Remediation technologies for oil-drilling activities in the Arctic: oil-spill containment and remediation in open water

Environmental Technology Reviews

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 49-60

  Manzetti, Sergio ^a,b  

^a Fjordforsk AS Institute for Science and Technology   (Norway)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Arctic Ocean; chemical; microbial; nanotechnology; oil spill; remediation; technologies

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; ARCTIC ENGINEERING; CHEMICALS; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY; INFILL DRILLING; MAMMALS; MARINE POLLUTION; NANOTECHNOLOGY; OCEANOGRAPHY; OFFSHORE OIL WELL PRODUCTION; OIL SPILLS; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; PETROLEUM TRANSPORTATION; REMEDIATION;

ARCTIC OCEAN; DRILLING ACTIVITY; HARSH ENVIRONMENT; INTERNATIONAL SHIPPINGS; MICROBIAL; NORTHERN HEMISPHERES; PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATIONS; REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES;

OFFSHORE OIL WELLS;

EID: 85028815949     PISSN: 21622515     EISSN: 21622523     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2014.966156     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Moran K, Backman J, Brinkhuis H, Clemens SC, Cronin T, Dickens GR, Eynaud F, Gattacceca J, Jakobsson M, Jordan RW. The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature. 2006;441:601–605. doi: 10.1038/nature04800
2. Liston GE, Hiemstra CA. The changing cryosphere: Pan-Arctic snow trends (1979–2009). J Clim. 2011;24(21):5691 –5712. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00081.1
3. Gloersen P, Campbell WJ, Cavalieri DJ, Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Zwally HJ. Arctic and antarctic sea ice, 1978–1987: Satellite passive-microwave observations and analysis. Washington (DC): NASA; 1992. 290 pp.
4. Laidre KL, Stirling I, Lowry LF, Wiig Ø, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Ferguson SH. Quantifying the sensitivity of Arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change. Ecol Appl. 2008;18(suppl 2):S97–S125. doi: 10.1890/06-0546.1
5. McMahon CR, Hays GC. Thermal niche, large-scale movements and implications of climate change for a critically endangered marine vertebrate. Glob Chang Biol. 2006;12(7):1330–1338. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01174.x
6. Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA. Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res. 1997;102(C6):12493–12514. doi: 10.1029/97JC00738
7. Steele M, Boyd T. Retreat of the cold halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res Oceans (1978–2012). 1998;103(C5):10419–10435.
8. Aagaard K, Carmack E. The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation. J Geophys Res Oceans (1978–2012). 1989;94(C10):14485–14498.
9. Yamamoto-Kawai M, McLaughlin FA, Carmack EC, Nishino S, Shimada K. Aragonite undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean: effects of ocean acidification and sea ice melt. Science. 2009;326(5956):1098–1100. doi: 10.1126/science.1174190
10. Simmonds I, Rudeva I. The great Arctic cyclone of August 2012. Geophys Res Lett. 2012;39(23):L23709. doi: 10.1029/2012GL054259
11. Snow N. EIA: World economic recovery to restore oil demand growth. Oil Gas J. 2010;108(2):32–33.
12. Bailey L. Following Kulluk blunder, Interior investigates Shell Arctic offshore drilling. Wilderness Soc. 2013 [Apr 20]. Available from: http://wilderness.org/blog/following-kulluk-blunder-interior-investigates-shell-arctic-offshore-drilling.
13. Bjerregaard P, Young TK, Dewailly E, Ebbesson SO. Indigenous health in the Arctic: an overview of the circumpolar Inuit population. Scand J Public Health. 2004;32(5):390–395. doi: 10.1080/14034940410028398
14. Furgal C, Seguin J. Climate change, health, and vulnerability in Canadian northern Aboriginal communities. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;1964–1970.
