Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: The Australian and Asia-Pacific Perspective

Heart Lung and Circulation

Volumn 26, Issue 9, 2017, Pages 870-879

  Wong, Christopher X ^a,b   Brown, Alex ^b,c   Tse, Hung Fat ^d   Albert, Christine M ^e   Kalman, Jonathan M ^f   Marwick, Thomas H ^g   Lau, Dennis H ^a,b   Sanders, Prashanthan ^a,b  

^a ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^e BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^g BAKER IDI HEART AND DIABETES INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Asia Pacific; Atrial fibrillation; Australia; Epidemiology

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

AGING; ANCESTRY GROUP; ASIA; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; AUSTRALIAN; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DIABETES MELLITUS; EAST ASIA; EPIDEMIC; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EUROPE; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NEW ZEALAND; NEW ZEALANDER; NORTH AMERICA; OBESITY; POPULATION SIZE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; RISK MANAGEMENT; SOUTH ASIA; AUSTRALIA; HONG KONG; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; AUSTRALIA; HONG KONG; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85023765396     PISSN: 14439506     EISSN: 14442892     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.05.120     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Odutayo, A., Wong, C.X., Hsiao, A.J., Hopewell, S., Altman, D.G., Emdin, C.A., Atrial fibrillation and risks of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 354, 2016, i4482.
2. Chugh, S.S., Havmoeller, R., Narayanan, K., Singh, D., Rienstra, M., Benjamin, E.J., et al. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a global burden of disease 2010 study. Circulation 129 (2014), 837–847.
3. Feinberg, W.M., Blackshear, J.L., Laupacis, A., Kronmal, R., Hart, R.G., Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 155 (1995), 469–473.
4. Wolf, P.A., Benjamin, E.J., Belanger, A.J., Kannel, W.B., Levy, D., D'Agostino, R.B., Secular trends in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation: The Framingham Study. Am Heart J 131 (1996), 790–795.
5. Piccini, J.P., Hammill, B.G., Sinner, M.F., Jensen, P.N., Hernandez, A.F., Heckbert, S.R., et al. Incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation and associated mortality among Medicare beneficiaries, 1993-2007. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 5 (2012), 85–93.
6. Friberg, J., Scharling, H., Gadsboll, N., Jensen, G.B., Sex-specific increase in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (The Copenhagen City Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 92 (2003), 1419–1423.
7. Benjamin, E.J., Blaha, M.J., Chiuve, S.E., Cushman, M., Das, S.R., Deo, R., et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 135 (2017), e146–e603.
8. Tse, H.F., Wang, Y.J., Ahmed Ai-Abdullah, M., Pizarro-Borromeo, A.B., Chiang, C.E., Krittayaphong, R., et al. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation—an Asian stroke perspective. Heart Rhythm 10 (2013), 1082–1088.
9. Rodriguez, C.J., Soliman, E.Z., Alonso, A., Swett, K., Okin, P.M., Goff, D.C. Jr., et al. Atrial fibrillation incidence and risk factors in relation to race-ethnicity and the population attributable fraction of atrial fibrillation risk factors: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Ann Epidemiol 25 (2015), 71–76 76 e71.
10. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. 2011 New York, Accessed on 05.01.12 at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm.
11. Go, A.S., Hylek, E.M., Phillips, K.A., Chang, Y., Henault, L.E., Selby, J.V., et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 285 (2001), 2370–2375.
12. Guo, Y., Tian, Y., Wang, H., Si, Q., Wang, Y., Lip, G.Y., Prevalence, incidence, and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation in China: new insights into the global burden of atrial fibrillation. Chest 147 (2015), 109–119.
13. Collaborators GRF, Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388 (2016), 1659–1724.
14. Ball, J., Thompson, D.R., Ski, C.F., Carrington, M.J., Gerber, T., Stewart, S., Estimating the current and future prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the Australian adult population. Med J Aust 202 (2015), 32–35.
