Feeding biology and ecology

Biology and Ecology of Sardines and Anchovies

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 122-189

  Garrido, Susana ^a   van der Lingen, Carl David ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

^b Branch Fisheries   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85029426892     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b16682     Document Type: Chapter

References (236)

1. Alamo, A. and M. Bouchon. 1987. Changes in the food and feeding of the sardine (Sardinops sagax sagax) during the years 1980-1984 off the Peruvian coast. J. Geohys. Res. 92(C13): 14411-14415.
2. Alamo, A. and P. Espinoza. 1998. Variaciones alimentarias en Engraulis ringens y otros recursos pelágicos durante invierno-primavera de 1997. Inf. Inst. Mar. Perú 130: 45-52 (in Spanish with English abstract).
3. Alamo, A., I. Navarro, P. Espinoza and P. Zubiate. 1996. Espectro alimentario y ración de alimentación de Engraulis ringens y de Sardinops sagax sagax, y mortalidad de huevos de la anchoveta peruana por predación. Inf. Inst. Mar Perú 119: 34-42 (in Spanish with English abstract).
4. Alheit, J. 1987. Egg cannibalism versus egg predation: their significance in anchovies. In: A.I.L. Payne, J.A. Gulland and K.H. Brink (eds.). The Benguela and Comparable Ecosystems. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 5: 467-470.
5. Andreu, B. 1969. Las branquispinas en la caracterización de las poblaciones de Sardina pilchardus (Walb.). Invest. Pesq. 33: 425-607 (in Spanish).
6. Angelescu, V. 1981. Ecología trófica de la anchoíta del Mar Argentino (Engraulidae, Engraulis anchoita). Parte I. Morfología del sistema digestivo en relación con la alimentación. Acta VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoología, Mérida 1317-1350.
7. Angelescu, V. 1982. Ecología trófica de la anchoíta del Mar Argentino (Engraulidae, Engraulis anchoita). Parte II. Alimentación, comportamiento y relaciones tróficas en el ecosistema. Ser. Contrib. Inst. Nac. Invest. Des. Pesq. 409: 1-83.
8. Aoki, I. and T. Murayama. 1993. Spawning pattern of the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus off southern Kyushu and Shikoku, southwestern Japan. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 97: 127-134.
9. Arthur, D.K. 1976. Food and feeding of larvae of three fishes occurring in the California Current, Sardinops sagax, Engraulis mordax and Trachurus symmetricus. Fish. Bull. 74(3): 517-529.
10. Ayon, P., G. Swartzman, P. Espinoza and A. Bertrand. 2011. Long-term changes in zooplankton size distribution in the Peruvian Humboldt Current System: conditions favouring sardine or anchovy. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 422: 211-222.
11. Azuma, N. 1994. Behavioral ecology of feeding in Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 283 pp. (in Japanese).
12. Bacha, M. and R. Amara. 2009. Spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variation in diet of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) on the Algerian coast (SW Mediterranean). Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 85: 257-264.
13. Bachiller, E. 2012. Trophic ecology of small pelagic fish in the Bay of Biscay Ecological effects of trophic interactions. PhD thesis, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
14. Bakun, A. 1996. Patterns in the Ocean: Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. California Sea Grant College System, NOAA, in cooperation with Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noreste, La Paz, BCS México.
15. Bakun, A. 2006. Wasp-waist populations and marine ecosystem dynamics: navigating the '‘predator pit’' topographies. Prog. Oceanogr. 68: 271-288.
16. Balbontin, F. and A. Cannobbio. 1992. Growth and survival of Chilean sardine Sardinops sagax, larvae reared at different densities of food. Rev. Biol. Mar. Valparaíso 27(1): 101-112 (in Spanish).
17. Balbontin, F., M. Carretón and J. Maureira. 1979. Estudio experimental sobre selección de alimento y comportamiento alimentario en anchoveta y sardina de Chile (Pisces, Clupeiformes). Rev. Biol. Mar. Valparaíso 16(3): 211-220 (in Spanish).
18. Balbontin, F., A. Llanos and V. Valenzuela. 1997. Sobreposición trófica e incidencia alimentaria en larvas de peces de Chile central. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 70: 381-390 (in Spanish).
19. Barange, M. and I. Hampton. 1997. Spatial structure of co-occurring anchovy and sardine populations from acoustic data: implications for survey design. Fish. Oceanogr. 6: 94-108.
20. Becker, B.H., M.Z. Peery and S.R. Beissinger. 2009. Ocean climate and prey availability affect the trophic level and reproductive success of the marbled murrelet, an endangered seabird. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 329: 267-279.
21. Berner, L. Jr. 1959. The food of the larvae of the northern anchovy Engraulis mordax. Inter-Amer. Trop. Tuna Comm. 4(1): 1-22.
22. Blackburn, M. 1960. Synopsis of biological information on the Australian and New Zealand sardine, Sardinops neopilchardus (Steindacher. Proceedings of a World Scientific Meeting on the Biology of Sardines, Vol. 2, Species Synopsis n° 7: 245-264.
23. Blaskovic, V., F. Torriani and I. Navarro. 1998. Características tróficas de las principales especies pelágicas duarante el otoño 1998. Crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra 9805-06 de Tacna a Máncora. Inf. Inst. Mar Perú 137: 72-79 (in Spanish with English abstract).
24. Blaxter, J.H.S. 1969. Experimental rearing of pilchard larvae, Sardina pilchardus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 49: 557-575.
25. Blaxter, J.H.S. and J.R. Hunter. 1982. The biology of the clupeoid fishes. Adv. Mar. Biol. 20: 1-223.
26. Bode, A., P. Carrera and S. Lens. 2003. The pelagic foodweb in the upwelling ecosystem of Galicia (NW Spain) during spring: natural abundance of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 60: 11-22.
27. Bode, A., M.T. Alvarez-Ossorio, P. Carrera and J. Lorenzo. 2004. Reconstruction of trophic pathways between plankton and the North Iberian sardine (Sardina pilchardus) using stable isotopes. Sci. Mar. 68(1): 165-178.
28. Bode, A., M.T. Alvarez-Ossorio, M.E. Cunha, S. Garrido, J.B. Peleteiro, C. Porteiro, L. Valdés and M. Varela. 2007. Stable nitrogen isotope studies of the pelagic food web on the Atlantic shelf of the Iberian Peninsula. Progr. Oceanogr. 74: 115-131.