15. Johansen BE. The Inuit's struggle with dioxins and other organic pollutants. Am Indian Q. 2002;26(3):479–490. doi: 10.1353/aiq.2003.0041
16. Filler D, Van Stempvoort D, Leigh M. Remediation of frozen ground contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons: Feasibility and limits. In: Margesin R, editor. Permafrost soils. Vol. 16. Berlin: Springer; 2009. p. 279–301.
17. Poland JS, Riddle MJ, Zeeb BA. Contaminants in the Arctic and the Antarctic: a comparison of sources, impacts, and remediation options. Polar Rec. 2003;39(4):369–383. doi: 10.1017/S0032247403002985
18. Negri A, Burns K, Boyle S, Brinkman D, Webster N. Contamination in sediments, bivalves and sponges of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Environ Pollut. 2006;143(3):456–467. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.005
19. Incardona JP, Swarts TL, Edmunds RC, Linbo TL, Aquilina-Beck A, Sloan CA, Gardner LD, Block BA, Scholz NL. Exxon Valdez to Deepwater Horizon: comparable toxicity of both crude oils to fish early life stages. Aquat Toxicol. 2013;142:303–316. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.08.011
20. Perrons RK. Assessing the damage caused by Deepwater Horizon: Not just another Exxon Valdez. Mar Pollut Bull. 2013;71(1–2):20–22. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.016
21. Sikkema J, De Bont J, Poolman B. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiol Rev. 1995;59(2):201–222.
22. Solomon GM, Janssen S. Health effects of the Gulf oil spill. JAMA. 2010;304(10):1118–1119. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1254
23. Pritchard PH, Costa CF. EPA's Alaska oil spill bioremediation project. Part 5. Environ Sci Technol. 1991;25(3):372–379. doi: 10.1021/es00015a002
24. Doney SC. The growing human footprint on coastal and open-ocean biogeochemistry. Science. 2010;328(5985):1512–1516. doi: 10.1126/science.1185198
25. Pérez-Cadahía B, Laffon B, Pásaro E, Méndez J. Evaluation of PAH bioaccumulation and DNA damage in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to spilled Prestige crude oil. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004;138(4):453–460. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2004.08.001
26. Farré Ml, Pérez S, Kantiani L, Barceló D. Fate and toxicity of emerging pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem. 2008;27(11):991–1007. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.010
27. Guengerich FP. Cytochrome P450 enzymes. Am Sci. 1993;81(5):440–447.
28. Nebert DW, Dalton TP, Okey AB, Gonzalez FJ. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated induction of the CYP1 enzymes in environmental toxicity and cancer. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(23):23847–23850. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R400004200
29. Snyder MJ. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in aquatic invertebrates: recent advances and future directions. Aquat Toxicol. 2000;48(4):529–547. doi: 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00085-0
30. Desai JD, Banat IM. Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997;61(1):47–64.
31. Trindade P, Sobral L, Rizzo A, Leite S, Soriano A. Bioremediation of a weathered and a recently oil-contaminated soils from Brazil: a comparison study. Chemosphere. 2005;58(4):515–522. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.021
32. Harvey S, Elashvili I, Valdes J, Kamely D, Chakrabarty A. Enhanced removal of Exxon Valdez spilled oil from Alaskan gravel by a microbial surfactant. Nat Biotechnol. 1990;8(3):228–230. doi: 10.1038/nbt0390-228
33. Ron EZ, Rosenberg E. Natural roles of biosurfactants. Env Microbiol. 2001;3(4):229–236. doi: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00190.x
34. Ron EZ, Rosenberg E. Biosurfactants and oil bioremediation. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2002;13(3):249–252. doi: 10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00316-6
35. Atlas R, Bragg J. Bioremediation of marine oil spills: when and when not–the Exxon Valdez experience. Microb Biotechnol. 2009;2(2):213–221. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00079.x
36. Fergoug T, Bouhadda Y. Determination of Hassi Messaoud asphaltene aromatic structure from 1H & 13C NMR analysis. Fuel. 2014;115:521–526.
