Liberation technology

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 69-83

  Diamond, Larry ^a,b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955940009     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: 10863214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.0.0190     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Sophie Beach, "The Rise of Rights?" China Digital Times, http://chinadigitaltimes. net/2005/05/rise-of-rights.
2. Yongnian Zheng, Technological Empowerment: The Internet State and Society in China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), 147-51.
3. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1983), 251.
4. Tom Standage, The Victorian Internet (New York: Berkley, 1998), 210, 213.
5. For various accounts, see http://fsi.stanford.edu/research/program-on- liberation-technology.
6. This account draws heavily from a student research paper conducted under my supervision: Astasia Myers, "Malaysiakini: Internet Journalism and Democracy, " Stanford University, 4 June 2009.
7. Figures on the growth of Web use in Malaysia and China are available at www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm.
8. Freedom House, "Freedom on the Net: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media, " 1 April 2009, 34;
9. available at www.freedomhouse.org.
10. Private email message from Xiao Qiang, May 2009. Quoted with permission.
11. S. L. Shen, "Chinese Forbidden from Presenting Flowers to Google, " UPI Asia Online, 15 January 2010;
12. available at www.upiasia.com/Politics/2010/01/15/chinese-forbidden-from- presenting-flowers-to-google/4148.
13. Rebecca MacKinnon, "China's Censorship 2.0: How Companies Censor Bloggers, " First Monday, 2 February 2009;
14. available at http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/ article/view/2378/2089.
15. See also Ashley Esarey and Xiao Qiang, "Below the Radar: Political Expression in the Chinese Blogosphere, " Asian Survey 48 (September-October 2008):752-72.
16. Ariana Eunjung Cha, "In China, a Grass-Roots Rebellion, " Washington Post, 29 January 2009.
17. "Charter 08 Still Alive in the Chinese Blogosphere, " China Digital Times, 9 February 2009.
18. Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 158.
19. Michael McFaul, "Transitions from Postcommunism, " Journal of Democracy 16 (July 2005):12.
20. Robert Faris and Bruce Etling, "Madison and the Smart Mob: The Promise and Limitations of the Internet for Democracy, " Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 32 (Summer 2008):65.
21. Cathy Hong, "New Political Tool: Text Messaging, " Christian Science Monitor, 30 June 2005;
22. Jóse de Córdoba, "A Bid to Ease Chávez's Power Grip; Students Continue Protests in Venezuela; President Threatens Violence, " Wall Street Journal, 8 June 2007.
23. Mridul Chowdhury, "The Role of the Internet in Burma's Saffron Revolution, " Berkman Center for Internet and Society, September 2008, 14 and 4;
24. available at http://cyber. law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/ files/Chowdhury-Role-of-the-Internet-in-Burmas-Saffron-Revolutionpdf-0pdf.
25. Edward Cody, "Text Messages Giving Voice to Chinese, " Washington Post, 28 June 2007.
26. Choe Sang-Hun, "North Koreans Use Cell Phones to Bare Secrets, " New York Times, 28 March 2010. Available at www.nytimes.com/2010/03/29/ world/asia/29news.html.
27. Steve Coll, "In the Gulf, Dissidence Goes Digital; Text Messaging is the New Tool of Political Underground, " Washington Post, 29 March 2005.
28. John Kelly and Bruce Etling, "Mapping Iran's Online Public: Politics and Culture in the Persian Blogosphere, " Berkman Center for Internet and Society, April 2008;
29. available at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/ files/Kelly&Etling-Mapping-Irans-Online-Public-2008pdf.
30. Omid Habibinia, "Who's Afraid of Facebook?" 3 September 2009;
31. available at http://riseoftheiranianpeople.com/2009/09/03/who-is-afraid- of-facebook.
32. In addition to Freedom House, Freedom on the Net
33. see Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zitrain, Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008). For the ongoing excellent work of the OpenNet Initiative
34. see http://opennet.net.
35. University of Toronto Citizen Lab, "Everyone's Guide to By-Passing Internet Censorship, " September 2007;
36. available at www.civisec.org/guides/everyones-guides.
37. Center for International Media Assistance, National Endowment for Democracy, "The Role of New Media in the 2009 Iranian Elections, " July 2009, 2;
38. available at http://cima.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/cima-role-of- new-media-in-iranian-electionsworkshop-reportpdf.
39. Rory Cellan-Jones, "Hi-Tech Helps Iranian Monitoring, " BBC News, 22 June 2009. Available at news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8112550.stm.
40. Rebecca MacKinnon, "Are China's Demands for Internet 'Self-Discipline' Spreading to the West?" McClatchy News Service, 18 January 2010;
41. available at www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/01/18/82469/commentary-are-chinas- demands.html.
42. Daniel Calingaert, "Making the Web Safe for Democracy, " ForeignPolicy.com, 19 January 2010;
43. available at www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/19/making-the-web- safe-for-democracy.