Corrigendum to “Heroin and fentanyl overdoses in Kentucky: Epidemiology and surveillance” [International Journal of Drug Policy 46 (2017) 120–129] (S095539591730155X) (10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.051));Heroin and fentanyl overdoses in Kentucky: Epidemiology and surveillance

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 46, Issue , 2017, Pages 120-129

  Slavova, Svetla ^a   Costich, Julia F ^a   Bunn, Terry L ^a   Luu, Huong ^a   Singleton, Michael ^a   Hargrove, Sarah L ^a   Triplett, Jeremy S ^b   Quesinberry, Dana ^a   Ralston, William ^c   Ingram, Van ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b Kentucky State Police Ctrl F   (United States)

^c Office of the Chief Medical Examiner   (United States)

^d Office of Drug Control Policy   (United States)

Author keywords

Fentanyl; Heroin; Overdose; Surveillance

Indexed keywords

DIAMORPHINE; FENTANYL; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; DEATH CERTIFICATE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD; EMERGENCY CARE; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; KENTUCKY; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; SCREENING TEST; TREND STUDY; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; COMPLICATION; DRUG CONTAMINATION; FEMALE; HEROIN DEPENDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OPIATE ADDICTION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; DRUG CONTAMINATION; DRUG OVERDOSE; FEMALE; FENTANYL; HEROIN; HEROIN DEPENDENCE; HUMANS; KENTUCKY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85025156127     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: 18734758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.05.006     Document Type: Erratum

References (86)

