A review of methods to detect Chlamydia psittaci in avian patients

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 153-165

  Fudge, Alan M ^a  

^a California Avian Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

Chlamydia psittaci; Culture; Gene based diagnostics; Immunoassay; Immunoglobulins; Lipopolysaccharide antigen; Major outer membrane protein; Polymerase chain reaction; Psittacine birds; Serologic testing

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039820250     PISSN: 10826742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Tong CY, Sillis M. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci in sputum samples by PCR. J Clin Pathol 1993;46(4):313-317.
2. Fukushi H, Hirai K. Proposal of Chlamydia pecorum sp. nov. for Chlamydia strains derived from ruminants. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992;42:306-308.
3. Vanrompay D, Andersen AA, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Serotyping of European isolates of Chlamydia psittaci from poultry and other birds. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31(1):134-137.
4. Vanrompay D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Chlamydia psittaci infections - a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis. Vet Microbiol 1995;45(2-3):93-119.
5. Jensen AE, Andersen AA, Tappe JP, Thoen CO. Immunoblots of outer-membrane proteins of chlamydiae with sera from turkeys experimentally exposed to avian and mammalian Chlamydia psittaci. Avian Dis 1993;37(1):170-176.
6. Gerlach H. The biology of Chlamydia psittaci. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 1993;2:154-156.
7. Kikuta AN, Furukawa T, Yoshida H, et al. Antigenic analysis of avian Chlamydia psittaci using monoclonal antibodies to the major outer membrane protein. J Vet Med Sci 1991;53:173-179.
8. Rothermel CD, Rubin BY, Murray HW. Gamma interferon is the factor in lymphokine that activates human macrophages to inhibit intracelluar Chlamydia psittaci replication. J Immunol 1983;131:2542-2544.
9. Andersen AA. Comparison of avian Chlamydia psittaci isolates by restriction endonuclease analysis and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:244-249.
10. Andersen AA. Serotyping of Chlamydia psittaci isolates using serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies with the microimmunofluorescence test. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:707-711.
11. Herring AJ. Typing Chlamydia psittaci - a review of methods and recent findings. Br Vet J 1993;149(5): 455-475.
12. Jensen AE, Andersen AA, Tappe JPJ. Characterization of circulating antibodies against Chlamydia psittaci in turkeys. Avian Dis 1990;34:878-887.
13. McClarty G, Fan HZ, Andersen AA. Diversity in nucleotide acquisition by antigenically similar Chlamydia psittaci of avian origin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993;108(3):325-331.
14. McClenaghan M, Inglis NF, Herring AJ. Comparison of isolates of Chlamydia psittaci of ovine, avian and feline origin by analysis of polypeptide profiles from purified elementary bodies. Vet Microbiol 1991;26: 269-278.
15. Salinas J, Souriau A, Cuello F, Rodolakis A. Antigenic diversity of ruminant Chlamydia psittaci strains demonstrated by the indirect microimmunofluorescence test with monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol 1995;43(2-3):9-26.
16. Sayada C, Andersen AA, Storey C, et al. Usefulness of Omp1 restriction mapping for avian Chlamydia psittaci isolate differentiation. Res Microbiol 1995; 146(2):155-165.
17. Andersen AA, Tappe JP. Genetic, immunologic, and pathologic characterization of avian chlamydial strains. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195:1512-1516.
18. Vanrompay D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Hendrick W. Primary pathogenicity of a European isolate of Chlamydia psittaci from turkey poults. Vet Microbiol 1993;38(1-2):103-113.
19. Vanrompay D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Pathogenicity for turkeys of Chlamydia psittaci strains belonging to the avian serovar-A, serovar-B and D. Avian Pathol 1994;23(2):247-262.
20. Vanrompay D, Mast J, Ducatelle R, et al. Chlamydia psittaci in turkeys - pathogenesis of infections in avian serovar-A, serovar-B and serovar-D. Vet Microbiol 1995;47(3-4):245-256.
21. Winsor DKJ, Grimes JE. Relative host infectivity and cytopathology for L-929 cells, membrane proteins, and antigenicity of avian isolates of Chlamydia psittaci. Avian Dis 1988;32:421-431.
