avian refuge centre. Vet J. 2014; 199(2): 300-302.
19. Matsui T, Nakashima K, Ohyama T, et al. An outbreak of psittacosis in a bird park in Japan. Epidemiol Infect. 2008; 136(4): 492-495.
20. Branley JM, Roy B, Dwyer DE, et al. Real-Time PCR detection and quantitation of Chlamydophila psittaci in human and avian specimens from a veterinary clinic cluster. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008; 27(4): 269-273.
21. Harkinezhad T, Verminnen K, Buyzere M, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds. J Med Microbiol. 2009; 58(9): 1207-1212.
22. Raso TF, Carrasco AOT, Silva JCR, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila psittaci in zoo workers in Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health. 2010; 57(6): 411-416.
23. Dickx V, Geens T, Deschuyffeleer T, et al. Chlamydophila psittaci zoonotic risk assessment in a chicken and turkey slaughterhouse. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48(9): 3244-3250.
24. Tiong A, Vu T, Counahan M, et al. Multiple sites of exposure in an outbreak of ornithosis in workers at a poultry abattoir and farm. Epidemiol Infect. 2007; 135(7): 1184-1191.
25. Dickx V, Vanrompay D. Zoonotic transmission of Chlamydia psittaci in a chicken and turkey hatchery. J Med Microbiol. 2011; 60(6): 775-779.
26. Vorimore F, Thebault A, Poisson S, et al. Chlamydia psittaci in ducks: a hidden health risk for poultry workers. Pathog Dis. 2015; 73(1): 1-9.
27. Sclossberg D, Delgado J, Moore M, et al. An epidemic of avian and human psittacosis. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153(22): 2594-2595.
28. Harkinezhad T, Verminnen K, Van Droogenbroeck C, et al. Chlamydophila psittaci genotype E/B transmission from African grey parrots to humans. J Med Microbiol. 2007; 56(8): 1097-1100.
29. Lagae S, Kalmar I, Laroucau K, et al. Emerging Chlamydia psittaci infections in chickens and examination of transmission to humans. J Med Microbiol. 2014; 63(3): 399-407.
30. Petrovay F, Balla E. Two fatal cases of psittacosis caused by Chlamydophila psittaci. J Med Microbiol. 2008; 57(10): 1296-1298.
31. Gosbell IB, Ross AD, Turner IB. Chlamydia psittaci infection and reinfection in a veterinarian. Aust Vet J. 1999; 77(8): 511-513.
32. Kovacova E, Majtan J, Botek R, et al. A fatal case of psittacosis in Slovakia, January 2006. Euro Surveill. 2007; 12(8): pii?2344.
33. Van Droogenbroeck C, Beeckman DSA, Vermninnen K, et al. Simultaneous zoonotic transmission of Chlamydophila psittaci genotypes D, F and E/B to a veterinary scientist. Vet Microbiol. 2009; 135(1-2): 78-81.
34. Miller JM, Astles R, Baszler T, et al. Guidelines for safe work practices in human and animal medical diagnostic laboratories. MMWR Suppl. 2012; 61(1): 1-102.
35. Baron EJ, Miller JM. Bacterial and fungal infections among diagnostic laboratory workers: evaluating the risks. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008; 60(3): 241-246.
36. Gelfand MS, Cleveland KO. Family outbreak of psittacosis with an exhumation-based diagnosis: following in the footsteps of Dr. House. Am J Med Sci. 2013; 345(3): 252-253.
37. Yilmazlar A, Ozcan B, Kaplan N, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by psittacosis. Turk J Med Sci. 2000; 30: 199-201.
38. Raso TF, Ferreira VL, Timm LN, et al. Psittacosis domiciliary outbreak associated with monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Brazil: need for surveillance and control. JMM Case Rep. 2014; 1: 1-4.
39. Cheng YJ, Lin KY, Chen CC, et al. Zoonotic atypical pneumonia due to Chlamydophila psittaci: first reported psittacosis case in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2013; 112(7): 430-433.
40. Kaibu H, Iida K, Ueki S, et al. Psittacosis in all four members of a family in Nagasaki, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006; 59(5): 349-350.
41. Branley JM, Weston KM, England J, et al. Clinical features of endemic community-Acquired psittacosis. New Microbes New Infect. 2014; 2(1): 7-12.
42. Williams J, Tallis G, Dalton C, et al. Community outbreak of psittacosis in a rural Australian town. Lancet. 1998; 351: 1697-1699.