1. Alpert, A., Powell, D., Pacula, R.L., Supply-side drug policy in the presence of substitutes: Evidence from the introduction of abuse-deterrent opioid. 2017, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 23031 Online at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23031 (visited 02.02.17).
2. Adams, A.J., Banister, S.D., Irizarry, L., Trecki, J., Schwartz, M., Gerona, R., “Zombie” outbreak caused by the synthetic cannabinoid AMB-FUBINACA in New York. New England Journal of Medicine 376:3 (2017), 235–242, 10.1056/NEJMoa1610300.
3. Armenian, P., Olson, A., Anaya, A., Kurtz, A., Ruegner, R., Gerona, R.R., Fentanyl and a novel synthetic opioid U-47700 masquerading as street “Norco” in Central California: A case report. Annals of Emergency Medicine 69:1 (2017), 87–90, 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.06.014.
4. Boyer, E.W., Shannon, M.W., Which drug tests in medical emergencies?. Clinical Chemistry 49:3 (2003), 353–354.
5. Boyle, J.S., Bechtel, L.K., Holstege, C.P., Management of the critically poisoned patient. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 17, 2009, 29, 10.1186/1757-7241-17-29.
6. Breindahl, T., Kimergård, A., Andreasen, M.F., Pedersen, D.S., Identification of a new psychoactive substance in seized material: The synthetic opioid N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)piperidin-4-yl]prop-2-enamide (acrylfentanyl). Drug Testing and Analysis 9:3 (2017), 415–422, 10.1002/dta.2046.
7. Buehler, J.W., Review of the 2003 National Syndromic Surveillance Conference – Lessons learned and questions to be answered. MMWR Supplements 53 (2004), 18–22.
8. Burns, G., DeRienz, R.T., Baker, D.D., Casavant, M., Spiller, H.A., Could chest wall rigidity be a factor in rapid death from illicit fentanyl abuse?. Clinical Toxicology (Phila) 54:5 (2016), 420–423, 10.3109/15563650.2016.1157722.
9. Carlson, R.G., Nahhas, R.W., Martins, S.S., Daniulaityte, R., Predictors of transition to heroin use among initially non-opioid dependent illicit pharmaceutical opioid users: A natural history study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 160 (2016), 127–134, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.026.
10. Case, A., Deaton, A., Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112:49 (2015), 15078–15083, 10.1073/pnas.1518393112.
11. Caulkins, J.P., Drug prices and emergency department mentions for cocaine and heroin. American Journal of Public Health 91:9 (2001), 1446–1448.
12. CDC, CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: MME conversion tables. 2016 http://www.pdmpassist.org/pdf/Conversion%20Reference%20Table.xlsx.
13. CDC/NCHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple cause of death files, 1999–2015. 2016, CDC WONDER Online Database Retrieved from http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html.
14. CDCHAN, Increases in fentanyl drug confiscations and fentanyl-related overdose fatalities. 2015, CDC Health Alert Network Retrieved from https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00384.asp.
15. Cerda, M., Santaella, J., Marshall, B.D., Kim, J.H., Martins, S.S., Nonmedical prescription opioid use in childhood and early adolescence predicts transitions to heroin use in young adulthood: A national study. Journal of Pediatrics 167:3 (2015), 605–612, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.071 e601–602.
16. CEWG, Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse., 2009, Community Epidemioloy Work Group. NIDA Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/organization/workgroups-interest-groups-consortia/community-epidemiology-work-group-cewg/meeting-reports.
17. Cicero, T.J., Ellis, M.S., Harney, J., Shifting patterns of prescription opioid and heroin abuse in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 373:18 (2015), 1789–1790, 10.1056/NEJMc1505541.
18. Compton, W.M., Jones, C.M., Baldwin, G.T., Relationship between nonmedical prescription – Opioid use and heroin use. New England Journal of Medicine 374:2 (2016), 154–163, 10.1056/NEJMra1508490.
19. Conway, M., Dowling, J.N., Chapman, W.W., Using chief complaints for syndromic surveillance: A review of chief complaint based classifiers in North America. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 46:4 (2013), 734–743, 10.1016/j.jbi.2013.04.003.
20. Dantzler, S., Katcher, A., Joint fentanyl project report., 2016, Appalachia HIDTA, Kentucky.
21. Davis, J.W., Sabel, J.C., Wright, D., Slavova, S., Epi tool to analyze overdose death data: CSTE. 2015 Retrieved from http://www.cste.org/blogpost/1084057/211072/Epi-Tool-to-Analyze-Overdose-Death-Data.
22. DEA, DEA issues nationwide alert on fentanyl as threat to health and public safety. 2015, Drug Enforcement Administration Retrieved from https://www.dea.gov/divisions/hq/2015/hq031815.shtml.
