Overview

Nanostructured And Photoelectrochemical Systems For Solar Photon Conversion

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-38

  Archer, Mary D ^a,b,c  

^a The Old Vicarage   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c National Energy Foundation (NEF)   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85029024824     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1142/9781848161542_0001     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. Albery W. J. and Archer M. D. (1977), ‘Optimum efficiency of photogalvanic cells for solar energy conversion’, Nature 270, 399-402.
2. Ang P. G. P. and Sammells A. F. (1980), Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society, General Discussions No. 70, Photoelectrochemistry, St. Catherine’s College, Oxford, 8-10 September 1980.
3. Archer M. D. and Ferreira M. I. C. (1980), ‘Photogalvanic cells and effects’, Chapter 7 in Connolly J. S. (ed.), Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy, Academic Press, New York.
4. 2 electrodes’, Chem. Phys. Lett. 229, 383-388.
5. Athanasiu G. (1925-1935), Comptes Rend. Acad. Sci. 189, 460-462 (1929); Annales de Phys. Ser. X 4, 319-324; Ser. XI 4, 377-449 (1935).
6. Barker G. C. (1966), discussion following
7. Gerischer H. (1966), J. Electrochem. Soc. 113, 1174-1181.
8. Baxter J. B. and Aydil E. S. (2006), ‘Dye-sensitized solar cells based on semiconductor morphologies with ZnO nanowires’, Solar Energy Mat. Solar Cells 90, 607-622.
9. Beckmann K. H. and Memming R. (1969), J. Electrochem. Soc. 116, 368-373.
10. Becquerel E. (1839), Comptes Rend. Acad. Sci. 9, 145-149, 561-567, 711-713.
11. Becquerel E. (1841-1867), Comptes Rend. Acad. Sci., 13, 198-202 (1841); 32, 83-86 (1851); 39, 63-67 (1854); Ann. Chim. Phys., Series III 9, 257-322 (1843); 32, 176-194 (1851); 56, 99-102 (1859); La Lumiere, ses Causes et ses Effets, Paris, 1867.
12. Biot J. B. (1839), Comptes Rend. Acad. Sci., 9, 169-173, 579-581, 713, 719-726.
13. Boddy P. J. and Brattain W. (1962), ‘Effect of cupric ion on the electrical properties of the germanium-aqueous electrolyte Interface’, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109 812-818.
14. 2', J. Electrochem. Soc. 115 199-203.
15. Boddy P. J., Kahng D. and Chen Y. S. (1968), ‘Oxygen evolution on potassium tantalate anodes’, Electrochim. Acta 13' 1311-1328.
16. Bolto B. A., McNeill R. and Weiss D. E. (1963), ‘Electronic conduction in polymers. III. Electronic properties of polypyrrole’, Aus. J. Chem. 16, 1090-1103.
17. Borazio A., Farrell J. R. and McTigue P. (1985), ‘Charge distribution at the gas water interface-the surface potential of water’, J. Electroanal. Chem. 193, 103-112.
18. Brabec C. J., Shaheen S. E., Winder C., Sariciftci N. S. and Denk P. (2002), ‘Effect of LiF/metal electrodes on the performance of plastic solar cells’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002), 1288-1290.
19. Brattain W. H. and Garrett C. G. B. (1955), ‘Experiments on the interface between germanium and an electrolyte’, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 34, 129-176.
20. Chiba Y., Islam A., Watanabe Y., Komiya R., Koide N. and Han L. Y. (2006), ‘Dyesensitized solar cells with conversion efficiency of 11.1%', Jap. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2-Letters and Express Letters 45, L638-L640.
21. Copeland A. W., Black O. D. and Garrett A. B. (1941), ‘The photovoltaic effect’, Chem. Rev. 31, 177-226.
22. Dewald J. F. (1959), ‘Semiconductor electrodes’, in Hannay N. F., ed., Semiconductors, ACS Monograph No. 140, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, pp. 727-752.
23. Dewald J. F. (1960a), ‘Experimental techniques for the study of semiconductor electrodes’, in Gatos (1960), pp. 205-224.
24. Dewald J. F. (1960b), ‘The charge and potential distributions at the zinc oxide electrode’, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 39, 615-639.
25. Durrant J. R., Haque S. A. and Palomares E. (2006), ‘Photochemical energy conversion: from molecular dyads to solar cells’, Chem. Comm., 3279-3289.