43. Arraiz N, Bermudez V, Urdaneta B, et al. Evidence of zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci transmission in a population at risk in Zulia state, Venezuela. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2012; 14(2): 305-314.
44. Telfer BL, Moberley SA, Hort KP, et al. Probable psittacosis outbreak linked to wild birds. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(3): 391-397.
45. Rehn M, Ringberg H, Runehagen A, et al. Unusual increase of psittacosis in southern Sweden linked to wild bird exposure, January to April 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013; 18(19): pii?20478.
46. Magnino S, Haag-Wackernagel D, Geigenfeind I, et al. Chlamydial infections in feral pigeons in Europe: review of data and focus on public health implications. Vet Microbiol. 2009; 135(1-2): 54-67.
47. Haag-Wackernagel D, Moch H. Health hazards posed by feral pigeons. J Infect. 2004; 48(4): 307-313.
48. Belchior E, Barataud D, Ollivier R, et al. Psittacosis outbreak after participation in a bird fair, western France, December 2008. Epidemiol Infect. 2011; 139(10): 1637-1641.
49. Kaleta EF, Taday EM. Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology. Avian Pathol. 2003; 32(5): 435-462.
50. Teske L, Ryll M, Rubbenstroth D, et al. Epidemiological investigations on the possible risk of distribution of zoonotic bacteria through apparently healthy homing pigeons. Avian Pathol. 2013; 42(5): 397-407.
51. Olsen B, Persson K, Broholm KA. PCR detection of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples from passerine birds in Sweden. Epidemiol Infect. 1998; 121(2): 481-483.
52. Cong W, Huang SY, Zhang XX, et al. Chlamydia psittaci exposure in pet birds. J Med Microbiol. 2014; 63(4): 578-581.
53. Circella E, Pugliese N, Todisco G, et al. Chlamydia psittaci infection in canaries heavily infested by Dermanyssus gallinae. Exp Appl Acarol. 2011; 55(4): 329-338.
54. Grade definitions. USPreventive Services Task Force Web site. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/grade-definitions. Accessed August 25, 2016.
55. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al. Current methods of the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med. 2001; 20(suppl 3): 21-35.
56. Beeckman DSA, Vanrompay DCG. Zoonotic Chlamydophila infections from a clinical perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009; 15(1): 11-17.
57. Herrmann B, Persson H, Jensen JK, et al. Chlamydophila psittaci in fulmars, the Faroe Islands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12(2): 330-332.
58. Henry K, Crossley K. Wild-pigeon-related psittacosis in a family. Chest. 1986; 90(5): 708-710.
59. Fraeyman A, Boel A, Van Vaerenbergh K, et al. Atypical pneumonia due to Chlamydophila psittaci: 3 case reports and review of literature. Acta Clin Belg. 2010; 65(3): 192-196.
60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions-United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep. 2016; 63(54): 1-152.
61. Gacouin A, Revest M, Letheulle J, et al. Distinctive features between community-Acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Chlamydophila psittaci and CAP due to Legionella pneumophila admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31(10): 2713-2718.
62. Marrie, TJ. Community acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31(4): 1066-1078.
63. Marrie TJ, Peeling RW, Reid T, et al, and the Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Investigators. Chlamydia species as a cause of community-Acquired pneumonia in Canada. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(5): 779-784.
64. Charles PGP, Whitby M, Fuller AJ, et al, and the Australian CAP Study Collaboration. The etiology of community-Acquired pneumonia in Australia: why penicillin plus doxycycline or a macrolide is the most appropriate therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46(10): 1513-1521.
65. Berntsson E, Blomberg J, Lagergard T, et al. Etiology of community-Acquired pneumonia in patients requiring hospitalization. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1985; 4(3): 268-272.
66. Angulo FJ, Glaser CA, Juranek DD, et al. Caring for pets of immunocompromized persons. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994; 205(12): 1711-1718.
67. Glaser CA, Angulo FJ, Rooney JA. Animalassociated opportunistic infections among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 1994; 18(1): 14-24.
68. Gherman RB, Leventis LL, Miller RC. Chlamydial psittacosis during pregnancy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 86(4 Pt 2): 648-650.
69. Hyde SR, Benirschke K. Gestational psittacosis: case report and literature review. Mod Pathol. 1997; 10(6): 602-607.
70. Khatib R, Thirumoorthi MC, Kelly B, Grady KJ. Severe psittacosis during pregnancy and suppression of antibody response with early therapy. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995; 27(5): 519-521.