37. Harayama S, Kishira H, Kasai Y, Shutsubo K. Petroleum biodegradation in marine environments. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999;1(1):63–70.
38. Gauthier T, Danial-Fortain P, Merdrignac I, Guibard I, Quoineaud A-A. Studies on the evolution of asphaltene structure during hydroconversion of petroleum residues. Catal Today. 2008;130(2–4):429–438. doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.10.005
39. Gallego J, González-Rojas E, Peláez A, Sánchez J, García-Martínez M, Ortiz J, Torres T, Llamas J. Natural attenuation and bioremediation of Prestige fuel oil along the Atlantic coast of Galicia (Spain). Org Geochem. 2006;37(12):1869–1884. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.07.022
40. Edwards KR, Lepo JE, Lewis MA. Toxicity comparison of biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants used in oil spill remediation to two estuarine species. Mar Pollut Bull. 2003;46(10):1309–1316. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00238-8
41. Mulligan CN. Environmental applications for biosurfactants. Environ Pollut. 2005;133(2):183–198. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.06.009
42. West CC, Harwell JH. Surfactants and subsurface remediation. Environ Sci Technol. 1992;26(12):2324–2330. doi: 10.1021/es00036a002
43. Bogan BW, Trbovic V, Paterek JR. Inclusion of vegetable oils in Fenton's chemistry for remediation of PAH-contaminated soils. Chemosphere. 2003;50(1):15–21. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00490-3
44. Goi A, Kulik N, Trapido M. Combined chemical and biological treatment of oil contaminated soil. Chemosphere. 2006;63(10):1754–1763. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.023
45. Lu M, Zhang Z, Qiao W, Wei X, Guan Y, Ma Q, Guan Y. Remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil after composting by sequential treatment with Fenton-like oxidation and biodegradation. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101(7):2106–2113. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.002
46. Buragohain S, Deka DC, Devi A. Fenton oxidation and combined Fenton-microbial treatment for remediation of crude oil contaminated soil in Assam–India. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2013;15(10):1913–1920. doi: 10.1039/c3em00170a
47. Adebajo MO, Frost RL, Kloprogge JT, Carmody O, Kokot S. Porous materials for oil spill cleanup: a review of synthesis and absorbing properties. J Porous Mater. 2003;10(3):159–170. doi: 10.1023/A:1027484117065
48. Graham WM, Condon RH, Carmichael RH, D'Ambra I, Patterson HK, Linn LJ, Hernandez FJ, Jr. Oil carbon entered the coastal planktonic food web during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ Res Lett. 2010;5(4):045301. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/045301
49. Thibodeaux LJ, Valsaraj KT, John VT, Papadopoulos KD, Pratt LR, Pesika NS. Marine oil fate: Knowledge gaps, basic research, and development needs; A perspective based on the Deepwater Horizon spill. Environ Eng Sci. 2011;28(2):87–93. doi: 10.1089/ees.2010.0276
50. Fraaije JGEM, Nath SK, van Male J, Becherer P, Klein Wolterink J, Handgraaf JW, Case F, Tanase C, Serral Gracià R. Culgi Manual version 8.0. Available from: https://culgi.com/sites/default/files/pictures/CulgiScientificManual_8.0.pdf
51. Mukerjee P, Mysels KJ. Critical micelle concentrations of aqueous surfactant systems. DTIC Document; 1971.
52. Burgess RM, Ahrens MJ, Hickey CW. Aquatic Environments: Source, Persistence and Distribution. PAHs: An ecotoxicological perspective. In: Douben P, editor. Ecological and Environmental Technology Series. West-Sussex: Taylor & Francis; 2003 p. 35–42.
