Advances on sensing technologies for smart cities and power grids: A review

IEEE Sensors Journal

Volumn 17, Issue 23, 2017, Pages 7596-7610

  Morello, Rosario ^a   Mukhopadhyay, Subhas C ^b   Liu, Zheng ^c   Slomovitz, Daniel ^d   Samantaray, Subhransu Ranjan ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDITERRANEA OF REGGIO CALABRIA   (Italy)

^b MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^d Laboratory of the National Electrical Power Utility   (Argentina)

^e INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR   (India)

Author keywords

IoT; phasormeasurement units; smart city; smart grid; smart power meter; Smart sensors; smart vehicle; synchronization; WSN

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION NETWORKS; MAGNETIC LEVITATION VEHICLES; MAGNETIC SENSORS; PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNITS; SMART CITY; SMART SENSORS; SYNCHRONIZATION; TRANSDUCERS; UNITS OF MEASUREMENT;

EMERGENT TECHNOLOGIES; INTELLIGENT SENSORS; SENSING TECHNOLOGY; SMART GRID; SMART POWER; SMART TRANSDUCERS; SMART VEHICLES; STATE OF THE ART;

SMART POWER GRIDS;

EID: 85028927094     PISSN: 1530437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2735539     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. IEEE Smart Cities. Accessed on Apr. 20, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://smartcities.ieee.org/
2. IEEE Smart Grid. Accessed on Apr. 20, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://smartgrid.ieee.org/
3. Sensors and IoT. Accessed on Jan. 19, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.powel.com/about/feature-stories/sensors-And-The-iot/
4. P. Gao, S. Lin, and W. Xu, "A novel current sensor for home energy use monitoring, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 2021-2028, Jul. 2014.
5. Y. Ouyang, J. He, J. Hu, G. Zhao, Z. Wang, and S. X. Wang, "Contactless current sensors based on magnetic tunnel junction for smart grid applications, " IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 51, no. 11, Nov. 2015, Art. no. 4004904.
6. R. Moghe, A. R. Iyer, F. C. Lambert, and D. M. Divan, "A low-cost wireless voltage sensor for monitoring MV/HV utility assets, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 2002-2009, Jul. 2014.
7. J. Wu, Z. Chen, C. Wang, and L. Hao, "A novel low-cost multicoilbased smart current sensor for three-phase currents sensing of overhead conductors, " IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 2443-2452, Dec. 2016.
8. G. Zhao, J. Hu, Y. Ouyang, Z. Wang, S. X. Wang, and J. He, "Tunneling magnetoresistive sensors for high-frequency corona discharge location, " IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 52, no. 7, Jul. 2016, Art. no. 4001804.
9. T. Hosseinimehr and A. Tabesh, "Magnetic field energy harvesting from AC lines for powering wireless sensor nodes in smart grids, " IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 4947-4954, Aug. 2016.
10. R. Moghe, A. R. Iyer, F. C. Lambert, and D. Divan, "A low-cost electric field energy harvester for an MV/HV asset-monitoring smart sensor, " IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 1828-1836, Mar./Apr. 2015.
11. J. Han, J. Hu, Y. Yang, Z. Wang, S. X. Wang, and J. He, "A nonintrusive power supply design for self-powered sensor networks in the smart grid by scavenging energy from AC power line, " IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 4398-4407, Jul. 2015.
12. R. Moghe, F. C. Lambert, and D. Divan, "Smart 'stick-on' sensors for the smart grid, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 241-252, Mar. 2012.
13. Y. C. Wu, L. F. Cheung, K. S. Lui, and P. W. T. Pong, "Efficient communication of sensors monitoring overhead transmission lines, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1130-1136, Sep. 2012.
14. J. Jiang and Y. Qian, "Distributed communication architecture for smart grid applications, " IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 60-67, Dec. 2016.
15. B. Fateh, M. Govindarasu, and V. Ajjarapu, "Wireless network design for transmission line monitoring in smart grid, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1076-1086, Jun. 2013.
16. M. Brandstetter, A. Schirrer, M. Miletíc, S. Henein, M. Kozek, and F. Kupzog, "Hierarchical predictive load control in smart grids, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 190-199, Jan. 2017.
17. M. H. J. Bollen et al., "Power quality concerns in implementing smart distribution-grid applications, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 391-399, Jan. 2017.
18. G. P. Hancke, B. de Carvalho e Silva, and G. P. Hancke, "The role of advanced sensing in smart cities, " Sensors, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 393-425, 2012, doi: 10.3390/s130100393.