71. Hughes C, Maharg P, Rosario P, et al. Possible nosocomial transmission of psittacosis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1997; 18(3): 165-168.
72. Wallensten A, Fredlund H, Runehagen A. Multiple human-To-human transmission from a severe case of psittacosis, Sweden, January-February 2013. Euro Surveill. 2014; 19(42): pii?20937.
73. Ito I, Ishida T, Mishima M, et al. Familial cases of psittacosis: possible person-To person transmission. Intern Med. 2002; 41(7): 580-583.
74. McGuigan CC, McIntyre PG, Templeton K. Psittacosis outbreak in Tayside, Scotland, December 2011 to February 2012. Euro Surveill. 2012; 17(22): pii?20186.
75. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, et al, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/isolation/Isolation2007.pdf. Accessed October 8, 2016.
76. Yung AP, Grayson ML. Psittacosis-A review of 135 cases. Med J Aust. 1988; 148(5): 228-233.
77. Dunnahoo GL, Hampton, BC. Psittacosis: occurrence in the United States and report of 97 percent mortality in a shipment of birds while under quarantine. Public Health Rep. 1945; 60(13): 354-357.
78. Zucca F, Bertoni F. Chlamydia or not Chlamydia, that is the question: which is the microorganism associated with MALT lymphomas of the ocular adnexa? J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006; 98(19): 1348-1349.
79. Schinkel AFL, Bax JJ, van der Wall EE, et al. Echocardiographic follow-up of Chlamydia psittaci myocarditis. Chest. 2000; 117: 1203-1205.
80. Dean D, Shama A, Schachter J, et al. Molecular identification of an avian strain of Chlamydia psittaci causing severe keratoconjunctivitis in a bird fancier. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 20(4): 1179-1185.
81. Lanham JG, Doyle DV. Reactive arthritis following psittacosis. Br J Rheumatol. 1984; 23(5): 225-226.
82. Birkhead JS, Apostolov K. Endocarditis caused by a psittacosis agent. Br Heart J. 1974; 36(7): 728-731.
83. Levison DA, Guthrie W, Ward C, et al. Infective endocarditis as part of psittacosis. Lancet. 1971; 2: 844-847.
84. Carr-Locke DL, Mair HJ. Neurological presentation of psittacosis during a small outbreak in Leicestershire. Br Med J. 1976; 2: 853-854.
85. Persson K, Boman J. Comparison of five serologic tests for diagnosis of acute infections by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000; 7(5): 739-744.
86. Bourke SJ, Carrington D, Frew CE, et al. Serological cross-reactivity among chlamydial strains in a family outbreak of psittacosis. J Infect. 1989; 19(1): 41-45.
87. Mitchell SL, Wolff BJ, Thacker WL, et al. Genotyping of Chlamydophila psittaci by real-Time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2009; 47(1): 175-181.
88. Menard A, Clerc M, Subtil A, et al. Development of a real-Time PCR for the detection of Chlamydia psittaci. J Med Microbiol. 2006; 55(4): 471-473.
89. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health. Chlamydia psittaci (Chlamydophila psittaci), C. trachomatis, C. pneumonia (Chlamydophila pneumoniae). In: Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 5th ed. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; Revised December 2009. HHS publication (CDC) 21-1112: 131-133.
90. Chlamydophila psittaci, pathogen safety data sheetinfectious substances. Public Health Agency of Canada Web site. http://www.phac-Aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/chlamydophila-psittaci-eng. php. Updated April 30, 2012. Accessed September 21, 2016.
91. Chlamydia psittaci molecular detection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/specimen-submission/detail.html?CDCTestCode?CDC-10153. Updated June 21, 2016. Accessed January 31, 2017.
92. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-Acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 44(suppl 2): S27-S72. doi: 10.1086/511159.
93. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Tetracyclines. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, et al., eds. Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015: 873.
94. Kline JM, Wietholter JP, Kline VT, et al. Pediatric antibiotic use: a focused review of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. US Pharm. 2012; 37(8): 56-59.
95. Tetracycline group in children. In: Second meeting of the subcommittee of the Expert Committee on the selection and use of Essential medicine. Geneva, Switzerland, September 29-October 3, 2008. World Health Organization Web site. http://www.who. int/selection-medicines/committees/subcommittee/2/tetracycline-rev.pdf. Accessed August 25, 2016.