53. Manzetti S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment: environmental fate and transformation. Polycycl Aromat Compd. 2013;33(4): 311–330. doi: 10.1080/10406638.2013.781042
54. Nagappa B, Chandrappa G. Mesoporous nanocrystalline magnesium oxide for environmental remediation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2007;106(1):212–218. doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.02.052
55. Mishakov IV, Bedilo AF, Richards RM, Chesnokov VV, Volodin AM, Zaikovskii VI, Buyanov RA, Klabunde KJ. Nanocrystalline MgO as a Dehydrohalogenation Catalyst. J Catal. 2002;206(1):40–48. doi: 10.1006/jcat.2001.3474
56. Crocker M, Marchin L. Wettability and adsorption characteristics of crude-oil asphaltene and polar fractions. J Petrol Technol. 1988;40(4):470–474. doi: 10.2118/14885-PA
57. Mishakov IV, Heroux DS, Chesnokov VV, Koscheev SG, Mel'gunov MS, Bedilo AF, Buyanov RA, Klabunde KJ. Reaction of nanocrystalline MgO with 1-iodobutane. J Catal. 2005;229(2):344–351. doi: 10.1016/j.jcat.2004.10.026
58. Gleiter H. Nanostructured materials. Adv Mater. 1992;4(7–8):474–481. doi: 10.1002/adma.19920040704
59. Ouyang X, Guo Y, Qiu X. The feasibility of synthetic surfactant as an air entraining agent for the cement matrix. Constr Build Mater. 2008;22(8):1774–1779. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.05.002
60. Orbell JD, Godhino L, Bigger SW, Nguyen TM, Ngeh LN. Oil spill remediation using magnetic particles: an experiment in environmental technology. J Chem Educ. 1997;74(12):1446. doi: 10.1021/ed074p1446
61. Parfitt R, Fraser A, Farmer V. Adsorption on hydrous oxides. III. Fulvic acid and humic acid on goethite, gibbsite and imogolite. J Soil Sci. 1977;28(2):289–296. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1977.tb02237.x
62. Hatcher PG, Maciel GE, Dennis LW. Aliphatic structure of humic acids; a clue to their origin. Org Geochem. 1981;3(1):43–48. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(81)90012-7
63. Miikki V, Senesi N, Hänninen K. Characterization of humic material formed by composting of domestic and industrial biowastes: Part 2 spectroscopic evaluation of humic acid structures. Chemosphere. 1997;34(8):1639–1651. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00021-0
64. von Wandruszka R., Humic acids: Their detergent qualities and potential uses in pollution remediation. Geochem Trans. 2000;1(1):10–15. doi: 10.1186/1467-4866-1-10
65. Harvey GR, Boran DA, Chesal LA, Tokar JM. The structure of marine fulvic and humic acids. Mar Chem. 1983;12(2–3):119–132. doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(83)90075-0
66. Conte P, Agretto A, Spaccini R, Piccolo A. Soil remediation: humic acids as natural surfactants in the washings of highly contaminated soils. Environ Pollut. 2005;135(3):515–522. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.10.006
67. Fava F, Piccolo A. Effects of humic substances on the bioavailability and aerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in a model soil. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2002;77(2):204–211. doi: 10.1002/bit.10140
68. Matsuo AY, Woodin BR, Reddy CM, Val AL, Stegeman JJ. Humic substances and crude oil induce cytochrome P450 1A expression in the Amazonian fish species Colossoma macropomum (Tambaqui). Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(8):2851–2858. doi: 10.1021/es052437i
69. Atlas RM. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: an environmental perspective. Microbiol Rev. 1981;45(1):180.
70. Reisfeld A, Rosenberg E, Gutnick D. Microbial degradation of crude oil: factors affecting the dispersion in sea water by mixed and pure cultures. Appl Microbiol. 1972;24(3):363–368.
71. Atlas RM. Petroleum biodegradation and oil spill bioremediation. Mar Pollut Bulletin. 1995;31(4):178–182. doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(95)00113-2
72. Simons KL, Sheppard PJ, Adetutu EM, Kadali K, Juhasz AL, Manefield M, Sarma PM, Lal B, Ball AS. Carrier mounted bacterial consortium facilitates oil remediation in the marine environment. Bioresour. Technol. 2013;134:107–116.
73. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Chem Geol. 1983;40(3):187–201. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(83)90029-3
74. Miller JS, Olejnik D. Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Water Res. 2001;35(1):233–243. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00230-X
75. Sabate J, Bayona J, Solanas A. Photolysis of PAHs in aqueous phase by UV irradiation. Chemosphere. 2001;44(2):119–124. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00208-3
76. Prahl FG, Carpenter R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-phase associations in Washington coastal sediment. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1983;47(6):1013–1023. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90231-4
77. Margesin R, Schinner F. Biodegradation and bioremediation of hydrocarbons in extreme environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001;56(5–6):650–663. doi: 10.1007/s002530100701
78. Hutchinson TC, Hellebust J, Tam D, Mackay D, Mascarenhas RA, Shiu WY. The correlation of the toxicity to algae of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons with their physical-chemical properties. In: Afghan BK, Mackay D, editors. Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment. New York: Plenum; 1980. p. 577–586.
79. Fetzner S. Bacterial dehalogenation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1998;50(6):633–657. doi: 10.1007/s002530051346
80. Franken SM, Rozeboom HJ, Kalk KH, Dijkstra BW. Crystal structure of haloalkane dehalogenase: an enzyme to detoxify halogenated alkanes. EMBO J. 1991;10(6):1297.
81. Van Hamme JD, Singh A, Ward OP. Recent advances in petroleum microbiology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2003;67(4):503–549. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.67.4.503-549.2003
82. Tang X, Li D. Evaluation of asphaltene degradation on highly ordered TiO2 nanotubular arrays via variations in wettability. Langmuir. 2010;27(3):1218–1223. doi: 10.1021/la104203f
83. Atlas RM, Bartha R. Degradation and mineralization of petroleum in sea water: limitation by nitrogen and phosphorous. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1972;14(3):309–318. doi: 10.1002/bit.260140304
84. Atlas RM, Bartha R. Hydrocarbon biodegradation and oil spill bioremediation. Adv microb ecol. 1992;12:287–338.
85. Swannell R, Lee K, McDonagh M. Field evaluations of marine oil spill bioremediation. Microbiol Rev. 1996;60(2):342–365.
86. Gentili AR, Cubitto MA, Ferrero M, Rodriguéz MS. Bioremediation of crude oil polluted seawater by a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial strain immobilized on chitin and chitosan flakes. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 2006;57(4):222–228. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.02.009
87. Kadali KK, Simons KL, Skuza PP, Moore RB, Ball AS. A complementary approach to identifying and assessing the remediation potential of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. J Microbiol Methods. 2012;88(3):348–355. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.12.006
88. Stevenson BS, Eichorst SA, Wertz JT, Schmidt TM, Breznak JA. New strategies for cultivation and detection of previously uncultured microbes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70(8):4748–4755. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.8.4748-4755.2004
89. Dastgheib SMM, Amoozegar MA, Khajeh K, Ventosa A. A halotolerant Alcanivorax sp. strain with potential application in saline soil remediation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011;90(1):305–312. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-3049-6
90. Engelhardt M, Daly K, Swannell R, Head I. Isolation and characterization of a novel hydrocarbon-degrading, Gram-positive bacterium, isolated from intertidal beach sediment, and description of Planococcus alkanoclasticus sp. nov. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;90(2):237–247. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01241.x
91. Venosa A, Suidan M, King D, Wrenn B. Use of hopane as a conservative biomarker for monitoring the bioremediation effectiveness of crude oil contaminating a sandy beach. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 1997;18(2–3):131–139. doi: 10.1038/sj.jim.2900304
92. Sasaki T, Maki H, Ishihara M, Harayama S. Vanadium as an internal marker to evaluate microbial degradation of crude oil. Environ Sci Technol. 1998;32(22):3618–3621. doi: 10.1021/es980287o
93. Jones E, Anderson L. On the origin of the chemical properties of the Arctic Ocean halocline. J Geophys Res: Oceans (1978–2012). 1986;91(C9):10759–10767. doi: 10.1029/JC091iC09p10759
94. Jiménez N, Viñas M, Sabaté J, Díez S, Bayona JM, Solanas AM, Albaiges J. The Prestige oil spill. 2. Enhanced biodegradation of a heavy fuel oil under field conditions by the use of an oleophilic fertilizer. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(8):2578–2585. doi: 10.1021/es052370z
95. Siron R, Pelletier E, Brochu C. Environmental factors influencing the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold seawater. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1995;28(4):406–416. doi: 10.1007/BF00211621
96. Whyte LG, Hawari J, Zhou E, Bourbonnière L, Inniss WE, Greer CW. Biodegradation of Variable-Chain-Length Alkanes at Low Temperatures by a Psychrotrophic Rhodococcussp. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(7):2578–2584.