23. Durning, K., No pain no gain? Who will make the greatest sacrifices in curbing opioid analgesis diersion and abuse. Kentucky Law Journal 93 (2004), 199–243.
24. Edlund, M.J., Martin, B.C., Fan, M.Y., Devries, A., Braden, J.B., Sullivan, M.D., Risks for opioid abuse and dependence among recipients of chronic opioid therapy: Results from the TROUP study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 112:1–2 (2010), 90–98, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.017.
25. Ellis, A.D., McGwin, G., Davis, G.G., Dye, D.W., Identifying cases of heroin toxicity where 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) is not detected by toxicological analyses. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 12:3 (2016), 243–247, 10.1007/s12024-016-9780-2.
26. Fabbri, A., Marchesini, G., Morselli-Labate, A.M., Ruggeri, S., Fallani, M., Melandri, R., …, Vandelli, A., Comprehensive drug screening in decision making of patients attending the emergency department for suspected drug overdose. Emergency Medicine Journal 20:1 (2003), 25–28.
27. Fernander, A.F., Rayens, M.K., Adkins, S., Hahn, E.J., Local smoke-free public policies, quitline call rate, and smoking status in Kentucky. American Journal of Health Promotion 29:2 (2014), 123–126, 10.4278/ajhp.121129-QUAN-578.
28. Frank, R.G., Pollack, H.A., Addressing the fentanyl threat to public health. New England Journal of Medicine 376:7 (2017), 605–607, 10.1056/NEJMp1615145.
29. Freeman, P.R., Goodin, A., Troske, S., Strahl, A., Fallin, A., Green, T.C., Pharmacists’ role in opioid overdose: Kentucky pharmacists’ willingness to participate in naloxone dispensing. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association (2003) 57:2s (2017), S28–S33, 10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.064.
30. Fries, A., Anthony, R., Cseko, A., Gaither, C., Schulman, E., The price and purity of iiiicit drugs: 1981–2007. 2008, Institute for Defense Analyses.
31. Gaita, P., West Virginia issues warning about fake xanax laced with fentanyl the fix. 2016 Retrieved from https://www.thefix.com/west-virginia-issues-warning-about-fake-xanax-laced-fentanyl.
32. Gill, J.R., Lin, P.T., Nelson, L., Reliability of postmortem fentanyl concentrations in determining the cause of death. Journal of Medical Toxicology 9:1 (2013), 34–41, 10.1007/s13181-012-0253-z.
33. Gladden, R.M., Martinez, P., Seth, P., Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths – 27 states, 2013–2014. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65:33 (2016), 837–843, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a2.
34. HAC, Poverty in rural America. 2012, Housing Assistance Council.
35. HRSA, Health professionals shortage areas. 2016 Retrieved from https://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/tools/analyzers/HpsaFind.aspx.
36. Ising, A., Proescholdbell, S., Harmon, K.J., Sachdeva, N., Marshall, S.W., Waller, A.E., Use of syndromic surveillance data to monitor poisonings and drug overdoses in state and local public health agencies. Injury Prevention 22:Suppl. 1 (2016), i43–i49, 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041821.
37. ISW7, Injury Surveillance Workgroup 7. Consensus recommendations for national and state poisoning surveillance., 2012 Retrieved from http://www.safestates.org/?.page=ISWReports.
38. ISW9, Injury Surveillance Workgroup 9. The transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM: Guidance for analysis and reporting of injuries by mechanism and intent., 2016 Retrieved from http://www.safestates.org/?.page=ISWReports.
39. Jones, C.M., Logan, J., Gladden, R.M., Bohm, M.K., Vital signs: Demographic and substance use trends among heroin users – United States, 2002–2013. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64:26 (2015), 719–725.
40. KDPH, 2013 Kentucky State Health Assessment: A compilation on health status. 2013, Kentucky Department for Public Health.
41. KIPRC, Kentucky special emphasis report: Drug overdose deaths, 2000–2014., 2015, Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center (KIPRC) Retrieved from http://www.mc.uky.edu/kiprc/programs/KVIPP/drug_overdose_deaths_00-14.pdf.
42. Konstantinova, S.V., Normann, P.T., Arnestad, M., Karinen, R., Christophersen, A.S., Morland, J., Morphine to codeine concentration ratio in blood and urine as a marker of illicit heroin use in forensic autopsy samples. Forensic Science International 217:1–3 (2012), 216–221, 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.007.
43. KY HB1 12SS, AN ACT relating to controlled substance and making and appropriation therefor. 2012 http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/12ss/hb1.htm.