15. Sturm, J.W., Davis, S.M., O'Sullivan, J.G., Vedadhaghi, M.E., Donnan, G.A., The Avoid Stroke as Soon as Possible (ASAP) general practice stroke audit. Med J Aust 176 (2002), 312–316.
16. Diouf, I., Magliano, D.J., Carrington, M.J., Stewart, S., Shaw, J.E., Prevalence, incidence, risk factors and treatment of atrial fibrillation in Australia: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) longitudinal, population cohort study. Int J Cardiol 205 (2016), 127–132.
17. Lake, F.R., Cullen, K.J., de Klerk, N.H., McCall, M.G., Rosman, D.L., Atrial fibrillation and mortality in an elderly population. Aust N Z J Med 19 (1989), 321–326.
18. Tomlin, A.M., Lloyd, H.S., Tilyard, M.W., Atrial fibrillation in New Zealand primary care: Prevalence, risk factors for stroke and the management of thromboembolic risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol 24 (2017), 311–319.
19. Wong, C.X., Brooks, A.G., Cheng, Y., Lau, D.H., Rangnekar, G., Roberts-Thomson, K.C., et al. Atrial Fibrillation in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMJ Open, 4, 2014, e006242 doi: 006219.001136/bmjopen-002014-006242.
20. Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Woods, J.A., Teng, T.H., Thompson, S.C., Atrial fibrillation in the Indigenous populations of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: a systematic scoping review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 15, 2015, 87.
21. Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Teng, T.H., Lopez, D., Hung, J., Knuiman, M.W., Sanfilippo, F.M., et al. Initial hospitalisation for atrial fibrillation in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations in Western Australia. Heart 101 (2015), 712–719.
22. Li, Y., Wu, Y.F., Chen, K.P., Li, X., Zhang, X., Xie, G.Q., et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in China and its risk factors. Biomed Environ Sci 26 (2013), 709–716.
23. Chen, X., Wang, H., Zhang, H., Xiao, C., The prevalence survey and influential factors of atrial fibrillation in Taiyuan. Heart 97 (2011), A91–A92.
24. Long, M.J., Jiang, C.Q., Lam, T.H., Xu, L., Zhang, W.S., Lin, J.M., et al. Atrial fibrillation and obesity among older Chinese: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Int J Cardiol 148 (2011), 48–52.
25. Mu, H.Y., Qiu, P., Lu, W.H., Liu, Z.Q., Mu, H.T., Yan, H.Y., et al. [Electrocardiogram Minnesota codings from 30 000 adult cases with Kazakh ethnicity in Xinjiang, China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 31 (2010), 451–454.
26. Zhou, Z., Hu, D., An epidemiological study on the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the Chinese population of mainland China. Journal of epidemiology/Japan Epidemiological Association 18 (2008), 209–216.
27. Li, L.H., Sheng, C.S., Hu, B.C., Huang, Q.F., Zeng, W.F., Li, G.L., et al. The prevalence, incidence, management and risks of atrial fibrillation in an elderly Chinese population: a prospective study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 15, 2015, 31.
28. Iguchi, Y., Kimura, K., Aoki, J., Kobayashi, K., Terasawa, Y., Sakai, K., et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in community-dwelling Japanese aged 40 years or older in Japan: analysis of 41,436 non-employee residents in Kurashiki-city. Circ J 72 (2008), 909–913.
29. Inoue, H., Fujiki, A., Origasa, H., Ogawa, S., Okumura, K., Kubota, I., et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the general population of Japan: an analysis based on periodic health examination. Int J Cardiol 137 (2009), 102–107.
30. Ohsawa, M., Okayama, A., Sakata, K., Kato, K., Itai, K., Onoda, T., et al. Rapid increase in estimated number of persons with atrial fibrillation in Japan: an analysis from national surveys on cardiovascular diseases in 1980, 1990 and 2000. J Epidemiol 15 (2005), 194–196.
31. Ohsawa, M., Itai, K., Tanno, K., Onoda, T., Ogawa, A., Nakamura, M., et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in the Japanese northeastern rural population. Int J Cardiol 137 (2009), 226–235.
