Ostracism and Public Policy

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 38-45

  Williams, Kipling D ^a   Nida, Steve A ^b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b THE CITADEL   (United States)

Author keywords

bullying; Cyberball; ostracism; rejection; social exclusion

Indexed keywords

EID: 85021958345     PISSN: 23727322     EISSN: 23727330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2372732214549753     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Abrams D., Weick M., Thomas D., Colbe H., Franklin K. M., (2011). On-line ostracism affects children differently from adolescents and adults. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29, 110-123
2. Asch S. E., (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In Guetzkow H., (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men (pp. 177-190). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press
3. Barkley J. E., Salvy S.-J., Roemmich J. N., (2012). The effect of simulated ostracism on physical activity behavior in children. Pediatrics, 129, 659-666
4. Baumeister R. F., DeWall C. N., Ciarocco N. L., Twenge J. M., (2006). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 589-604
5. Benton T., (2011). Sticks and stones may break my bones, but being left on my own is worse: An analysis of reported bullying at school within NFER attitude surveys. Slough, UK: National Foundation for Educational Research
6. Bernstein M. J., Young S. G., Brown C. M., Sacco D. F., Claypool H., (2008). Adaptive responses to social exclusion: Social rejection improves detection of real and fake smiles. Psychological Science, 19, 981-983
7. Blackhart G. C., Eckel L. A., Tice D. M., (2007). Salivary cortisol in response to acute social rejection and acceptance by peers. Biological Psychology, 75, 267-276
8. Blackhart G. C., Nelson B. C., Knowles M. L., Baumeister R. F., (2009). Rejection elicits emotional reactions but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 269-309. doi:10.1177/1088868309346065
9. Cacioppo S., Frum C., Asp E., Weiss R. M., Lewis J. W., Cacioppo J. T., (2013). A quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies of social rejection. Scientific Reports, 3, Article 2027. doi:10.1038/srep02027
10. Carpenter J., Nida S., Saylor C., Taylor L., (2012, February). Consequences: Bullying versus ostracism in middle school students. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association Conference, New Orleans, LA
11. Carter-Sowell A. R., Chen Z., Williams K. D., (2008). Ostracism increases social susceptibility. Social Influence, 3, 143-153
12. Chen Z., Williams K. D., Fitness J., Newton N., (2008). When hurt won’t heal: Exploring the capacity to relive social and physical pain. Psychological Science, 19, 789-795
13. Chow R. M., Tiedens L. Z., Govan C., (2008). Excluded emotions: The role of anger responses to social ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 896-903
14. DeWall C. N., Twenge J. M., Bushman B. J., Im C., Williams K. D., (2010). A little acceptance goes a long way: Applying social impact theory to the rejection-aggression link. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 1, 168-174
15. Eisenberger N. I., Lieberman M. D., Williams K. D., (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290-292
16. Fayant M.-P., Muller D., Hartgerink C. H. J., Lantian A., (2014). Is ostracism by a despised outgroup really hurtful? A replication and extension of Gonsalkorale and Williams (2007). Social Psychology
17. Gaertner L., Iuzzini J., O’Mara E. M., (2008). When rejection by one fosters aggression against many: Multiple-victim aggression as a consequence of social rejection and perceived groupness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 958-970
18. Gardner W., Pickett C. L., Brewer M. B., (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 486-496
19. Gerber J., Wheeler L., (2009). On being rejected: A meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 468-488. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01158.x
20. Gerber J. P., Wheeler L., (2014). Clarifying the relationship between ostracism and relational devaluation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 154, 14-27
21. Gonsalkorale K., Williams K. D., (2007). The KKK won’t let me play: Ostracism even by a despised outgroup hurts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1176-1185
22. Gunnar M., Sebanc A., Tout K., Donzella M. A., van Dulman M., (2003). Temperament, peer relationships, and cortisol activity in preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology, 43, 346-368