22. Page LA. Experimental ornithosis in turkeys. Avian Dis 1959;3:51-66.
23. Andersen AA. Comparison of pharyngeal, fecal, and cloacal samples for the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from experimentally infected cockatiels and turkeys. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996;8(4):448-450.
24. Purchase H, Arp L, Domermuth C, Pearson J (eds). A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens. Kennett Square, PA: Association of Avian Pathologists, 1989.
25. Vanrompay D, Charlier G, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Ultrastructural changes in avian Chlamydia psittaci serovar A-infected, B-infected, and D-infected Buffalo green monkey cells. Infect Immun 1996;64(4): 1265-1271.
26. Gerbermann H. Current situation and alternatives for diagnosis and control of chlamydiosis in the Federal Republic of Germany. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 195:1542-1547.
27. Fudge AM. Clinical observations with avian chlamydial infections. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Vet 1992:48-58.
28. Fudge AM. Blocking antibody ELISA testing of pet birds: implication for chronic infections. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 1993;2:167-170.
29. Grimes JE. Evaluation and interpretation of serologic responses in psittacine bird chlamydiosis and suggested complementary diagnostic procedures. J Avian Med Surg 1996;10(2):75-83.
30. Andre JP. Avian chlamydiosis (Chlamydia psittaci) in cage birds - bibliographic review. Rev Med Vet 1994;145(12):915-929.
31. Human psittacosis linked to a bird distributor in Mississippi, Massachusetts and Tennessee, 1992. MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep) 1992;41(42):794-797.
32. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Inc. Compendium of chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control, 1994. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203(12):1673-1680. [Published erratum appears in J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;204(9):1492.]
33. Bano Aracil M, Gonzalez Moran F, Bertomeu Blanch F, et al. Familial outbreak of pneumonia by psittacosis. Med Clin (Barc) 1992;99(7):258-260. [In Spanish.]
34. Dean D, Shama A, Schachter J, Dawson CR. Molecular identification of an avian strain of Chlamydia psittaci causing severe keratoconjunctivitis in a bird fancier. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(5):1179-1185.
35. Davies A, Collins T. Respiratory chlamydia - the management of an outbreak. Publ Health 1995; 109(3):207-211.
36. Eidson M, Stobierski MG, Smith KA, Williams LP. Compendium of chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control, 1995. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;206(12):1874-1879.
37. Kuroda-Kitagawa Y, Suzuki-Muramatsu C, Yamaguchi T, et al. Antigenic analysis of Chlamydia pecorum and mammalian Chlamydia psittaci by use of monoclonal antibodies to the major outer membrane protein and a 56- to 64-kd protein. Am J Vet Res 1993;54(5):709-712.
38. Nakatani S, Matsunaga K, Kobayashi H, et al. Clinical and serological studies in six cases of chlamydial pneumonia. Nippon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1994;32(11):1056-1060. [In Japanese.]
39. Salisch H, Vonmalottki K, Ryll MA, Hinz KHA. Chlamydial infections of poultry and human health. World's Poult Sci J 1996;52(3):279-308.
40. Schlossberg D, Delgado J, Moore MM, Wishner A, Mohn J. An epidemic of avian and human psittacosis. Arch Intern Med 1993;153(22):2594-2596.
41. Viciana P, Bozada JM, Martinsanz V, et al. Psittacosis of avian origin as etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with severe onset. Rev Clin Espan 1993; 192(1):28-30.
42. Fukuhara N, Miyazawa T, Doi M, Kanamoto Y. A case report of psittacosis and chlamydial isolation from a patient. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1994;68(12): 1538-1542. [In Japanese.]
43. Baxter AP, Mahadevan S, Milner PC, Nichol J. What price public aviaries? J Publ Health Med 1993;15(2): 144-146.
44. Bonda M. What is your diagnosis? Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly in a macaw caused by chlamydiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;202(3):455-456.
45. Fudge AM. Avian chlamydiosis. In: Rosskopf WJ, Jr, Woerpel RW (eds). Diseases of caged and aviary birds. Malvern, PA: Williams and Wilkins, 1996: 572-585.