96. Roberts JP, Grimes JE. Chlamydia shedding by four species of wild birds. Avian Dis. 1978; 22(4): 698-706.
97. Rodolakis A, Mohamad KY. Zoonotic potential of Chlamydophila. Vet Microbiol. 2010; 140(3-4): 382-391.
98. Flammer K. Chlamydia. In: Altman RB, Clubb SL, Dorrestein GM, et al., eds. Avian Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1997: 364-379.
99. Longbottom D, Coulter L. Animal chlamydioses and zoonotic implications. J Comp Pathol. 2003; 128(4): 217-244.
100. Deschuyffeleer T, Tyberghien L, Dickx V, et al. Risk assessment and management of Chlamydia psittaci in poultry processing plants. Ann Occup Hyg. 2012; 56(3): 340-349.
101. Fudge A. A review of methods to detect Chlamydia psittaci in avian patients. J Avian Med Surg. 1997; 11(3): 153-167.
102. Andersen AA, Vanrompay D. Avian chlamydiosis. Rev Sci Tech. 2000; 19(2): 396-404.
103. Guzman DSM, Diaz-Figueroa O, Tully T Jr, et al. Evaluating 21-day doxycycline and azithromycin treatments for experimental Chlamydophila psittaci infection in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). J Avian Med Surg. 2010; 24(1): 35-45.
104. State regulations for importing animal. US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Web site. https://www.aphis. usda.gov/aphis/pet-Travel. Accessed August 25, 2016.
105. Model aviculture program (MAP). MAP Web site. http://www.modelaviculture.org. Accessed August 25, 2016.
106. Psittacosis avian chlamydiosis. Zoonotic Disease Prevention Series. Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council Web site. http://pijac.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/FLYERPsittacosis110614.pdf. Accessed August 25, 2016.
107. Association of Zoos and Aquariums Web site. https://www.aza.org. Accessed August 25, 2016.
108. Carlier L, Kempf M, Aaziz R, et al. A severe case of pneumopathy in a duck breeder due to Chlamydia psittaci diagnosed by 16S rDNA sequencing. JMM Case Rep. 2014; 1(3): 1-5. doi: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.001537.
109. Crosse B. Psittacosis: a clinical review. J Infect. 1990; 21(3): 251-259.
110. Davies A, Collins T. Respiratory Chlamydia: the management of an outbreak. Public Health. 1995; 109(3): 207-211.
111. Verminnen K, Duquenne B, Keukeleire D, et al. Evaluation of a Chlamydophila psittaci infection diagnostic platform for zoonotic risk assessment. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 46(1): 281-285.
112. Dovč A, Slavec B, Lindtner-Knific R, et al. Study of Chlamydophila psittaci outbreak in budgerigars. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2007; 51: 343-346.
113. Heddema ER, ter Sluis S, Buys JA, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci in fecal droppings from feral pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006; 72(6): 4423-4425.
114. Geigenfeind I, Vanrompay D, Haag-Wackernagel D. Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in the feral pigeon population of Basel, Switzerland. J Med Microbiol. 2012; 61(2): 261-265.
115. Theunissen HJ, Lemmens-den Toom NA, Burggraaf A, et al. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of Chlamydia pneumoniae in aerosols. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993; 59(8): 2589-2593.
116. Williams CJ, Scheftel JM, Elchos BL, et al. Compendium of veterinary standard precautions for zoonotic disease prevention in veterinary personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015; 247(11): 1252-1277.
117. Centers for Disease Control. Human psittacosis linked to a bird distributor in Mississippi-Massachusetts and Tennessee, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992; 41(42): 794-797.
118. de Freitas Raso T, Godoy SN, Milanelo L, et al. An outbreak of chlamydiosis in captive bluefronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) in Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2004; 35(1): 94-96.
119. Van Loock M, Verminnen K, Messmer TO, et al. Use of a nested PCR-enzyme immunoassay with an internal control to detect Chlamydophila psittaci in turkeys. BMC Infect Dis. 2005; 5: 76.
120. Jencek JE, Beaufrère H, Tully TN, et al. An outbreak of Chlamydophila psittaci in an outdoor colony of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). J Avian Med Surg. 2012; 26(4): 225-231.
121. Designated and acting state public health veterinarians, 2016. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Web site. http://www.nasphv.org/documents.html. Accessed August 25, 2016.
122. Psittacosis human case report form. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Web site. http://www.nasphv.org/documentsCompendia Psittacosis.html. Accessed August 25, 2016.
123. Avian chlamydiosis report form. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Web site. http://www.nasphv.org/documentsCompendia Psittacosis.html. Accessed April, 4 2016.