32. Watanabe, H., Tanabe, N., Watanabe, T., Darbar, D., Roden, D.M., Sasaki, S., et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of development of atrial fibrillation: the Niigata preventive medicine study. Circulation 117 (2008), 1255–1260.
33. Kitamura, A., Shimamoto, T., Doi, M., Iso, H., Miyagaki, T., Sankai, T., et al. [Secular trends in prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation and associated factors in a Japanese rural population]. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 38 (1991), 95–105.
34. Chien, K.L., Su, T.C., Hsu, H.C., Chang, W.T., Chen, P.C., Chen, M.F., et al. Atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence and risk of stroke and all-cause death among Chinese. Int J Cardiol 139 (2010), 173–180.
35. Jeong, J.H., Prevalence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in Korean adults older than 40 years. J Korean Med Sci 20 (2005), 26–30.
36. Park, H.C., Park, J.K., Choi, S.I., Kim, S.G., Kim, M.K., Choi, B.Y., et al. Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Relation to Echocardiographic Parameters in a Healthy Asymptomatic Rural Korean Population. J Korean Med Sci 30 (2015), 1078–1084.
37. Kaushal, S.S., DasGupta, D.J., Prashar, B.S., Bhardwaj, A.K., Electrocardiographic manifestations of healthy residents of a tribal Himalayan village. J Assoc Physicians India 43 (1995), 15–16.
38. Saggu, D.K., Sundar, G., Nair, S.G., Bhargava, V.C., Lalukota, K., Chennapragada, S., et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in an urban population in India: the Nagpur pilot study. Heart Asia 8 (2016), 56–59.
39. Nguyen, T.N., Hilmer, S.N., Cumming, R.G., Review of epidemiology and management of atrial fibrillation in developing countries. Int J Cardiol 167 (2013), 2412–2420.
40. Lip, G.Y., Brechin, C.M., Lane, D.A., The global burden of atrial fibrillation and stroke: a systematic review of the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in regions outside North America and Europe. Chest 142 (2012), 1489–1498.
41. Yap, K.B., Ng, T.P., Ong, H.Y., Low prevalence of atrial fibrillation in community-dwelling Chinese aged 55 years or older in Singapore: a population-based study. J Electrocardiol 41 (2008), 94–98.
42. Assantachai, P., Panchavinnin, P., Pisalsarakij, D., An electrocardiographic survey of elderly Thai people in the rural community. J Med Assoc Thai 85 (2002), 1273–1279.
43. Kiatchoosakun, S., Pachirat, O., Chirawatkul, A., Choprapawan, C., Tatsanavivat, P., Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in Thai community. J Med Assoc Thai 82 (1999), 727–733.
44. Phrommintikul, A., Detnuntarat, P., Prasertwitayakij, N., Wongcharoen, W., Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in Thai elderly. J Geriatr Cardiol 13 (2016), 270–273.
45. Lim, C.W., Kasim, S., Ismail, J.R., Chua, N.Y., Najme Khir, R., Zainal Abidin, H.A., et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the Malaysian communities. Heart Asia 8 (2016), 62–66.
46. Wong, J.S., B R, A F, I R, Fong, A.Y., Prevalence of asymptomatic atrial fibrillation in Malaysian patients with hypertension. Med J Malaysia 68 (2013), 141–143.
47. Dewland, T.A., Olgin, J.E., Vittinghoff, E., Marcus, G.M., Incident atrial fibrillation among Asians, Hispanics, blacks, and whites. Circulation 128 (2013), 2470–2477.
48. Lau, C.P., Gbadebo, T.D., Connolly, S.J., Van Gelder, I.C., Capucci, A., Gold, M.R., et al. Ethnic differences in atrial fibrillation identified using implanted cardiac devices. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 24 (2013), 381–387.
49. O'Neill, J., Tayebjee, M.H., Why are South Asians seemingly protected against the development of atrial fibrillation? A review of current evidence. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 2016.