23. Gunther Moor B., Crone E. A., van der Molen M. W., (2010). The heartbreak of social rejection: Heart rate deceleration in response to unexpected peer rejection. Psychological Science, 21, 1326-1333
24. Gruter M., Masters R. D., (Eds.). (1986). Ostracism: A social and biological phenomenon [Special issue]. Ethology and Sociobiology, 7, 149-395
25. Hales A., Williams K. D., (2014). In with the out-crowd: Ostracism increases interest in extreme groups. Unpublished manuscript, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
26. Hartgerink C. H. J., van Beest I., Wicherts J. M., Williams K. D., (2014). Ordinal effects of ostracism: A meta-analysis of Cyberball studies. Unpublished Manuscript, Tilburg University. Retrieved from https://osf.io/ht25n/
27. Hawes D. J., Zadro L., Fink E., Richardson R., O’Moore K., Griffiths B... Williams K. D., (2012). The effects of peer ostracism on children’s cognitive processes. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 599-613
28. Horner R. H., Sugai G., Anderson C. M., (2010). Examining the evidence base for school-wide positive behavior support. Focus on Exceptional Children, 42, 1-14
29. IJzerman H., Gallucci M., Pouw W. T. J. L., Weißgerber S. C., van Doesum N. J., Williams K. D., (2012). Cold-blooded loneliness: Social exclusion leads to lower skin temperature. Acta Psychologica, 140, 283-288
30. Kloep M., (1999). Love is all you need? Focusing on adolescents’ life concerns from an ecological point of view. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 49-63
31. Kross E., Berman M. G., Mischel W., Smith E. E., Wager T. D., (2011). Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 6270-6275
32. Lakin J. L., Chartrand T. L., Arkin R. M., (2008). I am too just like you: Nonconscious mimicry as an automatic behavioral response to social exclusion. Psychological Science, 19, 816-822
33. Latané B., Nida S., (1981). Ten years of research on group size and helping. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 308-324
34. Leary M. R., Kowalski R. M., Smith L., (2003). Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202-214
35. Leja A. M., Wesselmann E. D., (2013). Invisible youth: Understanding ostracism in our schools. Communique, 42(4), 1
36. Nezlek J., Wesselmann E. B., Wheeler L., Williams K. D., (2012). Ostracism in everyday life. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 91-94
37. Nida S. A., Twyman K. A., Saylor C. F., Williams K. D., (2009, April). Ostracism, depression, and adjustment in children and adolescents. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL
38. Olweus D., (1977). Aggression and peer acceptance in adolescent boys: Two short-term longitudinal studies of ratings. Child Development, 48, 1301-1313
39. Olweus D., Limber S. P., Flerx V. C., Mullin N., Riese J., Snyder M., (2007). Olweus bullying prevention program. Center City, MN: Hazelden
40. O’Reilly J., Robinson S. L., Berdahl J. L., Banki S., (2014). Is negative attention better rhan no attention? The comparative effects of ostracism and harassment at work. Organizational Science. Advance online publication. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0900
41. Paley V. G., (1992). You can’t say you can’t play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
42. Pharo H., Gross J., Richardson R., Hayne H., (2011). Age-related changes in the effect of ostracism. Social Influence, 6, 22-38
43. Pickett C. L., Gardner W. L., Knowles M., (2004). Getting a cue: The need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1095-1107
44. Raskauskas J., Stoltz A. D., (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43, 564-575
45. Riva P., Williams K. D., Torstrick A., Montali L., (2014). Orders to shoot (a camera): Effects of ostracism on obedience. The Journal of Social Psychology, 154, 208-216
46. Salvy S.-J., Bowker J. C., Nitecki L. A., Kluczynski M. A., Germeroth L. J., Roemmich J. N., (2011). Impact of simulated ostracism on overweight and normal-weight youths’ motivation to eat and food intake. Appetite, 56, 39-45
47. Saylor C. F., Nida S. A., Williams K. D., Taylor L. A., Smyth W., Twyman K. A... Spratt E. G., (2012). Bullying and Ostracism Screening Scales (BOSS): Development and applications. Children’s Health Care, 41, 322-343
48. Saylor C. F., Williams K. D., Nida S. A., McKenna M. E., Twomey K. E., Macias M. M., (2013). Ostracism in pediatric populations: Review of theory and research. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 34, 279-287
49. Sebastian C., Viding E., Williams K. D., Blakemore S.-J., (2010). Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence. Brain and Cognition, 72, 134-145