97. Dittmar T, Kattner G. The biogeochemistry of the river and shelf ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean: a review. Mar Chem. 2003;83(3–4):103–120. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(03)00105-1
98. Karn B, Kuiken T, Otto M. Nanotechnology and in situ remediation: a review of the benefits and potential risks. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(12):1813.
99. Zhang W. Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview. J Nanopart Res. 2003;5:323–332. doi: 10.1023/A:1025520116015
100. O'Carroll D, Sleep B, Krol M, Boparai H, Kocur C. Nanoscale zero valent iron and bimetallic particles for contaminated site remediation. Adv Water Resour. 2013;51:104–122. doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.02.005
101. Berge ND, Ramsburg CA. Oil-in-water emulsions for encapsulated delivery of reactive iron particles. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(13):5060–5066. doi: 10.1021/es900358p
102. Grieger KD, Fjordbøge A, Hartmann NB, Eriksson E, Bjerg PL, Baun A. Environmental benefits and risks of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) for in situ remediation: Risk mitigation or trade-off? J Contam Hydrol. 2010;118(3):165–183. doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.07.011
103. Hara SO, Krug T, Quinn J, Clausen C, Geiger C. Field and laboratory evaluation of the treatment of DNAPL source zones using emulsified zero-valent iron. Rem J. 2006;16(2):35–56. doi: 10.1002/rem.20080
104. Lahann J. Environmental nanotechnology: Nanomaterials clean up. Nat Nanotechnol. 2008;3(6):320–321. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.143
105. Yuan J, Liu X, Akbulut O, Hu J, Suib SL, Kong J, Stellacci F. Superwetting nanowire membranes for selective absorption. Nat Nanotechnol. 2008;3(6):332–336 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.136
106. Mackay D, Fraser A. Bioaccumulation of persistent organic chemicals: mechanisms and models. Environ Pollut. 2000;110(3):375–391. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00162-7
107. Ariga K, Ishihara S, Abe H, Li M, Hill JP. Materials nanoarchitectonics for environmental remediation and sensing. J Mater Chem. 2012;22(6):2369–2377. doi: 10.1039/c1jm14101e
108. Zhao W, Ma W, Chen C, Zhao J, Shuai Z. Efficient Degradation of Toxic Organic Pollutants with Ni2O3/TiO2-xBx under Visible Irradiation. J Amer Chem Soc. 2004;126(15):4782–4783. doi: 10.1021/ja0396753
109. Yu H, Irie H, Hashimoto K. Conduction Band Energy Level Control of Titanium Dioxide: Toward an Efficient Visible-Light-Sensitive Photocatalyst. J Amer Chem Soc. 2010;132(20):6898–6899. doi: 10.1021/ja101714s
110. Smith CJ, Shaw BJ, Handy RD. Toxicity of single walled carbon nanotubes to rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Respiratory toxicity, organ pathologies, and other physiological effects. Aquat Toxicol. 2007;82(2):94–109. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.02.003
111. Kujawinski EB, Kido Soule MC, Valentine DL, Boysen AK, Longnecker K, Redmond MC. Fate of dispersants associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(4):1298–1306. doi: 10.1021/es103838p