50. Gillott, R.G., Willan, K., Kain, K., Sivananthan, U.M., Tayebjee, M.H., South Asian ethnicity is associated with a lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation despite greater prevalence of established risk factors: a population-based study in Bradford Metropolitan District. Europace, 2016.
51. Marcus, G.M., Alonso, A., Peralta, C.A., Lettre, G., Vittinghoff, E., Lubitz, S.A., et al. European ancestry as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in African Americans. Circulation 122 (2010), 2009–2015.
52. McGrady, M., Krum, H., Carrington, M.J., Stewart, S., Zeitz, C., Lee, G.A., et al. Heart failure, ventricular dysfunction and risk factor prevalence in Australian Aboriginal peoples: the Heart of the Heart Study. Heart 98 (2012), 1562–1567.
53. Martin, A., Doughty, R.N., Chieng, N., Faatoese, A., Gamble, G.D., K.P, et al. Twelve lead electrocardiographic findings among Maori and non-Maori at risk of cardiovascular disease in NZ. Heart Lung Circ, 22, 2013, 569.
54. Teh, R.O., Martin, A., Kerse, N., Dyall, L., Doughty, R.N., The burden of atrial fibrillation in octogenarians. Heart Lung Circ 22 (2013), 580–581.
55. White, H., Walsh, W., Brown, A., Riddell, T., Tonkin, A., Jeremy, R., et al. Rheumatic heart disease in indigenous populations. Heart Lung Circ 19 (2010), 273–281.
56. Marcus, G.M., Olgin, J.E., Whooley, M., Vittinghoff, E., Stone, K.L., Mehra, R., et al. Racial differences in atrial fibrillation prevalence and left atrial size. The American Journal of Medicine, 123, 2010 375 e371-377.
57. Manolio, T.A., Gottdiener, J.S., Tsang, T.S., Gardin, J.M., Left atrial dimensions determined by M-mode echocardiography in black and white older (> or =65 years) adults (The Cardiovascular Health Study). The American Journal of Cardiology 90 (2002), 983–987.
58. Benjamin, E.J., Levy, D., Vaziri, S.M., D'Agostino, R.B., Belanger, A.J., Wolf, P.A., Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 271 (1994), 840–844.
59. Oldgren, J., Healey, J.S., Ezekowitz, M., Commerford, P., Avezum, A., Pais, P., et al. Variations in cause and management of atrial fibrillation in a prospective registry of 15,400 emergency department patients in 46 countries: the RE-LY Atrial Fibrillation Registry. Circulation 129 (2014), 1568–1576.
60. Kannel, W.B., Abbott, R.D., Savage, D.D., McNamara, P.M., Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med 306 (1982), 1018–1022.
61. Krahn, A.D., Manfreda, J., Tate, R.B., Mathewson, F.A., Cuddy, T.E., The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med 98 (1995), 476–484.
62. Conen, D., Tedrow, U.B., Koplan, B.A., Glynn, R.J., Buring, J.E., Albert, C.M., Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Circulation 119 (2009), 2146–2152.
63. Wong, C.X., Sullivan, T., Sun, M.T., Mahajan, R., Pathak, R.K., Middeldorp, M.E., et al. Obesity and the Risk of Incident, Post-Operative, and Post-Ablation Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis of 626,603 Individuals in 51 Studies. JACC Clinical Electrophysiology 1 (2015), 139–152.
64. Wong, C.X., Sun, M.T., Odutayo, A., Emdin, C.A., Mahajan, R., Lau, D.H., et al. Associations of Epicardial, Abdominal, and Overall Adiposity With Atrial Fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 9, 2016, e004378.
65. Tedrow, U.B., Conen, D., Ridker, P.M., Cook, N.R., Koplan, B.A., Manson, J.E., et al. The long- and short-term impact of elevated body mass index on the risk of new atrial fibrillation the WHS (women's health study). J Am Coll Cardiol 55 (2010), 2319–2327.
66. Huxley, R.R., Filion, K.B., Konety, S., Alonso, A., Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 108 (2011), 56–62.