26. 2', J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, 2514-2518.
27. Ernst K., Belaidi A. and Könenkamp R. (2003), ‘Solar cell with extremely thin absorber on highly structured substrate’, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18, 475-479.
28. Farrell J. R. and McTigue P. (1982), ‘Precise compensating potential difference measurements with a voltaic cell-the surface potential of water’, J. Electroanal. Chem. 139, 37-56.
29. Farrell J. R. and McTigue P. (1984), ‘Temperature dependence of the compensating potential difference of a voltaic cell’, J. Electroanal. Chem. 163, 129-136.
30. Fink C. G. and Alpern D. K. (1930), ‘Engineering development of photovoltaic cells’, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 58, 275-295.
31. Fink C. G. and Adler E. (1940), ‘The photovoltaic effect’, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 79, 367-375.
32. Fornarini L., Nozik A. J. and Parkinson B. A. (1984), ‘The energetics of p/n photoelectrolysis cells’, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 3238-3243.
33. Frumkin A. N. and Damaskin B. B. (1975), ‘Real free energy of electron solvation during equilibrium of an electrode with a solution’, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 221, 395-398.
34. Frumkin A. N. and Damaskin B. B. (1977), ‘Real free solvation energy of an electron in a solution in equilibrium with electrode and its dependence on solvent nature’, J. Electroanal. Chem. 79, 259-266.
35. 2 electrode’, J. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 72, 108-113.
36. Fujishima A. and Honda K. (1971), ‘Electrochemical evidence for the mechanism of the primary stage of photosynthesis’, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 44, 1148-1150.
37. Fujishima A. and Honda K. (1972), ‘Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode’, Nature 238, 37-38.
38. Fujishima A. and Zhang X.-T. (2005), ‘Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells’, Proc. Jpn. Acad. 81, 33-42.
39. Gatos H. C. (ed., 1960), The Surface Chemistry of Metals and Semiconductors, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
40. Gerischer H. (1960), in Gatos (1960), pp. 177-202.
41. Gerischer H. (1966), J. Electrochem. Soc. 113' 1174-1181.
42. Gerischer H. and Ekardt W. (1983), ‘Fermi levels in electrolytes and the absolute scale of redox potentials’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 43, 393-395.
43. Gibbons J. F., Cogan G. W., Gronet C. M. and Lewis N. S. (1984), ‘A 14% efficient nonaqueous semiconductor liquid junction solar cell’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 1095-1097.
44. Ginzburg V. I. and Veselovskii V. I. (1952), Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 26, 60-71.
45. Gobrecht H., Kuhnkies R. and Tausend A. (1959), ‘Untersuchung der Phasengrenzfläche Halbleiter/Elektrolyt am System Selen/Schwefelsäure’, Z. Elektrochem. 63, 541-550.
46. Goldmann A. and Brodsky J. (1914), ‘Zur Theorie des Becquereleffektes’, Ann. Phys. 44, 849-900, 901-915.
47. Granstrom M., Petritsch K., Arias A. C., Lux A., Andersson M. R. and Friend R. H. (1998), ‘Laminated fabrication of polymeric photovoltaic diodes’, Nature 395, 257-260.
48. Greenham N. C, Peng X. and Alivisatos A. P. (1996), ‘Charge separation and transport in conjugated-polymer/semiconductor-nanocrystal composites studied by photoluminescence quenching and photoconductivity’, Phys. Rev. B 54, 17628-17637.
49. Guggenheim E. A. (1929), ‘The conceptions of electric potential difference between two phases and the individual activities of ions’, J. Phys. Chem. 33, 842-849.
50. Halls J. J. M., Walsh C. A., Greenham N. C., Marseglia E. A., Friend R. H., Moratti S. C. and Holmes A. B. (1995), ‘Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks’, Nature 376, 498-500.
51. Heilmeier G. H. and Zanoni L. A. (1964), ‘Surface studies of copper phthalocyanine films’, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 25, 603-611.
52. Heller A. (1981), ‘Conversion of sunlight into electrical power and photoassisted electrolysis of water in photoelectrochemical cells’, Acc. Chem. Res. 14, 154-162.
53. Hillson P. J. and Rideal E. K. (1949), ‘On overpotential and the photovoltaic process at polarized electrodes’, Proc. Roy. Soc. A199' 295-310.
