A practical approach to lipid management in the elderly

Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 65-70

  Viljoen, A ^a,b  

^a LISTER HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cardiovascular disease; elderly; Lipid management

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; CERIVASTATIN; CHOLESTEROL; EZETIMIBE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PITAVASTATIN; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HAZARD RATIO; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID ANALYSIS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MORBIDITY; MYOPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 85027957053     PISSN: 12797707     EISSN: 17604788     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0014-8     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. World Health Organization. Top 10 causes of death [Fact sheet N°310]; updated October 2008 [cited January 2010] Available from: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html
2. P. Rothwell A. Coull L. Silver, et al. 2005 Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study) Lancet 366 1773 1783 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2Mnhsl2nsg%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67702-1 16298214 (Pubitemid 41642641)
3. A. Jemal E. Ward Y. Hao M. Thun 2005 Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002 JAMA 294 1255 1259 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXpvFKgsrw%3D 10.1001/jama.294.10.1255 16160134 (Pubitemid 41352114)
4. J.F. Fries 2005 Frailty, heart disease, and stroke: the Compression of Morbidity Paradigm Am J Prev Med 29 164 168 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.07.004 16389144 (Pubitemid 43021833)
5. W.B. Kannel T.R. Dawber A. Kagan N. Revotskie J. Stokes III 1961 Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease-six year follow-up experience. The Framingham Study Ann Intern Med 55 33 50 1:STN:280: DyaF3c%2FntV2gsA%3D%3D 13751193
6. E.A. Anum T. Adera 2004 Hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease in the elderly: a meta-analysis Ann Epidemiol 14 705 721 10.1016/j.annepidem. 2003.10.009 15380802 (Pubitemid 39233631)
7. Prospective Studies Collaboration. 2007 Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths Lancet 370 1829 1839 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4 (Pubitemid 350180032)
8. M.C. Corti J.M. Guralnik M.E. Salive, et al. 1997 Clarifying the direct relationship between total cholesterol and death from coronary heart disease in older persons Ann Inter Med 126 753 760 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ot12isA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27209640)
9. G.R. Warnick M. Nauck N. Rifai 2001 Evolution of Methods for Measurement of HDLCholesterol: From Ultracentrifugation to Homogeneous Assays Clin Chem 47 1579 1596 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtlShsrg%3D 11514391 (Pubitemid 32782657)
10. T. Vaisar S. Pennathur P.S. Green, et al. 2007 Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL J Clin Invest 117 746 756 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXis12htLs%3D 10.1172/JCI26206 17332893 (Pubitemid 46348533)
11. H. Karlsson P. Leanderson C. Tagesson, et al. 2005 Lipoproteomics I: mapping of proteins in low-density lipoprotein using two dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry Proteomics 5 551 565 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXhs1Oiur0%3D 10.1002/pmic.200300938 15627967 (Pubitemid 40262072)
12. J.H. Contois J.P. McConnell A.A. Sethi AACC LipoproteinsVascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices, et al. 2009 Apolipoprotein B and cardiovascular disease risk: position statement from the AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices Clin Chem 55 407 419 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivFaqsb0%3D 10.1373/clinchem.2008.118356 19168552
13. W.T. Friedewald R.I. Levy D.S. Fredrickson 1972 Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge Clin Chem 18 499 502 1:CAS:528: DyaE38Xkslagsbw%3D 4337382
14. N. Rifai G.R. Warnick J.R. McNamara J.D. Belcher G.F. Grinstead I.D. Frantz Jr 1992 Measurement of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in serum: a status report Clin Chem 38 150 160 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhsVOisLk%3D 1733589
15. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program 2002 Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): final report Circulation 106 3143 3421