29. Booi, K. 2000. Characterization and comparison of diets of anchovy (Engrauliscapensis) and sardine (Sardinops sagax) pre-recruits from mixed shoals in the southern Benguela ecosystem. M. Phil. Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
30. Borme, D., V. Tirelli, S.B. Brandt, S. Fonda Umani and E. Arneri. 2009. Diet of Engraulis encrasicolus in the northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean): ontogenetic changes and feeding selectivity. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 392: 193-209.
31. Brewer, G.D. and G.S. Kleppel. 1986. Diel vertical distribution of fish larvae and their prey in nearshore waters of southern California. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 27: 217-226.
32. Brodeur, R.D., C.L. Suchman, D.C. Reese, T.W. Miller and E.A. Daly. 2008. Spatial overlap and trophic interactions between pelagic fish and large jellyfish in the northern California Current. Mar. Biol. 154: 649-659.
33. Brownell, C.L. 1983. Laboratory rearing of Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis and South African pilchard Sardinops ocellata through metamorphosis. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 1: 181-188.
34. Bulgakova, Y.V. 1992. Feeding intensity of the Black Sea anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus during spawning season. Vopr. Ikhtiol. 32: 168-171.
35. Bulgakova, Y. 1996. Feeding in the Black Sea anchovy: diet composition, feeding behaviour, feeding periodicity and daily rations. Sci. Mar. 60: 283-284.
36. Butler, J.L. and D. Pickett. 1988. Age-specific vulnerability of Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax, larvae to predation by northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. Fish Bull. Wash. 86(l): 163-167.
37. Calbet, A., S. Garrido, E. Saiz, M. Alcaraz and C.M. Duarte. 2001. Annual zooplankton succession in coastal NW Mediterranean waters: the importance of the smaller size fractions. J. Plankton Res. 23: 319-331.
38. Capitanio, F.L., M. Pájaro and G.B. Esnal. 1997. Appendicularians (Chordata, Tunicata) in the diet of anchovy (Engraulis anchoita) in the Argentine Sea. Sci. Mar. 61: 9-15.
39. Capitanio, F.L., M. Pájaro and G.B. Esnal. 2005. Appendicularians: an important food supply for the Argentine anchovy Engraulis anchoita in coastal waters. J. Applied Ichthyol. 21: 414-419.
40. Catalán, I., A. Folkvord, I. Palomera, G. Quílez-Badía, F. Kallianoti, A. Tselepides and A. Kallianotis. 2010. Growth and feeding patterns of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) early life stages in the Aegean Sea (NE, Mediterranean). Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 86: 99-312.
41. Catenazzi, A. and M.A. Donnelly. 2008. Sea lion Otaria flavescens as host of the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundis. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 360: 285-289.
42. Checkley, D., P. Ayon, T. Baumgartner, M. Bernal, J.C. Coetzee, R. Emmett, R. Guevara, L. Hutching, L. Ibaibarriaga, H. Nakata, Y. Oozeki, B. Planque, J. Schweigert, Y. Stratoudakis and C.D. van der Lingen. 2009. Habitats of small, pelagic fish. pp. 12-44. In: D. Checkley, J. Alheit, Y. Oozeki and C. Roy (eds.). Climate Change and Small Pelagic Fish. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
43. Chiappa-Carrara, X. and M. Gallardo-Cabello. 1993. Feeding behavior and dietary composition of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax Girard (Pisces: Engraulidae), off Baja California, Mexico. Cienc. Mar. 19(3): 285-305.
44. Chiaradia, A., M.G. Forero, K.A. Hobson and J.M. Cullen. 2010. Changes in diet and trophic position of a top predator 10 years after a mass mortality of a key prey. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 67: 1710-1720.
45. Chouvelon, T., J. Spitz, F. Caurant, P. Mendez-Fernandez, A. Chappius, F. Laugier, E. Le Goff and P. Bustamante. 2012. Revisiting the use of δ15N in mesoscale studies of marine food webs by considering spatio-temporal variations in stable isotope signatures-The case of an open ecosystem: The Bay of Biscay (North-East Atlantic). Progr. Oceanogr. 101: 92-105.
46. Ciechomski, J. 1967. Investigations of food and feeding habits of larvae and juveniles of the Argentine anchovy Engraulis anchoita. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. 11: 72-81.
47. Conway, D.V.P., S.H. Coombs, M.L. Fernández de Puelles and P.R.G. Tranter. 1994. Feeding of larval sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum), off the north coast of Spain. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 10(2): 165-175.
48. Conway, D.V.P., S.H. Coombs and C. Smith. 1998. Feeding of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus larvae in the northwestern Adriatic Sea in response to changing hydrobiological conditions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 175: 35-49.
49. Costalago, D. 2012. Trophic ecology of small pelagic fish in the northwestern Mediterranean. Ph.D. thesis, University of Barcelona, Spain.
50. Costalago, D., J. Navarro, I. Alvarez-Calleja and I. Palomera. 2012. Ontogenetic and seasonal changes in the feeding habits and trophic levels of two small pelagic fish species. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 460: 169-181.
51. Culley, M. 1971. The Pilchard: Biology and Exploitation. 1st edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford & NY.
52. Cunha, M.E., S. Garrido and J. Pissarra. 2005. The use of stomach fullness and colour indices to assess Sardina pilchardus feeding. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 85: 425-431.
53. Cury, P., A. Bakun, R.J.M. Crawford, A. Jarre-Teichmann, R.A. Quiñones, L.J. Shannon and H.M. Verheye. 2000. Small pelagics in upwelling systems: patterns of interaction and structural changes in '‘wasp-waist’' ecosystems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 210: 603-618.
54. Cushing, D.H. 1978. Upper trophic levels in upwelling areas. pp. 101-110. In: R. Boje and M. Tomczak (eds.). Upwelling Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York.
55. Davenport, S.R. and N.J. Bax. 2002. A trophic study of a marine ecosystem off southeastern Australia using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 514-530.
56. Davies, D.H. 1957. The South African pilchard (Sardinops ocellata. Preliminary report on feeding off the west coast, 1953-56. Invt. Rep. Div. Fish. South Africa 30: 1-40.
57. Dunlop, J.N. 2011. Comparative foraging ecology in the dark tern guild breeding off Southwestern Australia-insights from stable isotope analysis. Mar. Ornithol. 39: 201-206.
58. Durbin, A.G. 1979. Food selection by plankton feeding fishes. pp. 203-218. In: H. Clepper (ed.). Predator-Prey Systems in Fisheries Management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C.
59. Emmett, R.L., R.D. Brodeur, T.W. Miller, S.S. Pool, G.K. Krutzikowsky, P.J. Bentley and J. McCrae. 2005. Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax) abundance, distribution, and ecological relationships in the Pacific Northwest. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. 46: 122-143.