44. KY HB314 17RS, AN ACT relating to controlled substance monitoring. 2017 http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/17rs/HB314.htm.
45. KY SB192 15RS, AN ACT relating to controlled substances and declaring an emergency. 2015 http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/15rs/SB192.htm.
46. Lankenau, S.E., Teti, M., Silva, K., Jackson Bloom, J., Harocopos, A., Treese, M., Initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst young injection drug users. International Journal of Drug Policy 23:1 (2012), 37–44, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.05.014.
47. Majchrzak, M., Rojkiewicz, M., Celiński, R., Kuś, P., Sajewicz, M., Identification and characterization of new designer drug 4-fluoro-PV9 and α-PHP in the seized materials. Forensic Toxicology 34:1 (2016), 115–124, 10.1007/s11419-015-0295-4.
48. Mars, S.G., Bourgois, P., Karandinos, G., Montero, F., Ciccarone, D., “Every ‘never’ I ever said came true”: Transitions from opioid pills to heroin injecting. International Journal of Drug Policy 25:2 (2014), 257–266, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.004.
49. Milone, M.C., Laboratory testing for prescription opioids. Journal of Medical Toxicology 8:4 (2012), 408–416, 10.1007/s13181-012-0274-7.
50. Morizio, K.M., Baum, R.A., Dugan, A., Martin, J.E., Bailey, A.M., Characterization and management of patients with heroin versus nonheroin opioid overdoses: Experience at an Academic Medical Center. Pharmacotherapy, 2017, 10.1002/phar.1902.
51. Muhuri, P., Gfroerer, J., Davies, M., Associations of nonmedical pain reliever use and initiation of heroin use in the United States. 2013 Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k13/DataReview/DR006/nonmedical-pain-reliever-use-2013.pdf.
52. NDIC, Appalachia high intensity drug trafficking area drug market analysis 2009. 2009, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice.
53. NDIC, Appalachia high intensity drug trafficking area drug market analysis 2011. 2011, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice.
54. Ossiander, E.M., Using textual cause-of-death data to study drug poisoning deaths. American Journal of Epidemiology 179:7 (2014), 884–894, 10.1093/aje/kwt333.
55. Palmer, E., Hart, S., Freeman, P.R., Development and delivery of a pharmacist training program to increase naloxone access in Kentucky. Journal of American Pharmacists Association (2003) 57:2s (2017), S118–S122, 10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.071.
56. Paulozzi, L.J., Mack, K.A., Hockenberry, J.M., Variation among states in prescribing of opioid pain relievers and benzodiazepines – United States, 2012. Journal of Safety Research 51 (2014), 125–129, 10.1016/j.jsr.2014.09.001.
57. PDMPTTAC, Calculating daily morphine milligram equivalents. 2013.
58. Peterson, A.B., Gladden, R.M., Delcher, C., Spies, E., Garcia-Williams, A., Wang, Y., …, Goldberger, B.A., Increases in fentanyl-related overdose deaths – Florida and Ohio, 2013–2015. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65:33 (2016), 844–849, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a3.
59. Rigg, K.K., Monnat, S.M., Comparing characteristics of prescription painkiller misusers and heroin users in the United States. Addictive Behaviors 51 (2015), 106–112, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.013.
60. Rosenblum, D., Unick, G.J., Ciccarone, D., The entry of Colombian-sourced heroin into the US market: The relationship between competition, price, and purity. International Journal of Drug Policy 25:1 (2014), 88–95, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.003.
61. Rudd, R.A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J.E., Gladden, R.M., Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths – United States, 2000–2014. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64:50–51 (2016), 1378–1382, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6450a3.
62. Rudd, R.A., Seth, P., David, F., Scholl, L., Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths – United States, 2010–2015. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65:5051 (2016), 1445–1452, 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1.
63. RUPRI, Demographic and economic profile of Kentucky. 2006, Rural Policy Research Institute Retrieved from http://www.rupri.org/.
64. Sabel, J., Peol, A., Tuazon, E., Paone, D., Slavova, S., Bunn, T.L., Recommendations and lessons learned for improved reporting of drug overdose deaths on death certificates., 2016 Retrieved from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PDFs/PDFs2/4_25_2016_FINAL-Drug_Overdos.pdf.