54. Hodes G. (2007), ‘When small is different: some recent advances in concepts and applications of nanoscale phenomena’, Advanced Mat. 19, 639-655.
55. Hummelen J. C., Knight B. W., LePeq F., Wudl F., Yao J. and Wilkins C. L. (1995), ‘Preparation and characterization of fulleroid and methanofullerene derivatives’, J. Org. Chem. 60, 532-538.
56. Kalita P. (1935), Mem. phys. ukrain. 4, 65-75.
57. See also ‘Photolysis of cuprous oxide in the case of cathode polarization’, Chem. Abs. 32, 4423 (1938).
58. Kamat P. V. (2007), ‘Meeting the clean energy demand: nanostructured architectures for solar energy conversion’, J. Phys. Chem. 111, 2834-2860.
59. Kasgkarev V. E. and Kosonogoya K. M. (1948), Jhur. Eksptl. i. Teoret. Fiz. 18, 927-936.
60. Keita B. and Nadjao L. (1984), ‘Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of sodium 9, 10-anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate in aqueous-media-application to rechargeable solar cells and the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide’, J. Electroanal. Chem. 163, 171-188.
61. 2', Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 194, 169-180.
62. Kim J. Y., Lee K., Coates N. E., Moses D., Nguyen T.-Q., Dante M. and Heeger A. J. (2007), ‘Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing’, Science 317, 222-225.
63. 2 photoanodes’, Solar Energy Mat. 4, 301-308.
64. Kovalev D., Heckler H., Ben-Chorin M., Polliski G., Schwartzkopf M. and Koch F. (1998), ‘Breakdown of the k-conservation rule in Si nanocrystals’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2803-2806.
65. Krüger J., Plass R., Le Cevey M. P., Grätzel M. and Bach U. (2001), ‘High efficiency solid-state photovoltaic device due to inhibition of interface charge recombination’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2085-2087.
66. Lange B. (1938), Photoelements and their Application, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.
67. Lazorenko-Manevich R. M. (1962), ‘Redistribution of potential at a semiconductor- electrolyte interface under the influence of light’, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 36, 1110-1113.
68. Leermakers J. A., Carroll B. H. and Staud C. J. (1937), Spectral sensitivity and light absorption of dye-sensitized photographic emulsions’, J. Chem. Phys. 5, 878-888.
69. Li G., Shrotriya V., Huang J., Yao Y., Moriarty T., Emery K. and Yang Y., ‘Highefficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends’, Nature Materials 4, 864-868.
70. = photoelectrochemical cell resulting from solution chemistry control’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 46, 608-610.
71. Licht S., Hodes G., Tenne R. and Manassen J. (1987), ‘A light-variation insensitive highefficiency solar cell’, Nature 326, 863-864.
72. Licht S. and Peramugane D. (1990), ‘Efficient photoelectrochemical solar cells from electrolyte modification’, Nature 345, 330-333.
73. 3-/2-)', J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, L23-L26.
74. 3-/2-)"', J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, L23.
75. 3-/2-)' "', J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, L23.
76. Licht S. (1998), ‘Multiple bandgap photoelectrochemistry: energetic configurations for solar energy conversion’, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 1, 20-23.
77. Licht S., Khasalev O., Ramakrishnan P. A., Soga T. and Umeno M. (1998), ‘Multiplebandgap photoelectrochemistry: inverted semiconductor ohmic regenerative electrochemistry’, J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 2546-2554.
78. Licht S., Wang B., Soga T. and Umeno M. (1999), ‘Light-invariant, efficient, multiple bandgap AlGaAs/Si/metal hydride solar cell’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 4055-4057.
79. Licht S. (2001), ‘Multiple band gap semiconductor/electrolyte solar energy conversion’, J. Phys. Chem. B. 105, 6281-6294.
80. Licht S. (2007), '2006 Energy Technology Award address: photoelectrochemical storage of solar energy’, ECS Transactions 2, 1-14.
81. Luque A. and Marti A. (1997), ‘Increasing the efficiency of ideal solar cells by photoninduced transitions at intermediate levels’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 5014-5017.
82. Mayer A. C., Scully S. R., Hardin B. E., Rowell M. W. and McGehee M. D. (2007), ‘Polymer-based solar cells’, Mat. Today 10, 28-33.