60. Espinoza, P. and A. Bertrand. 2008. Revisiting Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) trophodynamics provides a new vision of the Humboldt Current system. Progr. Oceanogr. 79: 215-227.
61. Espinoza, P., V. Blaskovic, F. Torriani and I. Navarro. 1999. Dieta de la anchoveta Engraulis ringens según intervalos de talla. Crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra y BIC Humboldt 9906. Inf. Inst. Mar. Perú 149: 41-48 (in Spanish with English abstract).
62. Espinoza, P., I. Navarro and F. Torriani. 2000. Variaciones espaciales en la dieta de la anchoveta a finales de la primavera 1999, Crucero BICs José Olaya Balandra y SNP.2 9911-12. Inf. Inst. Mar. Perú 157: 72-6 (in Spanish with English abstract).
63. Espinoza, P., A. Bertrand, C.D. van der Lingen, S. Garrido and B. Rojas de Mendiola. 2009. Diet of sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the northern Humboldt Current system and comparison with the diets of clupeoids in this and other eastern boundary upwelling systems. Progr. Oceanogr. 83: 242-250.
64. Fernández, I.M. and R. González-Quirós. 2006. Analysis of feeding of Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum 1792) larval stages in the central Cantabrian Sea. Sci. Mar. 70: 131-139.
65. Ferreira, P.L. and P. Ré. 1993. Feeding of larval anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus (L.), in the Mira Estuary (Portugal). Port. Zool. 2(3): 1-37.
66. Folkvord, A. and J.R. Hunter. 1986. Size specific vulnerability of northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) larvae to predation by fishes. Fish. Bull. US 84: 859-869.
67. Forero, M.G., K.A. Hoson, G.R. Borlotti, J.A. Donázar, M. Bertrellotti and G. Blanco. 2002.Food resource utilization by the Magellanic penguin evaluated through stable-isotope analysis: segregation by sex and age and influence on offspring quality. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 234: 289-299.
68. Fréon, P., J. Arístegui, A. Bertrand, R.J.M. Crawford, J.C. Field, M.J. Gibbons, J. Tam, L. Hutchings, H. Masski, C. Mullon, M. Ramdani, B. Seret and M. Simier. 2009. Functional group biodiversity in eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems questions the wasp-waist trophic structure. Prog.Oceanog. 83: 97-106.
69. Fry, B. 2006. Stable Isotope Ecology. Springer Science, New York.
70. Fukami, K., A. Watanabe, S. Fujita, K. Yamaoka and T. Nishijima. 1999. Predation on naked protozoan microzooplankton by fish larvae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 185: 285-291.
71. Garrido, S. 2003. Alimentaçao de Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) ao largo da costa continental portuguesa e implicações da condiçao nitricional das fêmeas na qualidade dos oócitos. M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (in Portuguese).
72. Garrido, S., A. Marçalo, J. Zwolinski and C.D. van der Lingen. 2007. Laboratory investigations on the effect of prey size and concentration on the feeding behaviour of Sardina pilchardus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 330: 189-199.
73. Garrido, S., R. Ben-Hamadou, P.B. Oliveira, M.E. Cunha, M.A. Chícharo and C.D. van der Lingen. 2008. Diet and feeding intensity of sardine Sardina pilchardus: correlation with satellite-derived chlorophyll data. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 354: 245-256.
74. Garrido, S., E. Saiz, J. Peters, P. Alvarez, U. Cotano, D. Herrero, A. Martinez de Murgia and X. Irigoyen. 2012. First-Feeding of larval anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus reared in laboratory conditions. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 434-435: 16-24.
75. Gennotte, V., M. Torre and A. Kallianiotis. 2007. Cannibalism in anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the north Aegean Sea (Greece). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit. 38: 484.
76. Giannoulaki, M., A. Machias and N. Tsimenides. 1999. Ambient luminance and vertical migration of the sardine Sardina pilchardus. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 178: 29-38.
77. Gómez-Campos, E., A. Borrell, L. Cardona, J. Forcada and A. Aguilar. 2011. Overfishing of small pelagic fishes increases trophic overlap between immature and mature striped dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24554.
78. Hand, C.H. and L. Berner. 1959. Food of the Pacific sardine (Sardinops caerulea). Fish. Bull. Fish Wildl. Serv. 60: 175-184.
79. Hickling, C. 1945. The seasonal cycle in the cornish pilchard, Sardina pilchardus (Walb). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 26: 115-138.
80. Hückstädt, L.A., C.P. Rojas and T. Antezana. 2007. Stable isotope analysis reveals pelagic foraging by the Southern sea lion in central Chile. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 347: 123-133.
81. Hunter, J.R. 1972. Swimming and feeding behavior of larval anchovy Engraulis mordax. Fish. Bull. US 70(3): 821-838.
82. Hunter, J.R. and G.L. Thomas. 1974. Effect of prey distribution and density on the searching and feeding behavior of larval anchovy Engraulis mordax Girard. pp. 559-574. In: J.H.S. Blaxter (ed.). The Early Life History of Fish. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
83. Hunter, J.R. and C. Sanchez. 1976. Diel changes in swim bladder inflation of the larvae of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. Fish. Bull. US 74: 847-855.
84. Hunter, J.R. and C.A. Kimbrell. 1980. Egg cannibalism in the northern anchovy Engraulis mordax. Fish. Bull. 78: 811-816.
85. Huntley, M. 1989. Larval feeding of northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, on dinoflagellates: Implications for year-class strength. Sci. Mar. 53(2-3): 239-245.
86. Idris, I. 2010. Measurements of the branchial sieve of sardine (Sardinops sagax ocellatus) from the west and south coasts of southern Africa. MSc thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
87. Idris, I., C.L. Moloney and C.D. van der Lingen (Submitted). Spatial variability in branchial basket meristics and morphology of southern African sardine (Sardinops sagax). Afr. J. Mar. Sci.
88. Iitembu, J.A., T.W. Miller, K. Ohmori, A. Kanime and S. Wells. 2012. Comparison of ontogenetic trophic shift in two hake species, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, from the Northern Benguela Current ecosystem (Namibia) using stable isotope analysis. Fish. Oceanogr. 21: 215-225.
89. Irigoien, X. and A. de Roos. 2011. The role of intraguild predation in the population dynamics of small pelagic fish. Mar. Biol. 158: 1683-1690.
90. Islam, M.S. and M. Tanaka. 2009. Diet and prey selection in larval and juvenile Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in Ariake Bay, Japan. Aquat. Ecol. 43: 549-558.