124. Sehulster LM, Chinn RYW, Arduino MJ, et al. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities: recommendations from CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Chicago, IL: American Society for Healthcare Engineering/American Hospital Association; 2004. Centers for Disease Control Web site. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/eic-in-HCF-03.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2016.
125. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Ventilation of Health Care Facilities. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE; 2008. ASHRAE technical report BSR/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-2008.
126. Wild Bird Conservation Act, 16 USC 4901-4916 (2004). US Fish and Wildlife Service Web site. http://www.fws.gov/le/USStatutes/WBCA.pdf. Accessed August 25, 2016.
127. Importation of certain animals, birds, fish, and poultry, and certain animal, bird, and poultry products; requirements for means of conveyance and shipping containers. Subpart A-birds. Code of Federal Regulations. 9 CFR 93. 2010: 396-422. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2012-Title9-vol1/CFR-2012-Title9-vol1-part93/content-detail. html. Accessed August 25, 2016.
128. Thomson NR, Yeats C, Bell K, et al. The Chlamydophila abortus genome sequence reveals an array of variable proteins that contribute to interspecies variation. Genome Res. 2005; 15(5): 629-640.
129. Wolff BJ, Morrison SS, Pest D, et al. Chlamydia psittaci comparative genomics reveals intraspecies variations in the putative outer membrane and type III secretion system genes. Microbiology. 2015; 161(7): 1378-1391.
130. Suchland RJ, Sandoz KM, Jeffrey BM, et al. Horizontal transfer of tetracycline resistance among Chlamydia spp. in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009; 53(11): 4604-4611.
131. Powers L, Flammer K, Papich M. Preliminary investigation of doxycycline plasma concentration in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) after admin- istration by injection or in water or feed. J Avian Med Surg. 2000; 14(1): 23-30.
132. Flammer K, Trogdon M, Papich M. Assessment of plasma concentrations of doxycycline in budgerigars fed medicated seed and water. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003; 223(7): 993-998.
133. Flammer K, Whitt-Smith D, Papich M. Plasma concentrations of doxycycline in selected psittacine birds when administered in water for potential treatment of Chlamydophila psittaci infection. J Avian Med Surg. 2001; 15(4): 276-282.
134. FDA Regulatory Procedures Manual. Chapter 9-2, Coverage of Personal Importations. US Food and Drug Administration Web site. http://www.fda. gov/downloads/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/RegulatoryProceduresManual/UCM074300.pdf. Accessed on August 25, 2016.
135. Flammer K, Aucoin DP, Whitt DA, et al. Potential use of long-Acting injectable oxytetracycline for treatment of chlamydiosis in Goffin?s cockatoos. Avian Dis. 1990; 34(1): 228-234.
136. Arnstein P, Eddie B, Meyer KF. Control of psittacosis by group chemotherapy of infected parrots. Am J Vet Res. 1968; 29(11): 2213-2227.
137. Landgraf WW, Ross PF, Cassidy DR, et al. Concentration of chlortetracycline in the blood of Yellow-Crowned Amazon parrots fed medicated pelleted feeds. Avian Dis. 1981; 26(1): 14-17.
138. Flammer K, Cassidy DR, Landgraf WW, et al. Blood concentrations of chlortetracycline in macaws fed medicated pelleted feed. Avian Dis. 1989; 33(1): 199-203.
139. Arnstein P, Buchanan WG, Eddie B, et al. Chlortetracycline chemotherapy for nectar-feeding psittacine birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1969; 154(2): 190-191.
140. Padilla LR, Flammer K, Miller RE. Doxycyclinemedicated drinking water for treatment of Chlamydophila psittaci in exotic doves. J Avian Med Surg. 2005; 19(6): 88-91.
141. Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Stolze J, Schmidt V, et al. Efficacy of doxycycline for treatment of chlamydiosis in flocks of racing and fancy pigeons. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2013; 41(6): 392-398.
142. Zuba JR, Janssen DL, Loomis ML, et al. Management of chlamydiosis in quarantined exotic Columbiformes. J Zoo Wildl Med. 1992; 23(1): 86-91.
143. Jencek JE, Beaufrere H, Tully TN, et al. An outbreak of Chlamydophila psittaci in an outdoor colony of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). J Avian Med Surg. 2012; 26(4): 225-231.
144. Compounding FAQ for veterinarians. American Veterinary Medical Association Web site. https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/FAQs/Pages/Compounding-FAQs.aspx. Accessed August 25, 2016.