16. British Cardiac Society British Hypertension Society Diabetes UK HEART UK Primary Care Cardiovascular Society Stroke Association. 2005 JBS 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice Heart 91 Suppl5 v1 52
17. M.R. Ehrenstein E.C. Jury C. Mauri 2005 Statin for Atherosclerosis - As good as it gets? N Eng J Med 352 1 73 75 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis12ltQ%3D%3D 10.1056/NEJMe048326 (Pubitemid 40075684)
18. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' 2005 Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins Lancet 366 1267 1278 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1 (Pubitemid 41416582)
19. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. 1994 Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Lancet 344 1383 1389
20. F.M. Sacks M.A. Pfeffer L.A. Moye, et al. 1996 Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels N Engl J Med 335 1001 1009 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmsFWls7c%3D 10.1056/NEJM199610033351401 8801446 (Pubitemid 26338729)
21. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease 1998 Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels N Engl J Med 339 1349 1357 10.1056/NEJM199811053391902 (Pubitemid 28509344)
22. T.A. Miettinen K. Pyorala A.G. Olsson, et al. 1997 Cholesterol-lowering therapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Circulation 96 4211 4218 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXitlKkuw%3D%3D 9416884 (Pubitemid 28007446)
23. D. Hunt P. Young J. Simes, et al. 2001 Benefits of pravastatin on cardiovascular events and mortality in older patients with coronary heart disease are equal to or exceed those seen in younger patients: results from the LIPID Trial Ann Intern Med 134 931 940 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktF2gs78%3D 11352694 (Pubitemid 32466232)
24. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. 2002 MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 360 7 22 10.1016/S0140-6736(02) 09327-3 (Pubitemid 34756487)
25. J. Shepherd G. Blauw M. Murphy on behalf of the PROSPER Study Group, et al. 2002 Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial Lancet 360 1623 1630 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovFegt7o%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11600-X 12457784 (Pubitemid 35379733)
26. J.G. Robinson G. Bakris J. Torner N.J. Stone R. Wallace 2007 Is it time for a primary prevention trial in the elderly? Stroke 38 441 450 10.1161/01.STR.0000254602.58896.d2 17194877 (Pubitemid 46184321)
27. J. Abramson J.M. Wright 2007 Are clinical guidelines evidence based? Lancet 369 168 169 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FktVemtw%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(07) 60084-1 17240267 (Pubitemid 46107666)
28. P.M. Ridker E. Danielson F.A. Fonseca JUPITER Study Group, et al. 2008 N Engl J Med 359 2195 2207 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtl2gurnL 10.1056/NEJMoa0807646 18997196
29. A. Viljoen A.S. Wierzbicki 2008 Enhanced LDL-C reduction: lower is better. Does it matter how? Int J Clin Pract 62 4 518 520 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1c7ms1Grsw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01721.x 18324945 (Pubitemid 351348044)
30. A.S. Wierzbicki 2008 Muddy waters: more stormy SEAS for ezetimibe Int J Clin Pract 62 1470 1473 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cnjtFehtw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1742-1241. 2008.01888.x 18822020
31. B.M. Psaty C.D. Furberg W.A. Ray N.S. Weiss 2004 Potential for conflict of interest in the evaluation of suspected adverse drug reactions: use of cerivastatin and risk of rhabdomyolysis JAMA 292 2622 2631 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXhtVegurbJ 10.1001/jama.292.21.2622 15572720 (Pubitemid 39577518)
32. J. Armitage 2007 The safety of statins in clinical practice Lancet 370 1781 1790 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlCrtLnM 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60716-8 17559928 (Pubitemid 350137473)
33. M. Law A.R. Rudnicka 2006 Statin safety: a systematic review Am J Cardiol 97 52 60 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.010
34. S.M. Grundy 1988 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for treatment of hypercholesterolemia N Engl J Med 319 24 33 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXkvVGmsrw%3D 10.1056/NEJM198807073190105 3288867