83. McGinness J., Corry P. and Proctor P. (1974), ‘Amorphous semiconductor switching in melanins’, Science 183, 853-855.
84. Menezes S. (1984), '12% solar conversion efficiency by interphase restructuring’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 148-149.
85. 2 as extremely thin absorber in the eta-solar cell’, Proc. 2nd. World Conf. and Exhibition on Photovoltaics, pp. 209-211.
86. 2 electrodes’, Ber. Bunsenges. physik. Chem. 76, 469-475.
87. 2-based dye-sensitized solar cell’, Chapter 7 in Soga T. (ed., 2006), Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam.
88. Müller R. H. and Spector A. (1932), ‘The Becquerel effect as a special case of the barrier-layer photoelectric cell’, Phys. Rev. 41, 371-372.
89. Nanu M., Schoonman J. and Goossens A. (2005), ‘Nanocomposite three-dimensional solar cells obtained by chemical spray deposition’, Nano Letters 5, 1716-1719.
90. 2-based solar cells’, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 1613-1624.
91. 2/p-GaP photoelectrolysis of water without bias’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 150-153.
92. Nernst W. (1900), 'Über elektrodenpotentiale’, Z. Elektrochem. 19, 253-257.
93. Nozik A. J., Thacker B. R. and Olson J. M. (1985), ‘Quantization effects in the photoelectrochemistry of superlattice photoelectrodes’, Nature 316, 51-53.
94. 2 films’, Nature 353, 737-740.
95. 2 nanoribbons and nanorods’, Thin Sold Films 515, 4085-4091.
96. Parsons R. (1985), ‘The single electrode potential: its significance and calculation’, in Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution, Bard A. J., Parsons R. and Jordan J. (eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 13-37.
97. Peet J., Kim J. Y., Coates N. E., Ma W. L., Moses D., Heeger A. J. and Bazan G. C. (2007), Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols’, Nature Mat. 6, 497-500.
98. Peumans P., Bulovic V. and Forrest S. R. (2000), ‘Efficient photon harvesting at high photon intensities in ultra-thin organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic diodes’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2650-2653.
99. Pittman R. W. (1953), ‘The photochemistry of selenium. Part III. Photogalvanic effects with red selenium; Part IV. Photogalvanic effects with grey selenium’, J. Chem. Soc. 855-860, 3888-3893.
100. Pleskov Yu. V. and Gurevich Yu. Ya. (1986), Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry, Consultants Bureau, New York and London.
101. Putseiko E. K. (1953), Doklady Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 90, 1005-1008; 91, 1071-1074.
102. Randles J. E. B. (1956), ‘The real hydration energies of ions’, Trans. Faraday Soc. 52, 1573-1581.
103. Ravirajan P., Peiró A. M., Nazeeruddin M. K., Grätzel M., Bradley D. D. C., Durrant J. R. and Nelson J. (2006), ‘Hybrid polymer/zinc oxide photovoltaic devices with vertically oriented ZnO nanorods and an amphiphilic molecular interface layer’, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 7635-7639.
104. Reyes-Reyes M., Kim K., Dewald J., López-Sandoval R., Avadhanula A., Curran S. and Carroll D. L. (2005), ‘Meso-structure formation for enhanced organic photovoltaic cells’, Org. Lett. 7, 5749-5752.
105. Roulleau J. (1935), ‘Mécanismes du photopotential des lames de cuivre oxydé', Comptes Rend. Acad. Sci. 200, 920-922.
106. Roulleau J. (1937), ‘Couches de barrage et effet Becquerel’, J. Chim. Phys. 34, 227-235.
107. Rosenbluth M. L., Lieber C. M. and Lewis N. S. (1984), '630 mV open-circuit voltage, 12% efficient n-Si liquid junction’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 423-425.
108. Schaller R. D. and Klimov V. I. (2004), ‘High efficiency carrier multiplication in PbSe nanocrystals: implications for solar energy conversion’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 186601-186605.
109. Schmidt-Mende L., Bach U., Humphry-Baker R., Horiuchi T., Miura H. and Ito S. (2005), ‘Organic dye for highly efficient solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells’, Adv. Materials 17, 813-815.
110. Service R. F. (2008), ‘Can the upstarts top silicon?', Science 319, 718-720.
111. Shaheen S. E., Brabec C. J., Sariciftci N. S., Padinger F., Fromherz T. and Hummelen J. C. (2001), '2.5% efficient organic plastic solar cells’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 841-843.