91. James, A.G. 1987. Feeding ecology, diet and field-based studies on feeding selectivity of the Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis Gilchrist. In: A.I.L. Payne, J.A. Gulland and K.H. Brink (eds.). The Benguela and Comparable Ecosystems. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 5: 597-611.
92. James, A.G. 1988. Are clupeoid microphagists herbivorous or omnivorous? A review of the diets of some commercially important clupeids. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 7: 161-177.
93. James, A.G. and K.P. Findlay. 1989. Effect of particle size and concentration on feeding behaviour, selectivity and rates of food ingestion by the Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 50: 275-294.
94. James, A.G. and T. Probyn. 1989. The relationship between respiration rate, swimming speed and feeding behaviour in Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis Gilchrist fed a variety of plankton diets. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 131: 124-145.
95. James, A.G. and X. Chiappa-Carrara. 1990. A comparison of field based studies on the trophic ecology of Engraulis capensis and E. mordax. pp. 208-221. In: M. Barnes and R.N. Gibson (eds.). Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen.
96. James, A.G., T. Probyn and L.J. Seiderer. 1989a. Nitrogen excretion and absorption efficiencies of the Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis Gilchrist fed upon a variety of plankton diets. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 131: 101-124.
97. James, A.G., T. Probyn and L. Hutchings. 1989b. Laboratory-derived carbon and nitrogen budgets for the omnivorous planktivore Engraulis capensis Gilchrist. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 131: 124-145.
98. Kaltenberg, A.M. and K.J. Benoit-Bird. 2009. Diel behavior of sardine and anchovy schools in the California Current system. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 394: 247-262.
99. Kawasaki, T. and A. Kumagai. 1984. Food habits of the far eastern sardine and their implication in the fluctuation pattern of the sardine stocks. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50(10): 1657-1663.
100. Kifani, S. 1998. Climate dependent fluctuations of the Moroccan sardine and their impact on fisheries. pp. 235-248. In: M.H. Durand, P. Cury, R. Mendelssohn, C. Roy, A. Bakun and D. Pauly (eds.). Global versus Local Changes in Upwelling Systems. Edition de l’Ostrom. Institut Français de Reserche Scientific pour le Development en Cooperation.
101. King, D.P.F. and P.R. MacLeod. 1976. Comparison of the food and filtering mechanism of pilchard Sardinops ocellata and anchovy Engraulis capensis off South West Africa, 1971-1972. Invest. Rep. Sea Fish. Res. Inst. South Africa 111: 1-29.
102. Konchina, Y.V. 1991. Trophic status of the Peruvian anchovy and sardine. J. Ichthyol. 31: 59-72.
103. Koslow, J.A. 1981. Feeding selectivity of schools of northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, in the southern California Bight. Fish. Bull. Wash. 79(1): 131-142.
104. Landaeta, M. and L.R. Castro. 2013. Vertical distribution and gas bladder inflation/deflation in postlarval anchoveta Engraulis ringens during upwelling events. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 93: 321-331.
105. Lasker, R. 1970. Utilization of zooplankton energy by a Pacific sardine population in the California Current. pp. 265-284. In: J.H. Steele (ed.). Marine Food Chains. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
106. Lasker, R. 1975. Field criteria for survival of anchovy larvae: the relation between inshore chlorophyll maximum layers and successful first feeding. Fish. Bull. US 73: 453-462.
107. Lazzaro, X. 1987. A review of planktivorous fishes-their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts. Hydrobiol. 146(2): 97-167.
108. Lebour, M.V. 1920. The food of young fish. N° III (1919). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 12: 261-324.
109. Legovini, S. 2008. Ecologia trofica di sardina Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum 1792) e acciuga Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) nel golfo di Trieste. PhD Thesis, Università Degli Studi Di Trieste (in Italian).
110. Li, Z., Z. Zhuang, F. Dai and X. Jin. 2011. Study on the feeding habits of fishery organisms in the Yangtze River estuary and the southern Yellow Sea in spring with δ13C method. J. Food Agri. Environ. 9(3&4): 649-654.
111. Lindsay, D.J., M. Minagawa, I. Mitani and K. Kawaguchi. 1998. Trophic shift in the Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in its early life history stages as detected by stable isotope ratios in Sagami Bay, Central Japan. Fish. Sci. 64(3): 403-410.
112. Llanos, A., G. Herrera and P. Bernal. 1996. Análisis del tamaño de las presas en la dieta de las larvas de cuatro clupeiformes en un área costera de Chile central. Sci. Mar. 60: 435-442 (in Spanish with English abstract).
113. Llanos-Rivera, A., G. Herrera and P. Bernal. 2004. Food size selectivity and diet overlap in larvae of Clupeiform species from central Chile. Cah. Biol. Mar. 45: 1-8.
114. López-Martínez, J. 1991. Alimentación de juveniles y adultos de sardina Monterrey Sardinops sagax caeruleus (Girard), en el Norte de Isla Tiburón durante Invierno de 1990. Master Thesis, CICESE, Ensenada, B.C., México (in Spanish).
115. Loukashkin, A.S. 1970. On the diet and feeding behavior of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax (Girard). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4(37): 419-458.
116. Louw, G.G., C.D. van der Lingen and M.J. Gibbons. 1998. Differential feeding by sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis capensis recruits in mixed shoals. In: S.C. Pillar, C.L. Moloney, A.I.L. Payne and F.A. Shillington (eds.). Benguela Dynamics: Impacts of Variability on Shelf-Sea Environments and their Living Resources. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 19: 227-232.
117. Madigan, D.J., A.B. Carlisle, H. Dewar, O.E. Snodgrass, S.Y. Litvin, F. Micheli and B. Block. 2012. Stable isotope analysis challenges wasp-waist food web assumptions in an upwelling pelagic ecosystem. Sci. Rep. 2: 654.
118. Malseed, T. 2004. Stable isotope analysis of the food web supporting Sardinops sagax in the waters off Esperance, Western Australia. BEng. Env. (Hons) thesis, University of Western Australia, Australia.
119. Massutí, M. and M. Oliver. 1948. Estudio de la biometría y biología de la sardina de Mahón (Baleares), especialmente de su alimentación. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 3: 1-15 (in Spanish).
120. Matsuo, Y., H. Sugisaki and K. Yokouchi. 1997. Observations over a 24 hour cycle of diurnal vertical migration of sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) larvae. Bull. Tohoku Nat. Fish. Res. Inst. 59: 171-175.
121. Matsushita, K., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose. 1988. Food density and rate of feeding larvae of anchovy and sardine in patchy distribution. Suisan Gakkaishi 54(3): 401-411.