67. Schoen, T., Pradhan, A.D., Albert, C.M., Conen, D., Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 60 (2012), 1421–1428.
68. Diker, E., Aydogdu, S., Ozdemir, M., Kural, T., Polat, K., Cehreli, S., et al. Prevalence and predictors of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic valvular heart disease. Am J Cardiol 77 (1996), 96–98.
69. Siu, C.W., Lip, G.Y., Lam, K.F., Tse, H.F., Risk of stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in 9727 Chinese with atrial fibrillation in Hong Kong. Heart Rhythm 11 (2014), 1401–1408.
70. Chao, T.F., Liu, C.J., Tuan, T.C., Chen, S.J., Wang, K.L., Lin, Y.J., et al. Comparisons of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores for stroke risk stratification in atrial fibrillation: Which scoring system should be used for Asians?. Heart Rhythm 13 (2016), 46–53.
71. Hori, M., Connolly, S.J., Zhu, J., Liu, L.S., Lau, C.P., Pais, P., et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin: effects on ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes and bleeding in Asians and non-Asians with atrial fibrillation. Stroke 44 (2013), 1891–1896.
72. Goto, S., Zhu, J., Liu, L., Oh, B.H., Wojdyla, D.M., Aylward, P., et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation from East Asia: a subanalysis of the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) Trial. Am Heart J 168 (2014), 303–309.
73. Wong, K.S., Hu, D.Y., Oomman, A., Tan, R.S., Patel, M.R., Singer, D.E., et al. Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention in East Asian patients from the ROCKET AF trial. Stroke 45 (2014), 1739–1747.
74. Coyne, K.S., Paramore, C., Grandy, S., Mercader, M., Reynolds, M., Zimetbaum, P., Assessing the direct costs of treating nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the United States. Value Health 9 (2006), 348–356.
75. Stewart, S., Murphy, N., Walker, A., McGuire, A., McMurray, J.J., Cost of an emerging epidemic: an economic analysis of atrial fibrillation in the UK. Heart 90 (2004), 286–292.
76. Wong, C.X., Brooks, A.G., Leong, D.P., Roberts-Thomson, K.C., Sanders, P., The Increasing Burden of Atrial Fibrillation Compared to Heart Failure and Myocardial Infarction: A 15-Year Study of All Hospitalizations in Australia. Arch Intern Med 172 (2012), 739–741.
77. Briffa, T., Hung, J., Knuiman, M., McQuillan, B., Chew, D.P., Eikelboom, J., et al. Trends in incidence and prevalence of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation and associated mortality in Western Australia, 1995-2010. Int J Cardiol 208 (2016), 19–25.
78. Wong, C.X., Brooks, A.G., Lau, D.H., Leong, D.P., Sun, M.T., Sullivan, T., et al. Factors Associated with the Epidemic of Hospitalizations due to Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 110 (2012), 1496–1499.
79. Wong, C.X., Lau, D.H., Sanders, P., Atrial fibrillation epidemic and hospitalizations: how to turn the rising tide?. Circulation 129 (2014), 2361–2363.
80. Christensen, A.L., Rasmussen, L.H., Baker, M.G., Lip, G.Y., Dethlefsen, C., Larsen, T.B., et al. Seasonality, incidence and prognosis in atrial fibrillation and stroke in Denmark and New Zealand. BMJ Open, 2, 2012.
81. Lee, C.H., Liu, P.Y., Tsai, L.M., Tsai, W.C., Ho, M.T., Chen, J.H., et al. Characteristics of hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation in Taiwan: a nationwide observation. Am J Med, 120, 2007 819 e811-817.
82. Schneider, M.P., Hua, T.A., Bohm, M., Wachtell, K., Kjeldsen, S.E., Schmieder, R.E., Prevention of atrial fibrillation by Renin-Angiotensin system inhibition a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 55 (2010), 2299–2307.
83. Abed, H.S., Wittert, G.A., Leong, D.P., Shirazi, M.G., Bahrami, B., Middeldorp, M.E., et al. Effect of weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor management on symptom burden and severity in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310 (2013), 2050–2060.