19. Intelligent Sensors for the Smart City. Accessed on Jan. 24, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/analysis/intelligent-sensors-for-smart-cities/1012232.article#ixzz2CahFzYwV/
20. Sensors in Street Lights. Accessed on Feb. 24, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://venturebeat.com/2013/10/30/smart-city-smart-planetsensity-is-creating-A-billion-node-network-of-global-sensors-in-streetlights/
21. F. Delmastro, V. Arnaboldi, and M. Conti, "People-centric computing and communications in smart cities, " IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 122-128, Jul. 2016.
22. D. Crowley, E. Curry, and J. G. Breslin, "Citizen actuation for smart environments: Evaluating how humans can play a part in smart environments, " IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 90-94, Jul. 2016.
23. D. O'Neill and C. Peoples, "Using IT to monitor well-being and city experiences, " IEEE Potentials, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 29-34, Nov./Dec. 2016.
24. M. Manic, D. Wijayasekara, K. Amarasinghe, and J. J. Rodriguez-Andina, "Building energy management systems: The age of intelligent and adaptive buildings, " IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25-39, Mar. 2016.
25. F. Kupzog, T. Sauter, and K. Pollhammer, "IT-enabled integration of renewables: A concept for the smart power grid, " EURASIP J. Embed. Syst., vol. 2011, Oct. 2010, Art. no. 737543.
26. R. E. Barone, T. Giuffrè, S. M. Siniscalchi, M. A. Morgano, and G. Tesoriere, "Architecture for parking management in smart cities, " IET Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 445-452, 2014.
27. P. Kulkarni and T. Farnham, "Smart city wireless connectivity considerations and cost analysis: Lessons learnt from smart water case studies, " IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 660-672, 2016.
28. H. Cheng, Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementation (Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition), S. Singh and S. B. Kang, Eds. London, U.K.: Springer-Verlag, 2011.
29. I. Miller et al., "Team Cornell's Skynet: Robust perception and planning in an urban environment, " J. Filed Robot., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 493-527, Aug. 2008.
30. W. J. Fleming, "New automotive sensors-A review, " IEEE Sensors J., vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1900-1921, Nov. 2008.
31. M. Parent and P. Bodu, Automotive Embedded Systems Handbook: Nicolas Navet, Francoise Simonot-Lion. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2009, pp. 3-21.
32. Velodyne Acoustics, Inc., "Velodyne's HDL-64E: A high definition LIDAR sensor for 3-D applications, " Velodyne, Morgan Hill, CA, USA, White Paper, Oct. 2007. [Online]. Available: http://velodynelidar. com/docs/papers/HDL%20white%20paper-OCT2007-web.pdf
33. K. Shirakawa, S. Kobashi, Y. Kurono, M. Shono, and O. Isaji, "3D-scan millimeter-wave radar for automotive application, " Fujitsu Ten Tech. J., no. 38, pp. 3-7, 2013.
34. N. Buch, S. A. Velastin, and J. Orwell, "A review of computer vision techniques for the analysis of urban traffic, " IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 920-939, Sep. 2011.
35. L. Fletcher, N. Apostoloff, J. Chen, and A. Zelinsky, "Computer vision for vehicle monitoring and control, " in Proc. Austral. Conf. Robot. Autom., 2001, pp. 67-72.
36. U. Franke et al., "Making Bertha see, " in Proc. ICCV Workshop, Jun. 2013, pp. 214-221.
37. D. F. Llorca et al., "Stereo regions-of-interest selection for pedestrian protection: A survey, " Transp. Res. C Emerg. Technol., vol. 25, pp. 226-237, Dec. 2012.
38. C. G. Keller, M. Enzweiler, M. Rohrbach, D. F. Llorca, C. Schnorr, and D. M. Gavrila, "The benefits of dense stereo for pedestrian detection, " IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1096-1106, Dec. 2011.
39. F. Mroz and T. Breckon, "An empirical comparison of real-Time dense stereo approaches for use in the automotive environment, " EURASIP J. Image Video Process., vol. 2012, Aug. 2012, Art. no. 13.
40. D. Scaramuzza, Encyclopedia of Computer Vision, K. Ikeuchi, Ed. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2012.
41. D. Scaramuzza and R. Siegwart, "Appearance-guided monocular omnidirectional visual odometry for outdoor ground vehicles, " IEEE Trans. Robot., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1015-1026, Oct. 2008.
42. J. E. Kallhammer, "Fusing far and near infrared imaging for pedestrian injury mitigation, " Autoliv Develop. AB, Vargarda, Sweden, Tech. Rep. Grant Agreement 216384, 2010.
43. R. Schweiger et al., "Sensor fusion to enable next generation low cost night vision systems, " Proc. SPIE, vol. 7726, pp. 772610:1-772610:11, May 2010.
44. Telit. Smart Transportation: Reduce Congestion, Emissions and Fuel Consumption. [Online]. Available: http://www.telit.com/solutions/industries/smart-Transportation/