122. McFarlane, G.A., J. Schweigert, L. MacDougall and C. Hrabok. 2005. Distribution and biology of Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax) off British Columbia, Canada. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. 46: 144-160.
123. McFarlane, G.A., J. Schweigert, J. Detering and V. Hodes. 2010. Diet analysis of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia from 1997 to 2008. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. 51: 169-181.
124. Meng, T.X. 2003. Studies on the feeding of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) at different life stages on zooplankton in the Middle and Southern Waters of the Yellow Sea. Mar. Fish. Res. 24(3): 1-9.
125. Mianzan, H., M. Pájaro, G. Alvarez Colombo and A. Madirolas. 2001. Feeding on survival-food: gelatinous plankton as a source of food for anchovies. Hydrobiol. 451: 45-53.
126. Miller, T.W. and R.D. Brodeur. 2007. Diets of and trophic relationships among dominant marine nekton within the northern California Current ecosystem. Fish. Bull. 105(4): 548-559.
127. Miller, T.W., R.D. Brodeur, G. Rau and K. Omori. 2010. Prey dominance shapes trophic structure of the northern California Current pelagic food web: evidence from stable isotopes and diet analysis. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 420: 15-26.
128. Miller, T.W., C.D. van der Lingen, R. Brodeur, K. Omori, H. Hamaoka and T. Isobe. 2011. Understanding what drives food web structure in marine pelagic systems. pp. 125-131. In: K. Omori, X. Guo, N. Yoshie, N. Fujii, I.C. Handoh, A. Isobe and S. Tanabe (eds.). Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry-Marine Environmental Modeling and Analysis, Terrapub, Tokyo.
129. Mitani, Y., T. Bando, N. Takai and W. Sakamoto. 2006. Patterns of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the baleen of common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata from the western North Pacific. Fish. Sci. 72: 69-76.
130. Mketsu, Q.K. 2008. Comparative dietary analysis of small pelagic fishes from presumed mixed shoals off South Africa’s east coast. M.Sc. thesis, University of Cape Town.
131. Moffatt, N.M. 1981. Survival and growth of northern anchovy larvae on low zooplankton densities affected by the presence of Chlorella sp. bloom. Rapp. P.V. Réun. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer. 178: 475-486.
132. Molina, R.E. and F.A. Manrique. 1997. Stomach contents of two planktivorous fishes of the Gulf of California during summer, 1991. Cienc. Mar. 23: 163-174.
133. Morote, E., M.P. Olivar, F. Villate and I. Uriarte. 2010. A comparison of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) larvae feeding in the Northwest Mediterranean: influence of prey availability and ontogeny. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 67: 897-908.
134. Moseley, C., D. Gremillet, M. Connan, P.G. Ryan, R.H.E. Mullers, C.D. van der Lingen, T.W. Miller, J.C. Coetzee, R.J.M. Crawford, P. Sabarros, C.D. McQuaid and L. Pichegru. 2012. Foraging ecology and ecophysiology of Cape gannets from colonies in contrasting feeding environments. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. and Ecol. 422-423: 29-38.
135. Muck, P., B. Rojas de Mendiola and E. Antonietti. 1989. Comparative studies on feeding in larval anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). In: D. Pauly, P. Muck, J. Mendo and I. Tsukayama (eds.). The Peruvian Upwelling Ecosystem: Dynamics and Interactions ICLARM Conf. Proc. 18: 86-96.
136. Munuera, I. 2006. Ecología de la alimentación de las larvas de Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792), Scomber scombrus (Linné, 1798) y Engraulis encrasicolus (Linné 1798) en el mar Cantábrico. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain (in Spanish).
137. Navarro, J., M. Louzao, J.M. Igual, D. Oro, A. Delgado, J.M. Arcos, M. Genovart, K.A. Hobson and M.G. Forero. 2009. Seasonal changes in the diet of a critically endangered seabird and the importance of trawling discards. Mar. Biol. 156: 2571-2578.
138. Nikolioudakis, N., I. Palomera, A. Machias and S. Somarakis. 2011. Diel feeding intensity and daily ration of the sardine Sardina pilchardus. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 437: 215-228.
139. Nikolioudakis, N., S. Isari, P. Pitta and S. Somarakis. 2012. Diet of sardine Sardina pilchardus: an ‘end-to-end’ field study. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 453: 173-188.
140. O’Connell, C.P. 1972. The interrelation of biting and filtering in the feeding activity of northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29(3): 285-293.
141. O’Connell, C.P. and L.P. Raymond. 1970. The effect of food density on survival and growth of early post yolk-sac larvae of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax Girard) in the laboratory. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 5: 187-197.
142. Ohman, M.D., G.H. Theilacker and S.E. Kaupp. 1981. Immunochemical detection of predation on ciliate protists by larvae of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). Biol. Bull. 181: 500-504.
143. Olivar, M.P., J. Salat and I. Palomera. 2001. A comparative study of the spatial distribution patterns of the early stages of anchovy and pilchard in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 217: 111-120.
144. Oliver, M. 1951. La sardina de la costa noroeste española en 1948 y 1949 (Estudio biométrico y biológico). Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 42: 1-22 (in Spanish).
145. Oliver, M. and F.D.P. Navarro. 1952. Nuevos datos sobre la sardina de Vigo. Bol. Inst. Esp Oceanogr. 56: 25-39 (in Spanish).
146. Padovani, L.N., M.D. Viñas and M. Pájaro. 2011. Importance of the Río de la Plata estuarine front (southwestern Atlantic Ocean) in the feeding ecology of Argentine anchovy, Engraulis anchoita (Clupeiformes, Clupeidae). Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 39(2): 205-213.
147. Páez-Rosas, D., D. Aurioles-Gamboa, J.J. Alava and D.M. Palacios. 2012. Stable isotopes indicate different foraging strategies in two sympatric otariids of the Galapagos Islands. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 424-425: 44-52.
148. Pájaro, M. 1998. El canibalismo como mecanismo regulador denso-dependiente de mortalidad natural en la anchoíta argentina (Engraulis anchoita). Su relación con las estrategias reproductivas de la especie. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar el Plata.
149. Pájaro, M. 2002. Alimentación de la anchoíta argentina (Engraulis anchoita Hubbs y Marini 1935) (Pisces: Clupeiformes) durante la época reproductiva. Rev. Invest. Des. Pesq. 15: 111-125.
150. Pájaro, M., J. Curelovich and G.J. Macchi. 2007. Egg cannibalism in the northern population of the Argentine anchovy, Engraulis anchoita (Clupeidae). Fish. Res. 83: 253-262.