46. Flammer K. Chlamydia. In: Altman RB, Clubb SL, Dorrestein GM, Quesenberry K (eds). Avian medicine and surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1997: 364-379.
47. Tully TN, Jr. Clinical aspects of companion bird chlamydial infections. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 1993;2:157-160.
48. Graham DL. A color atlas of avian chlamydiosis. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 1993;2:184-189.
49. Vanbuuren CE, Dorrestein GM, Vandijk JE. Chlamydia psittaci infections in birds - a review on the pathogenesis and histopathological features. Vet Q 1994;16(1):38-41.
50. Astorga RJ, Cubero MJ, Leon L, et al. Serological survey of infections in waterfowl in the Guadalquivir marshes (Spain). Avian Dis 1994;38(2):371-375.
51. Camus AC, Cho DY, Poston RP, et al. Chlamydiosis in commercial rheas (Rhea Americana). Avian Dis 1994;38(3):666-671.
52. Fowler ME. Chlamydiosis in captive raptors. Avian Dis 1990;34:657-662.
53. Gerbermann H, Korbel R. The occurrence of Chlamydia psittaci infections in raptors from wildlife preserves. Tieraerztl Prax 1993;21(3):217-224.
54. Lublin A, Mechani S, Malkinson M, et al. A 4-year survey of the distribution of Chlamydia psittaci in 19 orders of birds in Israel with emphasis on seasonal variability. Conf Eur Comm Assoc Avian Vet 1995; 3:1. [Abstract.]
55. Mirande LA, Howerth EW, Poston RP. Chlamydiosis in a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). J Wildl Dis 1992;28(2):284-287.
56. Thevenon J, Rantoen D, Carton D, Costa R, Trap D. Infection by avian Chlamydiosis in breeding pigeons in New Caledonia. Ann Rech Vet 1992;23(1):63-71.
57. Gilardi KVK, Lowenstine LJ, Gilardi JD, Munn CA. A survey for selected viral, chlamydial, and parasitic diseases in wild dusky-headed parakeets (Aratinga weddellii) and Tui parakeets (Brotogeris Sanctithomae) in Peru. J Wildl Dis 1995;31(4):523-528.
58. Salinas J, Caro MR, Cuello F. Antibody prevalence and isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from pigeons (Columba livia). Avian Dis 1993;37(2):523-527.
59. Salinas J, Caro MR, Cuello F. Comparison of different serological methods for the determination of antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci in pigeon sera. Zentralbl Veterinaermed Reihe B 1993;40(4):239-244.
60. Dorrestein GM. Chlamydiosis: a new approach in diagnosis and therapy. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Vet. 1989:29-34.
61. Janeczek F. Chlamydia psittaci: diagnostic procedures for psittaciformes: comparative studies of antigen detection in cell culture and by ELISA and antibody detection by complement fixation and blocking ELISA. PhD thesis. Ludwig-Maximillian University, 1989.
62. Arizmendi F, Grimes JE. Evaluation of latex agglutination for detecting chlamydial antibody activity in psittacine bird sera by comparison with direct complement fixation. J Vet Diagn Invest 1993;5(2):277-279.
63. Grimes JE, Arizmendi F. Bases for interpretation of Chlamydia serology results. Proc Assoc Avian Vet 1992: 59-71.
64. Grimes JE, Arizmendi F, Carter CN, Sneed L. Diagnostic serologic testing of cage and aviary birds for chlamydiosis and suggested confirmatory testing. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996;8:38-44.
65. Arizmendi F, Grimes JE. Comparison of the Gimenez staining method and antigen-detection ELISA with culture for detecting chlamydiae in birds. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995;7(3):400-401.
66. Andersen AA, Tappe JP, Jr. (eds). Chlamydiosis laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens. Kennett Square, PA: Assoc Avian Pathol 1989:63-69.
67. Grimes JE. Serodiagnosis of avian chlamydia infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195:1561-1564.
68. Grimes JE, Arizmendi F. Serology, culture, and antigen capture in the diagnosis of chlamydial infections in psittacine birds. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Vet 1990:272-278.