45. Sierra Wireless, Inc., "Leveraging the IoT revolution in fleet management, " Sierra Wireless, Richmond, BC, Canadak, White paper 2015, Jul. 2017, pp. 1-7. [Online]. Available: https://www.sierrawireless.com/
46. A. Molderink, V. Bakker, M. G. C. Bosman, J. L. Hurink, and G. J. M. Smit, "Management and control of domestic smart grid technology, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 109-119, Sep. 2010.
47. C. P. Gupta and J. V. Milanovic, "Probabilistic assessment of financial losses due to interruptions and voltage sags-Part I: The methodology, " IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 918-924, Apr. 2006.
48. C. Muscas, "Power quality monitoring in modern electric distribution systems, " IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 19-27, Oct. 2010.
49. Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, Standard IEEE 1159-2009, Jun. 2009.
50. Recommended Practice for the Transfer of Power Quality Data, IEEE Standard 1159.3-2003, 2004.
51. Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519-2014, Jun. 2014.
52. Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions, IEEE Standard 1459-2010, Mar. 2010.
53. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)-Part 4-7: Testing and Measurement Techniques-General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation, for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto, IEC 61000-4-7, Aug. 2002.
54. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)-Part 4: Testing and Measurement Techniques-Section 15: Flickermeter-Functional and Design Specifications, Standard IEC 61000-4-15, Aug. 2010.
55. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)-Part 4-30: Testing and Measurement Techniques-Power Quality Measurement Methods, Standard IEC 61000-4-30, Feb. 2015.
56. Electricity Metering Equipment (AC)-General Requirements, Tests and Test Conditions-Part 11: Metering Equipment, Standard IEC 62052-11, Feb. 2003.
57. Electricity Metering Equipment (AC)-Particular Requirements-Part 21: Static Meters for Active Energy (Classes 1 and 2), Standard IEC 62053-21, Jan. 2003.
58. Emission Limits for Harmonic Currents of Electronic Devices Up to 16 A Nominal Current, Standard IEC/EN 61000-3-2, May 2014.
59. A. D. Femine, D. Gallo, C. Landi, and M. Luiso, "Power-quality monitoring instrument with FPGA transducer compensation, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 3149-3158, Sep. 2009.
60. L. F. Auler and R. D'Amore, "Power quality monitoring controlled through low-cost modules, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 557-562, Mar. 2009.
61. A. Carta, N. Locci, and C. Muscas, "GPS-based system for the measurement of synchronized harmonic phasors, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 586-593, Mar. 2009.
62. G. Betta, L. Ferrigno, and M. Laracca, "Cost-effective FPGA instrument for harmonic and interharmonic monitoring, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 2161-2170, Aug. 2013.
63. L. Ferrigno, R. Morello, V. Paciello, and A. Pietrosanto, "Remote metering in public networks, " Metrol. Meas. Syst., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 705-714, 2013.
64. M. M. Albu, M. Sanduleac, and C. Stanescu, "Syncretic use of smart meters for power quality monitoring in emerging networks, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 485-492, Jan. 2017.
65. W. Wichakool, Z. Remscrim, U. A. Orji, and S. B. Leeb, "Smart metering of variable power loads, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 189-198, Jan. 2015.
66. Q. Sun et al., "A comprehensive review of smart energy meters in intelligent energy networks, " IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 464-479, Apr. 2016.
67. C. D. Capua and E. Romeo, "A smart THD meter performing an original uncertainty evaluation procedure, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1257-1264, Aug. 2007.
68. R. Morello, C. De Capua, G. Lipari, M. Lugarà, and G. Morabito, "A smart energy meter for power grids, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Instrum. Meas. Technol. Conf. (IMTC), May 2014, pp. 878-883.
69. C.-T. Liang, K.-L. Chen, Y.-P. Tsai, and N. Chen, "New electronic current transformer with a self-contained power supply, " IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 184-192, Feb. 2015.
70. G. Camilli, "New developments in current-Transformer design, " Electr. Eng., vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 835-842, Dec. 1940.
71. IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers, IEEE Standard C57.13-2016, Jun. 2016.
72. Instrument Transformers-Part 1: General Requirements, Standard IEC 61869-1, Oct. 2007.
73. G. Camilli, "Survey of bushing-Type current transformers for metering purposes, " Electr. Eng., vol. 69, pp. 429-440, Oct. 1950.
