Social media, revolution, and the rise of the political bot

Routlege Handbook of Media, Conflict and Security

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 282-294

  Woolley, Samuel C ^a   Howard, Philip N ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85021995081     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315850979     Document Type: Chapter

References (52)

1. Aday, Sean, Henry Farrell, Marc Lynch, John Sides, John Kelly, and Ethan Zuckerman. 2010. Blogs and Bullets: New Media in Contentious Politics. Washington, DC: USIP. http://www.usip.org/publications/blogs-and-bullets-new-media-in-contentious-politics.
2. Bailard, Catie Snow. 2012. “A Field Experiment on the Internet’s Effect in an African Election: Savvier Citizens, Disaffected Voters, or Both?" Journal of Communication 62(2): 330-44. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01632.x
3. Baker, Stephanie Alice. 2011. “The Mediated Crowd: New Social Media and New Forms of Rioting.” Sociological Research Online 16 (4): 21.
4. Bennett, W. Lance, and Alexandra Segerberg. 2014. The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bimber, Bruce, Andrew J. Flanagin, and Cynthia Stohl. 2005. “Reconceptualizing Collective Action in the Contemporary Media Environment.” Communication Theory 15(4): 365-88.
6. Canaves, Sky. 2011. “China’s Social Networking Problem.” Spectrum, IEEE 48(6): 74-7.
7. Caren, Neal, and Sarah Gaby. 2011. “Occupy Online: Facebook and the Spread of Occupy Wall Street.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfmabstract_id=1943168
8. Christensen, Henrik Serup. 2011. “Political Activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or Political Participation by Other Means?" First Monday 16 (2). http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/3336
9. Chu, Zi, Steven Gianvecchio, Haining Wang, and Sushil Jajodia. 2010. “Who is Tweeting on Twitter:Human, Bot, or Cyborg?" In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 21-30. ACM. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920265
10. Diamond, Larry. 2010. “Liberation Technology.” Journal of Democracy 21(3): 69-83.
11. Dubbin, Rob. 2013. “The Rise of Twitter Bots.” The New Yorker Blogs. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/11/the-rise-of-twitter-bots.html
12. Edwards, F., Philip N. Howard, and Mary Joyce. 2013. Digital Activism and Non-Violent Conflict. Seattle, WA: Digital Activism Research Project. http://digital-activism.org/2013/11/report-on-digital-activismand- non-violent-conflict/
13. Fu, King-wa, and Michael Chau. 2013. “Reality Check for the Chinese Microblog Space: A Random Sampling Approach.” PloS One 8 (3): e58356.
14. Gaby, Sarah, and Neal Caren. 2012. “Occupy Online: How Cute Old Men and Malcolm X Recruited 400,000 US Users to OWS on Facebook.” Social Movement Studies 11(3-4): 367-74.
15. Gangadharan, Seeta, and Samuel Woolley. 2014. “Data-Driven Discrimination.” Slate, June 6. http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/big_data_can_perpetuate_poverty_and_ inequality.html
16. Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2012. Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2462754.
17. Gladwell, Malcolm. 2010. “Small Change: Why the Revolution Won’t Be Tweeted.” The New Yorker 4.
18. Hamdy, Naila, and Ehab H. Gomaa. 2012. “Framing the Egyptian Uprising in Arabic Language Newspapers and Social Media.” Journal of Communication 62(2): 195-211. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01637.x
19. Hounshell, Blake. 2011. “The Revolution Will Be Tweeted.” Foreign Policy 187: 20-1.
20. Howard, Philip N. 2006. New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
21. Howard, Philip N. 2010. The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Howard, Philip N., and Malcolm R. Parks. 2012. “Social Media and Political Change: Capacity, Constraint, and Consequence.” Journal of Communication 62(2): 359-362.
23. Howard, Philip N., and Muzammil M. Hussain. 2013. Democracy’s Fourth Wave?: Digital Media and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ayHOyr mmT8kC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=howard+digital+activism+2013&ots=mJDwHv1nfa&sig=jvn GD3UO3Bg1GuzR2wayT4WD8pI
24. Howard, Philip N., Sheetal D. Agarwal, and Muzammil M. Hussain. 2011. “When Do States Disconnect Their Digital Networks? Regime Responses to the Political Uses of Social Media.” The Communication Review 14(3): 216-32.
25. Juris, Jeffrey S. 2012. “Reflections On #Occupy Everywhere: Social Media, Public Space, and Emerging Logics of Aggregation.” American Ethnologist 39(2): 259-79.
26. Khamis, Sahar, and Katherine Vaughn. 2011. “Cyberactivism in the Egyptian Revolution: How Civic Engagement and Citizen Journalism Tilted the Balance.” Arab Media and Society 13 (3). http://arabmediasociety.sqgd.co.uk/articles/downloads/20110603105609_Khamis.pdf