69. Kaleta EF. Observations on the diagnosis and control of psittacosis. Tieraerztl Umsch 1997;52(1):36.
70. Grimes JE, Phalen DN, Arizmendi F. Chlamydia latex agglutination antigen and protocol improvement and psittacine bird anti-chlamydial immunoglobulin reactivity. Avian Dis 1993;37(3):817-824.
71. Grimes JE. Interpretation of avian host chlamydial titers using various serological methods. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 1993;2(3):161-166.
72. Grimes JE, Tully TN, Arizmendi F, Phalen DN. Elementary body agglutination for rapidly demonstrating chlamydial agglutinins in avian serum with emphasis on testing cockatiels. Avian Dis 1994;38(4): 822-831.
73. Tully TN Jr, Shane SM, Grimes JE, et al. Comparison of procedures to detect Chlamydia psittaci antibodies in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Avian Dis 1996;40:266-271.
74. Ley DH, Flammer K, Cowen P, Whitt D. Performance characteristics of diagnostic tests for avian chlamydiosis. J Assoc Avian Vet 1993;7(4):203-207.
75. ® chlamydia test kit in companion birds. J Assoc Avian Vet 1992;6:155-157.
76. Tully TN, Jr. Evaluation of diagnostic procedures for Chlamydia psittaci. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Vet 1991:137-140.
77. Trap D, Mahe AM, Vandevelde J. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci in birds: comparison of Clearview chlamydia test, immunofluorescence and embryonated eggs inoculation. Rev Med Vet 1994;145(4): 261-266.
78. Janeczek F, Gerbermann H. Comparison of cell culture and ELISA for the detection of Chlamydia psittaci. Symp Avian Dis 1988:296-306. [In German.]
79. Biendl A. Chlamydia psittaci: Diagnostik bei Psittaciformes: Schnelltest zum Antikorpernachweis mittels Latex-Aggutination bzw, zum Antigen-nachweis mittels eines kommerziellen Latextestes (Clearview Chlamydia). PhD thesis. Ludwig-Maximillian University, 1992.
80. Gerlach H. Chlamydia. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR (eds). Avian medicine: principles and application. Lake Worth, FL: Wingers, 1994:984-996.
81. Vanrompay D, Van Nerom A, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Evaluation of five immunoassays for detection of Chlamydia psittaci in cloacal and conjunctival specimens from turkeys. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32(6):1470-1474.
82. Fudge AM. Diagnosis of avian chlamydial infections using immunodiagnosis methods. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Vet 1990:263-269.
83. Fudge AM. ELISA testing for chlamydiosis. In: Rosskopf WJ, Woerpel R (eds). Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1991;21:1181-1188.
84. Brown PA, Newman JA. Methods of chlamydial antigen detection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195(11): 1567-1570.
85. Hewinson RG, Rankin SES. Towards a differential polymerase chain reaction test for Chlamydia psittaci. Vet Rec 1991;128:381-382.
86. Hewinson RG, Rankin SES. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci from avian field samples using PCR. Vet Rec 1991;128:128-130.
87. Kaltenboeck B, Kousoulas KG, Storz J. Detection and strain differentiation of Chlamydia psittaci medialed by a two-step polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:1969-1975.
88. Feldman SH, Weisbroth SP, Weisbroth SH. Diagnostic molecular microbiology: detection of pathogenic microorganisms in laboratory animals. Lab Anim 1997;26(1):29-35.
89. Dorrestein GM. PCR diagnostic testing for Chlamydia psittaci. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 1993;2: 171-174.
90. Flammer K. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin in African grey parrots treated with medicated water. Avian Dis 1990;34:1017-1022.
91. Flammer K. Antimicrobial therapy. In: Ritchie B, Harrison G, Harrison L (eds). Avian medicine: principles and application. Lake Worth, FL: Wingers, 1995:434-456.
92. ®): an alternative for official prophylaxis and treatment of psittacosis in imported psittacine birds. Deut Tieraerztl Wochenschr 1993;100(9):364-368.