35. W.C. Maddrey 2005 Drug-induced hepatotoxicity J Clin Gastroenterol 39 83 89 10.1097/01.mcg.0000155548.91524.6e
36. M.A. Williams J.L. Fleg P.A. Ades, et al. 2002 American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in the elderly (with an emphasis on patients ≥ 75 years of age): An American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Circulation 105 1735 1743 10.1161/01.CIR.0000013074.73995.6C 11940556 (Pubitemid 34298621)
37. L.M. Thienpont K. Van Uytfanghe A.P. De Leenheer 2002 Reference measurement systems in clinical chemistry Clin Chim Acta 323 73 87 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xls1agtbg%3D 10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00188-2 12135808 (Pubitemid 34804796)
38. P.E. McBride 2007 Triglycerides and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease JAMA 298 336 338 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXotVartrk%3D 10.1001/jama.298.3.336 17635897 (Pubitemid 47080491)
39. A. Garg V. Simha 2007 Update on dyslipidemia J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 1581 1589 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlt1OksLk%3D 10.1210/jc.2007-0275 17483372 (Pubitemid 46997154)
40. E.Q. Mao Y.Q. Tang S.D. Zhang 2003 Formalized therapeutic guideline for hyperlipidemic severe acute pancreatitis World J Gastroenterol 9 2622 2626 14606112
41. M.P. Reilly A.R. Tall 2007 HDL proteomics: pot of gold or Pandora's box? J Clin Invest 117 595 598 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXis12htrY%3D 10.1172/JCI31608 17332889 (Pubitemid 46348516)
42. P.J. Barter M. Caulfield M. Eriksson ILLUMINATE Investigators, et al. 2007 Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk of coronary events N Eng JMed 357 2109 2122 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlGns7bL 10.1056/NEJMoa0706628 (Pubitemid 350146106)
43. A.S. Wierzbicki 2006 FIELDS of dreams, fields of tears: a perspective on the fibrate trials Int J Clin Pract 60 442 449 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xltlehs7g%3D 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00882.x 16620358
44. A.S. Wierzbicki D.P. Mikhailidis R. Wray, et al. 2003 Statin-fibrate combination: therapy for hyperlipidemia: a review Curr Med Res Opin 19 155 168 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltVSgtLs%3D 10.1185/030079903125001668 12814127 (Pubitemid 36612998)
45. L.A. Carlson 2004 Niaspan, the prolonged release preparation of nicotinic acid (niacin), the broad-spectrum lipid drug Int J Clin Pract 58 706 713 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnsVChu7Y%3D 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.00233.x 15311728 (Pubitemid 39144586)
46. The Coronary Drug Project Research Group. 1975 Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease JAMA 231 360 381 10.1001/jama.231.4.360
47. S. Kamal-Bahl T. Burke D. Watson C. Wentworth L. Ma 2006 Dosage and titration patterns of extended release niacin in clinical practice Circulation 113 e814 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.541995
48. A. Viljoen 2009 Resurrecting an old drug - a flash in the pan or here to stay? Int J Clin Pract 63 3 6 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M%2FlsFCqtg%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01967.x 19125986
49. A. Viljoen 2008 Cardiovascular risk estimation - making sense of the numbers Int J Clin Pract 62 1300 1303 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cngsFOrsw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01868.x 18793372
50. J. Shepherd S.M. Cobbe I. Ford, et al. 1995 Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group N Engl J Med 333 20 1301 1307 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xhslemsw%3D%3D 10.1056/NEJM199511163332001 7566020
51. H.M. Colhoun D.J. Betteridge P.N. Durrington, et al. 2004 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 364 685 696 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvFWltrY%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16895-5 15325833 (Pubitemid 39140624)
52. R.J. Glynn E. Danielson F.A. Fonseca, et al. 2009 A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism N Engl J Med 360 18 1851 1861 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsVSlurk%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa0900241 19329822
53. J.J. Brugts T. Yetgin S.E. Hoeks, et al. 2009 The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials BMJ 338 b2376 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1Mvls1CltQ%3D%3D 10.1136/bmj.b2376 19567909