151. Park, K.J. and C. Seong Sig. 1995. Food organisms of postlarvae of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonica) in Kwangyang Bay. J. Korean Fish. Soc. 28(3): 247-252.
152. Parr, A.E. 1930. Is the presence of phytoplankton in the stomach contents of the California sardine caused by special pursuit or merely due to incidental ingestion? Ecol. 11(2): 465-468.
153. Pauly, D., A. Jarre, S. Luna, V. Sambilay, B. Rojas de Mendiola and A. Alamo. 1989. On the quantity and types of food ingested by Peruvian anchoveta, 1953-1982. In: D. Pauly, P. Muck, J. Mendo and I. Tsukayama (eds.). The Peruvian Upwelling Ecosystem: Dynamics and Interactions. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 18: 109-124.
154. Plounevez, S. and G. Champalbert. 1999. Feeding behaviour and trophic environment of Engraulis encrasicolus (L.) in the Bay of Biscay. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 49: 177-191.
155. Plounevez, S. and G. Champalbert. 2000. Diet, feeding behaviour and trophic activity of the anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L.) in the Gulf of Lions (Mediterranean Sea). Oceanol. Acta 23(2): 175-192.
156. Post, D.M. 2002. Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions. Ecol. 83: 703-718.
157. Raab, K., L.A.J. Nagelkerke, C. Boerée, A.D. Rijnsdorp, A. Temming and M. Dickey-Collas. 2011. Anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus diet in the North and Baltic Seas. J. Sea Res. 65: 131-140.
158. Raab, K., L.A.J. Nagelkerke, C. Boerée, A.D. Rijnsdorp, A. Temming and M. Dickey-Collas. 2012. Dietary overlap between the potential competitors herring, sprat and anchovy in the North Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 470: 101-111.
159. Ramírez-Granados, R. 1957. Aspectos biológicos y económicos de la pesquería de sardina, Sardinops caerulea, (Girard 1854) en aguas del Pacífico Mexicano. Thesis, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN, México (in Spanish).
160. Rasoanarivo, R., J. Folack, G. Champalbert and B. Becker. 1991. Rélation entre les communautés phytoplanctoniques et l’alimentation des larves de Sardina pilchardus Walb. dans le Golfe de Fos (Méditerranée Occidentale) influence de la lumière sur l’activité alimentaire des larves. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 151: 83-92 (in French with English abstract).
161. Rice, J. 1995. Food web theory, marine food webs, and what climate change may do to northern marine fish populations. In: R.J. Beamish (ed.). Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations. Can. Spec. Pub. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 121: 561-568.
162. Robinson, C. and V. Arenas. 1995. Evidence of different feeding rates within an anchovy shoal. Cienc. Mar. 21(3): 281-293.
163. Rodrigues, R. 1998. Early development and feeding behaviour of larval anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L.). Port. Zool. 5(3): 17-23.
164. Rojas de Mendiola, B. 1966. Notas sobre la alimentacion de la sardine y el machete en las aguas costaneras del Peru. I Seminario Lanitoamericano sobre el Oceano Pacifico Oriental, UNMSM: 105-105 (in Spanish).
165. Rojas de Mendiola, B. 1971. Some observations on the feeding of the Peruvian anchoveta Engraulis ringens J. in two regions of the Peruvian coast. pp. 417-440. In: J.D. Costlow (ed.). Fertility of the Sea Vol. 2. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York.
166. Rojas de Mendiola, B. 1989. Stomach contents of anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), 1953-1974. In: D. Pauly, P. Muck, J. Mendo and I. Tsukayama (eds.). The Peruvian Upwelling Ecosystem: Dynamics and Interactions. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 18: 97-104.
167. Rojas de Mendiola, B. and O. Gómez. 1981. Primera alimentación, sobreviviencia y tiempo de actividad de las larvas de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens J.). In: L.M. Dickie and J.E. Valdivia (eds.). Investigación Cooperativa de la Anchoveta y su Ecosistema (ICANE) entre Perú y Canadá. Bol. Inst. Mar. Perú vol. Extraordinario (in Spanish).
168. Rossi, S., A. Sabates, M. Latasa and E. Reyes. 2006. Lipid biomarkers and trophic linkages between phytoplankton, zooplankton and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) larvae in the NW Mediterranean. J. Plank. Res. 28: 551-562.
169. Rykaczewski, R.R. 2009. Influence of oceanographic variability on the planktonic prey and growth of sardine and anchovy in the California Current Ecosystem. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, San Diego.
170. Ryther, J.H. 1969. Relationship of photosynthesis to fish production in the sea. Science 166: 72-76.
171. Sánchez, R.P. and J.D. Ciechomski. 1995. Spawning and nursery grounds of pelagic fish species in the seashelf off Argentina and adjacent areas. Sci. Mar. 59(3/4): 455-478.
172. Sánchez, R.P., J.D. de Ciechomski, C.A. Lasta and R.A. Guerrero. 1999. A drift study of vertical distribution and mortality of Engraulis anchoita eggs and larvae. Rev. Invest. Des. Pesq. 12: 51-75.
173. Santander, H., J. Alheit, A.D. MacCall and A. Alamo. 1983. Egg mortality of the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) caused by cannibalism and predation by sardines (Sardinops sagax). FAO Fish. Rep. 291(3): 1011-1025.
174. Santos, A.M.P., P. Ré, A. dos Santos and A. Peliz. 2006. Vertical distribution of the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) larvae and its implications for their survival. J. Plank. Res. 28: 523-532.
175. Sato, N.E., D. Hernández and M.D. Viñas. 2011. Hábitos alimentarios de las larvas de Engraulis anchoita (Hubbs and Marini 1935) en las aguas costeras de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 39(1): 16-24 (in Spanish).
176. Scura, E.D. and C.W. Jerde. 1977. Various species of phytoplankton as food for larval northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, and relative nutritional value of the dinoflagellates Gymnodiniumsplendens and Gonyaulax polyedra. U.S. Fish. Bull. 75: 577-583.
177. Schaber, M., C. Petereit and M. Paulsen. 2010. Diet composition and feeding of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in Kiel Bight, western Baltic Sea. J. Fish Biol. 76: 1856-1862.
178. Schmitt, P. 1986. Prey size selectivity and feeding rate of larvae of the northern anchovy Engraulis mordax Girard. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. XXVII: 153-161.
179. Schwingel, R.P. and J.P. Castello. 1994. Alimentación de la anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) en el sur de Brasil. Frente Marítimo 15: 67-85.