112. Sheppard S. E., Vanselow W. and Hall V. C. (1929), ‘Photovoltaic cells with silver- silver bromide electrodes. Part II’, J. Phys. Chem. 33, 1403-1414.
113. Sheppard S. E., Vanselow W. and Happ G. P. (1940), ‘Photovoltaic cells with silver- silver bromide electrodes. III. Optical sensitizing by dyes’, J. Phys. Chem. 44, 411-421.
114. x', J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 578-580.
115. Sichling K. (1911), 'Über die Natur der Photochloride des Silbers und deren Lichtpotentiale’, Z. physik. Chem. 77, 1-57.
116. Siebentritt S., Ernst K., Fischer C. H., Könenkamp R. and Lux-Steiner M. (1997), ‘CdTe and CdS as extremely thin absorber materials in the eta-solar cell’, Proc. 14th. Eur. Conf. Photovoltaic Sci. Technol., Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1823-1826.
117. Snaith H. J., Moule A. J., Klein C., Meerholz K., Friend R. H. and Grätzel M. (2007), ‘Efficiency enhancements in solid-state hybrid solar cells via reduced charge recombination and increased light capture’, Nano Letters 7, 3372-3376.
118. Soga T. (2006, ed.), Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam and Oxford.
119. Tang C. W. (1986), ‘Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 183-185.
120. Taretto K. and Rau U. (2005), ‘Influence of built-in voltage in optimized extremely thin absorber solar cells’, Thin Solid Films 480-481, 447-451.
121. Tennakone K., Kumara G. R. R. A., Kumarasinghe A. R., Wijayantha K. G. U. and Sirimanne P. M. (1995), ‘A dye-sensitized nanoporous solid-state photovoltaic cell’, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 10, 1689-1693.
122. Tennakone K., Kumara G. R. R., Kottegoda I. R. M., Wijayantha K. G. U. and Perera V. P. S. (1998). ‘A solid-state photovoltaic cell sensitized with a ruthenium bipyridyl complex’, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31, 1492-1496.
123. Trasatti S. (1986a), ‘The absolute electrode potential-an explanatory note (recommendations 1986)', Pure Appl. Chem. 58, 955-966.
124. Trasatti S. (1986b), ‘Components of the absolute electrode potential-conceptions and misinterpretations’, Mat. Chem. Phys. 15, 427-438.
125. 3+ gives a 15% efficient solar cell’, Nature 326, 861-863.
126. Turner D. R. (1960), ‘Electrolytic etching of semiconductors’, in Gatos (1960), pp. 285-307.
127. Veselovskii V. I. (1941-1952), J. Phys. Chem. U.S.S.R. 15, 145-155 (1941); 20, 269-296, 1493-1495 (1946); 21, 983-985 (1947); 22, 1302-1311, 1427-1442 (1948). Zhur. Fiz. Khim., 23, 1095-1105 (1949); 26, 509-519 (1952).
128. 2 electrodes by quantum sized CdS’, Chem. Phys. Lett. 174, 241-246.
129. Wahi A. and Könenkamp R. (1992), ‘Interface characterization: amorphous silicon on titanium dioxide. Towards a solid-state sensitization solar cell’, Proc. 11th. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Harvard Academic Publishers.
130. Weller H. (1993), ‘Quantized semiconductor particles: a novel state of matter for materials science’, Adv. Mat. 5, 88-95.
131. 2/inorganic absorber heterojunctions’, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18, 876-880.
132. Williams R. (1960), ‘Becquerel photovoltaic effect in binary compounds’, J. Chem. Phys. 32, 1505-1514.
133. Wilson E. D. (1936), Canadian Patent No. 356, 915, 31 March 1936, assigned to Canadian Westinghouse Co. Ltd.
134. Wilson E. D. (1938), U.S. Patent No. 2, 128, 110, 23 August 1938, assigned to Westinghouse Elec. and Mfg. Co.
135. Yoshino K, Tada K., Fujii A., Conwell E. M. and Zakhidov A. A. (1997), ‘Novel photovoltaic devices based on donor-acceptor molecular and conducting polymer systems’, IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 44, 1315-1324.
136. 2 electrodes with InP quantum dots’, Langmuir 14, 3153-3156.