84. Pathak, R.K., Middeldorp, M.E., Lau, D.H., Mehta, A.B., Mahajan, R., Twomey, D., et al. Aggressive Risk Factor Reduction Study for Atrial Fibrillation and Implications for the Outcome of Ablation: The ARREST-AF Cohort Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), 2222–2231.
85. Pathak, R.K., Middeldorp, M.E., Meredith, M., Mehta, A.B., Mahajan, R., Wong, C.X., et al. Long-Term Effect of Goal Directed Weight Management in an Atrial Fibrillation Cohort: A Long-term Follow-Up StudY (LEGACY Study). J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 2159–2169.
86. Schnabel, R.B., Sullivan, L.M., Levy, D., Pencina, M.J., Massaro, J.M., D'Agostino, R.B. Sr., et al. Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): a community-based cohort study. Lancet 373 (2009), 739–745.
87. Motoki, H., Negishi, K., Kusunose, K., Popovic, Z.B., Bhargava, M., Wazni, O.M., et al. Global left atrial strain in the prediction of sinus rhythm maintenance after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27 (2014), 1184–1192.
88. Thomas, L., McKay, T., Byth, K., Marwick, T.H., Abnormalities of left atrial function after cardioversion: an atrial strain rate study. Heart 93 (2007), 89–95.
89. Ben Freedman, S., Lowres, N., Asymptomatic Atrial Fibrillation: The Case for Screening to Prevent Stroke. JAMA 314 (2015), 1911–1912.
90. Gattellari, M., Goumas, C., Aitken, R., Worthington, J.M., Outcomes for patients with ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: the PRISM study (A Program of Research Informing Stroke Management). Cerebrovasc Dis 32 (2011), 370–382.
91. Lin, H.J., Wolf, P.A., Kelly-Hayes, M., Beiser, A.S., Kase, C.S., Benjamin, E.J., et al. Stroke severity in atrial fibrillation. The Framingham Study. Stroke 27 (1996), 1760–1764.
92. Hart, R.G., Pearce, L.A., Aguilar, M.I., Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 146 (2007), 857–867.
93. Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Li, Y., Detrano, R.C., Chen, K., Li, X., et al. Association of obesity and atrial fibrillation among middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Int J Obes (Lond) 33 (2009), 1318–1325.
94. Wen-Hang, Q.I., Society of Cardiology CMA, Retrospective investigation of hospitalised patients with atrial fibrillation in mainland China. Int J Cardiol 105 (2005), 283–287.
95. Uchiyama, S., Shibata, Y., Hirabayashi, T., Mihara, B., Hamashige, N., Kitagawa, K., et al. Risk factor profiles of stroke, myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation: a Japanese Multicenter Cooperative Registry. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 19 (2010), 190–197.
96. Wong, C.X., Lee, S.W., Gan, S.W., Mahajan, R., Rangnekar, G., Pathak, R.K., et al. Underuse and overuse of anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation: A study in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Int J Cardiol 191 (2015), 20–24.
97. Eckman, M.H., Singer, D.E., Rosand, J., Greenberg, S.M., Moving the tipping point: the decision to anticoagulate patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 4 (2011), 14–21.
98. Wang, K.L., Lip, G.Y., Lin, S.J., Chiang, C.E., Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Asian Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Meta-Analysis. Stroke 46 (2015), 2555–2561.
99. Ohsawa, M., Okayama, A., Okamura, T., Itai, K., Nakamura, M., Tanno, K., et al. Mortality risk attributable to atrial fibrillation in middle-aged and elderly people in the Japanese general population: nineteen-year follow-up in NIPPON DATA80. Circ J 71 (2007), 814–819.
100. Hingorani, P., Natekar, M., Deshmukh, S., Karnad, D.R., Kothari, S., Narula, D., et al. Morphological abnormalities in baseline ECGs in healthy normal volunteers participating in phase I studies. Indian J Med Res 135 (2012), 322–330.