180. Serra, J., M. Aguayo, O. Rojas, J. Cañón and F. Inostrosa. 1979. Anchoveta Engraulis ringens. In: Estado actual de las principales pesquerías nacionales. Bases para el desarrollo pesquero. CORFO, Gerencia de Desarrollo. Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (AP 79-18): 1-52.
181. Sever, T.M., B. Bayhan and E. Taskavak. 2005. A preliminary study on the feeding regime of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum1792) in Izmir Bay, Turkey, Eastern Aegean Sea. NAGA 28(3 & 4): 41-48.
182. Shoji, J., K.I. Mizuno, M. Yamamoto, T.W. Miller, H. Hamaoka and K. Omori. 2009. Spatial distribution and dietary overlap between Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus and moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Sci. Mar. 73(Suppl. 1): 191-198.
183. Sholto-Douglas, A.D., J.G. Field, A.G. James and N.J. van der Merwe. 1991. 13C/12C and 15N/14N isotope ratios in the Southern Benguela Ecosystem: indicators of food web relationships among different size-classes of plankton and pelagic fish; differences between fish muscle and bone collagen tissues. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 78: 23-31.
184. a Sér. 4(2): 281-294.
185. Smedley, E. 2005. Oceanographic controls of the sardine fishery off Albany, Western Australia. BEng (Applied Ocean Science) thesis, University of Western Australia.
186. Smith, C. and P. Reay. 1991. Cannibalism in teleost fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 1(1): 41-64.
187. Stenevik, E.K., S. Sundby and R. Cloete. 2001. Influence of buoyancy and vertical distribution of sardine Sardinops sagax eggs and larvae on their transport in the northern Benguela ecosystem. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 23: 85-97.
188. Stevens, J.D., H.F. Hausfeld and S.R. Davenport. 1984. Observations on the biology, distribution and abundance of Trachurus declivis, Sardinops neopilchardus and Scomber australasicus in the Great Australian Bight. CSIRO Mar. Lab. Rep. 164: 1-27.
189. Suau, P. 1959. Contribution a la connaissance des stocks de sardines de la Méditerranée espagnole. Proc. Gen. Fish. Coun. Medit. 5: 453-458.
190. Sydeman, W.J., K.A. Hobson, P. Pyle and E.B. McLaren. 1997. Trophic relationships among seabirds in Central California: combined stable isotope and conventional dietary approach. The Condor 99: 327-336.
191. Takagi, K., A. Yatsu, H. Itoh, M. Moku and H. Nishida. 2009. Comparison of feeding habits of myctophid fishes and juvenile small epipelagic fishes in the western North Pacific. Mar. Biol. 156: 641-659.
192. Takai, N., Y. Mishma, A. Yoruzu and A. Hoshika. 2002. Carbon sources for demersal fish in the western Seto Inland Sea, Japan, explained by δ13C and δ15N analyses. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 730-741.
193. Takai, N., N. Hirose, T. Osawa, K. Hagiwara, T. Kojima, Y. Okazaki, T. Kuwae, T. Taniuchi and K. Yoshihara. 2007. Carbon source and trophic position of pelagic fish in coastal waters of south-eastern Izu Peninsula, Japan, identified by stable isotope analysis. Fish. Sci. 73: 593-608.
194. Takasuka, A., Y. Oozeki, R. Kimura, H. Kubota and I. Aoki. 2004. Growth-selective predation hypothesis revisited for larval anchovy in offshore waters: cannibalism by juveniles versus predation by skipjack tunas. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 278: 297-302.
195. Tam, J., M.H. Taylor, V. Blaskovic, P. Espinoza, R.M. Ballón, E. Díaz, C. Wosnitza-Mendo, J. Argüelles, S. Purca, P. Ayón, L. Quipuzcoa, D. Gutiérrez, E. Goya, N. Ochoa and M. Wolff. 2008. Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part I: Comparing trophic linkages under La Niña and El Niño conditions. Progr. Oceanogr. 79: 352-365.
196. Tanaka, H. 2006. Comparative study of the feeding ecology of small pelagic fishes with a focus on Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (in Japanese).
197. Tanaka, H., I. Aoki and S. Ohshimo. 2006. Feeding habits and gill raker morphology of three planktivorous pelagic fish species off the coast of northern and western Kyushu in summer. J. Fish Biol. 68: 1041-1061.
198. Tanaka, H., A. Takasuka, I. Aoki and S. Ohshimo. 2008. Geographical variations in the trophic ecology of Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus, inferred from carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. Mar. Biol. 154: 557-568.
199. Tanaka, H., S. Ohshimo, N. Takagi and T. Ichimaru. 2010. Investigation of the geographical origin and migration of anchovy Engraulis japonicus in Tachibana Bay, Japan: a stable isotope approach. Fish. Res. 102(1-2): 217-220.
200. Theilacker, G.H. 1987. Feeding ecology and growth energetics of larval northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. Fish. Bull. 85: 213-228.
201. Tresguerres, M., J. Curelovich and M. Pájaro. 2001. Alimentación de la población bonaerense de anchoíta argentina (Engraulis anchoita), durante la época de puesta, primavera de 1999. Estimación de la mortalidad embrionaria por canibalismo. IX Congreso latinoamericano sobre ciencias del mar, Colombia 1-3.
202. Tudela, S. and I. Palomera. 1995. Diel feeding intensity and daily ration in the anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the northwest Mediterranean Sea during the spawning period. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 129: 55-61.
203. Tudela, S. and I. Palomera. 1997. Trophic ecology of the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Catalan Sea (northwest Mediterranean). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 160: 121-134.
204. Turner, J.T. 2004. The importance of small planktonic copepods and their roles in pelagic marine food webs. Zool. Stud. 43(2): 255-266.
205. Uotani, I. 1985. The relation between feeding mode and feeding habit of the anchovy larvae. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51(7): 1057-1065 (in Japanese with English abstract).
206. Uotani, I., A. Izuha and K. Asai. 1978. Food habits and selective feeding of anchovy larvae (Engraulis japonica). Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44(5): 427-434 (in Japanese with English abstract).
207. Valdés-Szeinfeld, E. 1991. Cannibalism and intraguild predation in clupeoids. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 79: 17-26.
208. Valdés-Szeinfeld, E. 1993. The energetics and evolution of intraspecific predation (egg cannibalism) in the anchovy Engraulis capensis. Mar. Biol. 115: 301-308.
209. Valenzuela, V., F. Balbontín and A. Llanos. 1995. Composición de la dieta y tamaño de las presas de los estadios larvales de ocho especies de peces en la costa central de Chile. Rev. Biol. Mar. Valparaíso 30: 275-291 (in Spanish).