74. P. J. Betts, "Two-stage current transformers in differential calibration circuits, " IEE Proc. A-Phys. Sci., Meas. Instrum., Manage. Edu.-Rev., vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 324-328, Jan. 1983.
75. O. Petersons, "A self-balancing current comparator, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-15, nos. 1-2, pp. 62-71, Mar. 1966.
76. D. Slomovitz, "Electronic system for increasing the accuracy of in-service instrument-current transformers, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 408-410, Apr. 2003.
77. D. Slomovitz, "Electronic error reduction system for clamp-on probes and measuring current transformers, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1278-1281, Dec. 2000.
78. I. A. Metwally, "Design of different self-integrating and differentiating Rogowski coils for measuring large-magnitude fast impulse currents, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 2303-2313, Aug. 2013.
79. O. Lindberg, "Hall effect, " Proc. IRE, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 1414-1419, Nov. 1952.
80. L. Dalessandro, N. Karrer, and J. W. Kolar, "High-performance planar isolated current sensor for power electronics applications, " IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1682-1692, Sep. 2007.
81. M. David Edwards, J. Mathon, and R. Bechara Muniz, "A resistor network theory of the giant magnetoresistance in magnetic superlattices, " IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 3548-3552, Jul. 1991.
82. F. Xie, R. Weiss, and R. Weigel, "Giant-magnetoresistance-based galvanically isolated voltage and current measurements, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 2048-2054, Aug. 2015.
83. B. Y. Kim, D. Park, and S. S. Choi, "Use of polarization-optical time domain reflectometry for observation of the Faraday effect in single-mode fibers, " IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-18, no. 4, pp. 455-456, Apr. 1982.
84. C. D. Perciante and J. A. Ferrari, "Magnetic crosstalk minimization in optical current sensors, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2304-2308, Oct. 2008.
85. D. L. H. Gibbings, "A circuit for reducing the exciting current of inductive devices, " Proc. IEE-B, Electron. Commun. Eng., vol. 108, no. 39, pp. 339-343, May 1961.
86. P. Sankaran, P. Kanagasabapathy, and V. G. K. Murti, "Electronic errorcompensation of a voltage transformer, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-28, no. 1, pp. 86-88, Mar. 1979.
87. D. Slomovitz, "Electronic compensation of voltage transformers, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-37, no. 4, pp. 652-654, Dec. 1988.
88. H. Li, L. Cui, Z. Lin, L. Li, R. Wang, and C. Zhang, "Signal detection for optical AC and DC voltage sensors based on Pockels effect, " IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 2245-2252, Jun. 2013.
89. D. D. Haynes and M. S. Corns, "Timekeeping issues in ultra-quality metering systems, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 392-393, Jan. 2014.
90. L. T. D. Slomovitz, "Rubidium atomic clock with drift compensation, " in Proc. Conf. Precis. Electromagn. Meas. (CPEM), 2010, pp. 472-473.
91. IEC Standard, Instrument Transformers-Part 1: General Requirements, document IEC 61869-2, 2012.
92. IEC Standard, Instrument Transformers-Part 1: General Requirements, document IEC 61869-3, 2011.
93. M. Freiburg, E. Sperling, and F. Predl, "Capacitive voltage transformers-Electrical performance and effective diagnostic measures, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Condition Monitor. Diagnosis (CMD), 2016, pp. 20-23.
94. A. Pal, P. Chatterjee, J. S. Thorp, and V. A. Centeno, "Online calibration of voltage transformers using synchrophasor measurements, " IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 370-380, Feb. 2016.
95. S. R. Samantaray, "Letter to editor: Smart-grid initiatives in India, " Electr. Power Compon. Syst., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 262-266, Mar. 2014.
96. A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, and M. G. Adamiak, "A new measurement technique for tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency, and rate of change of frequency, " IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-102, no. 5, pp. 1025-1038, May 1983.
97. U.S. Department of Energy. (Jul. 2012). The Smart Grid Investment Grant Program Progress Report. Accessed on Dec. 28, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/Smart%20Grid %20Investment%20Grant%20Program%20-20Progress%20Report%20 July%202012.pdf
98. A. Silverstein, "NASPI update and technology roadmap, " North Amer. SynchroPhasor Initiative, USA, Tech. Rep. 745, Dec. 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.naspi.org/File.aspxleID=745
99. G. N. Korres and N. M. Manousakis, "A state estimator including conventional and synchronized phasor measurements, " Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 294-305, 2012.