65. Samoff, E., Waller, A., Fleischauer, A., Ising, A., Davis, M.K., Park, M., …, MacDonald, P.D., Integration of syndromic surveillance data into public health practice at state and local levels in North Carolina. Public Health Reports 127:3 (2012), 310–317.
66. Siegal, H.A., Carlson, R.G., Kenne, D.R., Swora, M.G., Probable relationship between opioid abuse and heroin use. American Family Physician, 67(5), 2003, 942 945.
67. Slavova, S., Akers, D., Rock, P., Kentucky resident drug overdose deaths, 2015. 2016, Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center Retrieved from http://www.mc.uky.edu/kiprc/pubs/overdose/index.html.
68. Slavova, S., LaMantia, S., Bunn, T., & Corey, T. (2016b). Identification of Specific Drugs and Drug Diversion in Drug Overdose Fatalities. Paper presented at the 2016 Safe States Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM.
69. Slavova, S., Bunn, T., Hargrove, S., Corey, T., Ingram, V., Linking death certificates, postmortem toxicology, and prescription history data for better identification of populations at increased risk for drug intoxication deaths. Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2017, 1–11, 10.1007/s40290-017-0185-7.
70. Slavova, S., O'Brien, D.B., Creppage, K., Dao, D., Fondario, A., Haile, E., …, Wright, D., Drug overdose deaths: Let's get specific. Public Health Reports 130:4 (2015), 339–342.
71. Sutter, M.E., Gerona, R.R., Davis, M.T., Roche, B.M., Colby, D.K., Chenoweth, J.A., …, Albertson, T.E., Fatal fentanyl: One pill can kill. Academic Emergency Medicine 24:1 (2017), 106–113, 10.1111/acem.13034.
72. Suzuki, J., El-Haddad, S., A review: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017), 107–116, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.033.
73. TFAH, Key health data About Kentucky. 2017, Trust for America's Health Retrieved from http://healthyamericans.org/states/?.stateid=KY.
74. Tomassoni, A.J., Hawk, K.F., Jubanyik, K., Nogee, D.P., Durant, T., Lynch, K.L., …, D'Onofrio, G., Multiple fentanyl overdoses – New Haven, Connecticut, June 23, 2016. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66:4 (2017), 107–111, 10.15585/mm6604a4.
75. Trinidad, J.P., Warner, M., Bastian, B.A., Minino, A.M., Hedegaard, H., Using literal text from the death certificate to enhance mortality statistics: Characterizing drug involvement in deaths. National Vital Statistics Reports 65:9 (2016), 1–15.
76. Tunnell, K., The OxyCotin epidemic and crime panic in rural Kentucky. Contemporary Drug Problems 32:Summer 2005 (2005), 225–258.
77. Unick, G., Rosenblum, D., Mars, S., Ciccarone, D., Intertwined epidemics: National demographic trends in hospitalizations for heroin- and opioid-related overdoses, 1993–2009. PLOS ONE, 8(2), 2013, e54496, 10.1371/journal.pone.0054496.
78. Unick, G., Rosenblum, D., Mars, S., Ciccarone, D., The relationship between US heroin market dynamics and heroin-related overdose, 1992-2008. Addiction 109:11 (2014), 1889–1898, 10.1111/add.12664.
79. USDA, 2013 rural–urban continuum codes. 2013 Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes/.
80. Wan, W.Y., Weatherburn, D., Wardlaw, G., Sarafidis, V., Sara, G., Do drug seizures predict drug-related emergency department presentations or arrests for drug use and possession?. International Journal of Drug Policy 27 (2016), 74–81, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.09.012.
81. Warner, M., Paulozzi, L., Nolte, K., Davis, G., Nelson, L., State variation in certifying manner of death and drugs involved in drug intoxication deaths. Academic Forensic Pathology 3:2 (2013), 231–237.
82. Warner, M., Trinidad, J.P., Bastian, B.A., Minino, A.M., Hedegaard, H., Drugs most frequently involved in drug overdose deaths: United States, 2010–2014. National Vital Statistics Reports 65:10 (2016), 1–15.
83. Winninger, P., Pharmaceutical overpromotion liability: The legal battle over rural prescription drug abuse. Kentucky Law Journal(93), 2005, 269–294.
84. Wu, A.H., Limitations of point-of-care testing in the ED or ICU: A role for regional centralized toxicology laboratories. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 88:3 (2010), 295–298, 10.1038/clpt.2010.45.
85. Wu, A.H., McKay, C., Broussard, L.A., Hoffman, R.S., Kwong, T.C., Moyer, T.P., …, Wax, P., National academy of clinical biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines: Recommendations for the use of laboratory tests to support poisoned patients who present to the emergency department. Clinical Chemistry 49:3 (2003), 357–379.
86. Zalkind, S., ‘Death pill’: Fentanyl disguised as other drugs linked to spike in US overdoses. The Guardian, 2016 Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/10/fentanyl-drug-overdoses-xanax-painkillers.