210. Van der Lingen, C.D. 1994. Effect of particle size and concentration on the feeding behaviour of adult pilchard, Sardinops sagax. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 109: 1-13.
211. Van der Lingen, C.D. 1995. Respiration rate of adult pilchard Sardinops sagax in relation to temperature, voluntary swimming speed and feeding behaviour. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 129: 41-54.
212. Van der Lingen, C.D. 1998. Gastric evacuation, feeding periodicity and daily ration of sardine Sardinops sagax in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem. In: S.C. Pillar, C.L. Moloney, A.I.L. Payne and F.A. Shillington (eds.). Benguela Dynamics: Impacts of Variability on Shelf-Sea Environments and their Living Resources. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 19: 305-316.
213. Van der Lingen, C.D. 2002. Diet of sardine Sardinops sagax in the Southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 24: 301-316.
214. Van der Lingen, C.D. and T.W. Miller. 2011. Trophic dynamics of pelagic nekton in the Southern Benguela Current Ecosystem: calibrating trophic models with stable isotope analysis. pp. 85-94. In: K. Omori, X. Guo, N. Yoshie, N. Fujii, I.C. Handoh, A. Isobe and S. Tanabe. (eds.). Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry-Marine Environmental Modeling and Analysis, Terrapub, Tokyo.
215. van der Lingen, C.D., L. Hutchings and J.G. Field 2006. Comparative trophodynamics of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and sardine Sardinops sagax in the southern Benguela: Are species alternations between small pelagic fish trophodynamically mediated? Afr. J. mMar. Sci. 28(3/4): 465-477.
216. van der Lingen, C.D., A. Bertrand, A. Bode, R. Brodeur, L.A. Cubillos, P. Espinoza, K. Friedland, S. Garrido, X. Irioigen, T. Miller, C. Möllmann, R. Rodríguez-Sánchez, H. Tanaka and A. Temming. 2009. Trophic dynamics. pp. 112-157. In: D. Checkley, J. Alheit, Y. Oozeki and C. Roy (eds.). Climate Change and Small Pelagic Fish. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
217. van der Lingen, C.D., M. Hendricks, M.D. Durholtz, G. Wessels and C. Mtengwane. 2010. Biological characteristics of sardine caught by the beach-seine fishery during the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 32: 309-330.
218. Varela, M., A. Larrañaga, E. Costas and B. Rodriguez. 1988. Contenido estomacal de la sardina (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum) durante la campaña Saracus 871 en las plataformas Cantábrica y de Galicia en febrero de 1971. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 5: 17-28 (in Spanish).
219. Varela, M., M.T. Alvarez-Ossorio and L. Valdés. 1990. Método para el estudio cuantitativo del contenido estomacal de la sardina. Resultados preliminares. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 6: 117-126 (in Spanish).
220. Vasconcellos, M.C., K.F. Freire and J.P. Castello. 1998. Distribution patterns and feeding success of anchovy, Engraulis anchoita, larvae off southern Brazil. Sci. Mar. 62(4): 385-392.
221. Villalobos, H. and R. Rodríguez-Sánchez. 2002. Pattern of increase in gill raker number of the California sardine. J. Fish Biol. 60: 256-259.
222. Voss, R., M. Dickmann and J.O. Schmidt. 2009. Feeding ecology of sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus W.) larvae in the German Bight, North Sea. Oceanologia 51(1): 117-138.
223. Vučetić, T. 1963. Données sur la ponte de l’Engraulis encrasicholus L. en haute mer dans l’Adriatique centrale et septentrionale. Proc. Gen. Fish. Coun. Medit. 7: 203-209.
224. Wan, R., Y. Wu, L. Huang, J. Zhang, L. Gao and N. Wang. 2010. Fatty acids and stable isotopes of a marine ecosystem: Study on the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) food web in the Yellow Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 57: 1047-1057.
225. Ward, T.M., S. Goldsworthy, P.J. Rogers, B. Page, L.J. McLeay, W.F. Dimlich, A. Baylis, L. Einoder, A. Weibken, M. Roberts, K. Daly, R. Cainesand and C. Huveneers. 2008. Ecological importance of small pelagic fishes in the Flinders Current System. Report to the Department of the Environment and Water Resources, South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), Aidelaide, SARDI Publication No. F2007/001194: 1-74.
226. Watanabe, Y. and H. Saito. 1998. Feeding and growth of early juvenile Japanese sardines in the Pacific waters off central Japan. J. Fish Biol. 52: 519-533.
227. Yamamoto, M. and S. Katayama. 2012. Interspecific comparisons of feeding habit between Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus and Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus in eastern Hiuchinada, central Seto Inland Sea, Japan, in 1995. Bull. Jap. Soc. Fish. Oceanogr. 76(2): 66-76.
228. Yamashita, H. 1955. The feeding habit of sardine, Sardina melanosticta, in the waters adjacent to Kyushu, with reference to its growth. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 21(7): 471-475 (in Japanese with English abstract).
229. Yañez-Rubio, A., A. Llanos-Rivera, R. Castro, G. Claramunt and L. Herrera. 2011. Variations in type, width, volume and carbon content of anchoveta Engraulis ringens food items during the early larval stages. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 91(6): 1207-1213.
230. Yasuda, F. 1960. The types of food habits of fishes assured by stomach contents examination. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 26(7): 653-662.
231. Yasue, N., R. Doiuchi, Y. Yoshimoto and T. Takeuchi. 2010. Diet of late larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in the Kii Channel, Japan. Fish Sci. 76: 63-73.
232. Yasue, N., A. Takasuka and K. Shirakihara. 2011. Interspecific comparisons of growth and diet among late larvae of three co-occurring clupeoid species in the Kii Channel, Japan. Mar. Biol. 158(8): 1709-1720.
233. Yatsu, A., T. Watanabe, M. Ishida, H. Sugisaki and L.D. Jacobson. 2005. Environmental effects on recruitment and productivity of the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, and chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, with recommendations for management. Fish. Oceanogr. 14: 263-278.
234. Yoneda, Y. and Y. Yoshida. 1955. The relation between the sardine and the food plankton-I. On the food intake by Sardinops melanosticta. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 21(2): 62-66 (in Japanese with English abstract).
235. Yoshida, Y. 1955. Relation between the sardine and the food plankton-II. On the feeding mechanism of Sardinops melanosticta. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 21(7): 467-470.
236. Yoshida, Y. 1967. On the feeding mechanisms of plankton feeders. Nihon no planktongaku no suisei (Information Bulletin Planktology in Japan) 271-278.