100. E. Ghahremani and I. Kamwa, "Dynamic state estimation in power system by applying the extended Kalman filter with unknown inputs to phasor measurements, " IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2556-2566, Nov. 2011.
101. I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Joos, "Optimal integration of disparate C37.118 PMUs in wide-Area PSS with electromagnetic transients, " IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 4760-4770, Nov. 2013.
102. R. M. Moraes et al., "PMU Interoperability, steady-state and dynamic performance tests, " IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1660-1669, Dec. 2012.
103. F. Steinhauser and Y. Ping, "Testing the dynamic response of phasor measurement units, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Electr. Eng., 2009, pp. 1-5. [Online]. Available: http://www.icee-con.org/papers/2009/pdf/2.02-I9CP0546-E.Pdf
104. J. O. Fernandez, "The Virginia Tech calibration system, " M.S. Thesis, Dept. Elect. Comput. Eng., Virginia Polytech. Inst. State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, USA, May 2011. [Online]. Available: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05122011-101030/unrestricted/Fernandez-JO-T-2011-2.pdf
105. J. Ren, "Synchrophasor measurement using substation intelligent electronic devices: Algorithms and test methodology, " Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Comput. Eng., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA, Dec. 2011. [Online]. Available: http://repository.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10388/RENDISSERTATION. pdf?sequence=2
106. IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems, IEEE Standard C37.118.1-2011, 28 Dec. 2011.
107. J. F. Hauer, W. A. Mittelstadt, K. E. Martin, J. W. Burns, and H. Lee, "Integrated Dynamic information for the western power system: WAMS analysis in 2005, " in Power System Stability and Control, The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., L. L. Grigsby, Ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2007, ch. 14.
108. D. Kosterev, "Dynamic performance requirements for phasor measurement units, " in Proc. NAPSI Meet., Feb. 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.naspi.org/File.aspx?fileID=138
109. D. Trudnowski, "PMU dynamic requirements for small-signal measurements, " in Proc. NASPI Meet., Chattanooga, TN, USA, Oct. 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.naspi.org/File.aspx?fileID=562
110. I. Kamwa, A. K. Pradhan, and G. Joos, "Adaptive phasor and frequency-Tracking schemes for wide-Area protection and control, " IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 744-753, Apr. 2011.
111. R. K. Mai, L. Fu, Z. Y. Dong, B. Kirby, and Z. Q. Bo, "An adaptive dynamic phasor estimator considering DC offset for PMU applications, " IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1744-1754, Jul. 2011.
112. I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Joos, "Compliance analysis of PMU algorithms and devices for wide-Area stabilizing control of large power systems, " IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1766-1778, May 2013.
113. S. R. Samantaray, I. Kamwa, and G. Joos, "PMU based widearea monitoring and information sharing between micro-grids, " IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1293-1302, 2017.
114. B. Xu and A. Abur, "Observability analysis and measurement placement for systems with PMUs, " in Proc. IEEE Power Syst. Conf. Expo., vol. 2. Oct. 2004, pp. 943-946.
115. A. Carta, N. Locci, C. Muscas, and S. Sulis, "A flexible GPSbased system for synchronized phasor measurement in electric distribution networks, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 2450-2456, Nov. 2008.
116. E. S. Stewart, C. Stanton, M. Kenneth, and N. Jerry, "Application of phasor measurements and partial energy analysis in stabilizing large disturbances, " IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 476-484, Feb. 1995.
117. I. Kamwa, R. Grondin, and L. Loud, "Time-varying contingency screening for dynamic security assessment using intelligent-systems techniques, " IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 526-536, Aug. 2001.
118. C. Rakpenthai, S. Premrudeepreechacharn, S. Uatrongjit, and N. R. Watson, "An optimal PMU placement method against measurement loss and branch outage, " IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 101-107, Jan. 2007.
119. M. K. Jena, S. R. Samantaray, and B. K. Panigrahi, "A new widearea backup protection scheme for series-compensated transmission system, " IEEE Syst. J., to be published.
120. I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Joos, "Development of rulebased classifiers for rapid stability assessment of wide-Area postdisturbance records, " IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 258-270, Feb. 2009.