27. Kim, Won, Ok-Ran Jeong, Chulyun Kim, and Jungmin So. 2010. “On Botnets.” In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-Based Applications & Services, 5-10. ACM. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1967488
28. Krebs, Brian. 2011. “Twitter Bots Drown Out Anti-Kremlin Tweets.” Krebs on Security. http://krebsonsecurity.com/2011/12/twitter-bots-drown-out-anti-kremlin-tweets/
29. Krebs, Brian. 2012. “Twitter Bots Target Tibetan Protests.” Krebs on Security. http://krebsonsecurity. com/2012/03/twitter-bots-target-tibetan-protests/.
30. Lim, Merlyna. 2012. “Clicks, Cabs, and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004-2011.” Journal of Communication 62(2): 231-48. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01628.x
31. Lotan, Gilad, Erhardt Graeff, Mike Ananny, Devin Gaffney, Ian Pearce, and others. 2011. “The Arab Spring the Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows during the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions.” International Journal of Communication 5: 31.
32. Marshall, Monty G., and Keith Jaggers. 2010. Polity IV: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2009. College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm
33. Meraz, Sharon. 2009. “Is There an Elite Hold? Traditional Media to Social Media Agenda Setting Influence in Blog Networks.” Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 14: 3.
34. Morozov, Evgeny. 2009. “The Brave New World of Slacktivism.” Foreign Policy 19 (5). http://foreignpolicy. com/2009/05/19/the-brave-new-world-of-slacktivism/
35. Morozov, Evgeny. 2011. “Technology’s Role in Revolution Internet Freedom and Political Oppression:Revolutions Depend on People, Not on Social Media, and the Internet Both Promotes Democracy and Thwarts It, Says a Foreign-Policy Scholar. Cyber-Utopians Be Warned: Authoritarian Regimes Are Adapting to the Internet Age.” The Futurist 45 (4). http://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-259704956/technology-s-role-in-revolution-internet-freedom-and
36. Nahon, Karine, and Jeff Hemsley. 2013. Going Viral. Cambridge: Polity. http://www.google.com/books?h l=en&lr=&id=rU3DEzIvIskC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=nahon+hemsley&ots=eLRM90C2l4&sig =pUZRI6G_lsW0l2tfxiA5uD-IC90
37. Pearce, Katy E., and Sarah Kendzior. 2012. “Networked Authoritarianism and Social Media in Azerbaijan.” Journal of Communication 62(2): 283-98.
38. Qtiesh, Anas. 2011. “Spam Bots Flooding Twitter to Drown Info About #Syria Protests [Updated].” Global Voices Advocacy. http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2011/04/18/spam-bots-floodingtwitter- to-drown-info-about-syria-protests/
39. Radsch, Courtney C. 2011. “Blogosphere and Social Media.” Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East. Ed. Ellen Laipson. Washington, DC: Stimson Center. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=2336076.
40. Rosenberg, Yuval. 2013. "62 Percent of All Web Traffic Comes from Bots.” The Week. http://theweek.com/article/index/254183/62-percent-of-all-web-traffic-comes-from-bots.
41. Sayed, Nermeen. 2012. “Towards the Egyptian Revolution: Activists’ Perceptions of Social Media for Mobilization.” Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 4(2-3): 2-3.
42. Shirky, Clay. 2008. Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations. New York: Penguin Press.
43. Shirky, Clay. 2010. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into Collaborators. New York: Penguin Press.
44. Shirky, Clay. 2011. “Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change.” Foreign Affairs 90: 28.
45. Skinner, Julia. 2011. “Social Media and Revolution: The Arab Spring and the Occupy Movement as Seen through Three Information Studies Paradigms.” http://aisel.aisnet.org/sprouts_all/483/
46. Staples, William G. 2013. Everyday Surveillance: Vigilance and Visibility in Postmodern Life. Second edition. anham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
47. Sullivan, Andrew. 2009. “The Revolution Will be Twittered.” The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2009/06/the-revolution-will-be-twittered/200478/
48. Tufekci, Zeynep, and Christopher Wilson. 2012. “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square.” Journal of Communication 62(2): 363-79. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x
49. Wagstaff, Keith. 2013. "1 in 10 Twitter Accounts is Fake, Say Researchers.” NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/1-10-twitter-accounts-fake-say-researchers-f2D11655362
50. Williams, Greg. 2012. “The Importance of Wheat, Not Tweets, to the Arab Spring.” How We Create Value. http://howwecreatevalue.com/2012/01/31/the-importance-of-wheat-not-tweets-to-the-arabspring/.
51. York, Jillian C. 2011. “Syria’s Twitter Spambots.” The Guardian, April 21. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/21/syria-twitter-spambots-pro-revolution
52. Zuckerman, Ethan. 2013. Rewire: Digital Cosmopolitans in the Age of Connection. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.