50. Smith A., Williams K. D., (2004). R U There? Effects of ostracism by cell phone messages. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8, 291-301
51. Stock M. L., Gibbons F. X., Walsh L. A., Gerrard M., (2011). Racial identification, racial discrimination, and substance use vulnerability among African American young adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1349-1361
52. Stroud L. R., Tanofsky-Kraff M., Wilfley D. E., Salovey P., (2000). The Yale Interpersonal Stressor (YIPS): Affective, physiological, and behavioral responses to a novel interpersonal rejection paradigm. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 204-213
53. Sugai G., Horner R., (2006). A promising approach for expanding and sustaining school-wide positive behavior support. School Psychology Review, 35, 245-259
54. Twenge J. M., Baumeister R. F., DeWall C. N., Ciarocco N. J., Bartels J. M., (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 56-66
55. Twenge J. M., Baumeister R. F., Tice D. M., Stucke T. S., (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1058-1069
56. Twyman K. A., Saylor C. F., Saia D., Macias M. M., Taylor L. A., Spratt E., (2010). Bullying and ostracism experiences in children with special health care needs. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 1-8
57. van Beest I., Williams K. D., (2006). When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 918-928
58. van Beest I., Williams K. D., van Dijk E., (2011). Cyberbomb: Effects of being ostracized from a death game. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14, 581-596
59. Walker D., Nida S., Warren B., (2011, March). Ostracism in rural and suburban adolescents. Poster presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Jacksonville, FL
60. Warburton W. A., Williams K. D., Cairns D. R., (2006). When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 213-220
61. Wesselmann E. D., Butler F. A., Williams K. D., Pickett C. L., (2010). Adding injury to insult: Unexpected rejection leads to more aggressive responses. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 1-6
62. Wesselmann E. D., Cardoso F., Slater S., Williams K. D., (2012). “To be looked at as though air”: Civil attention matters. Psychological Science, 23, 166-168
63. Williams K. D., (1997). Social ostracism. In Kowalski R. M., (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133-170). New York, NY: Plenum
64. Williams K. D., (2001). Ostracism: The power of silence. New York, NY: Guilford Press
65. Williams K. D., (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452
66. Williams K. D., (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. In Zanna M., (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 41, pp. 279-314). New York, NY: Academic Press
67. Williams K. D., Bernieri F., Faulkner S., Grahe J., Gada-Jain N., (2000). The Scarlet Letter Study: Five days of social ostracism. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 5, 19-63
68. Williams K. D., Cheung C. K. T., Choi W., (2000). CyberOstracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748-762
69. Williams K. D., Govan C. L., Croker V., Tynan D., Cruickshank M., Lam A., (2002). Investigations into differences between social and cyber ostracism. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6, 65-77
70. Williams K. D., Nida S. A., (2009). Is ostracism worse than bullying? In Harris M. J., (Ed.), Bullying, rejection, and peer victimization: A social cognitive neuroscience perspective (pp. 279-296). New York, NY: Springer
71. Williams K. D., Sommer K. L., (1997). Social ostracism by one’s coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 693-706
72. Williams K. D., Zadro L., (2001). Ostracism: On being ignored, excluded and rejected. In Leary M. R., (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 21-53). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
73. Zadro L., Boland C., Richardson R., (2006). How long does it last? The persistence of the effects of ostracism in the socially anxious. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 692-697
74. Zadro L., Williams K. D., Richardson R., (2004). How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer lowers belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 560-567
75. Zadro L., Williams K. D., Richardson R., (2005). Riding the “O” train: Comparing the effects of ostracism and verbal dispute on targets and sources. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8, 125-143
76. Zhong C. -B., Leonardelli G. J, (2008). Cold and lonely: Does social exclusion literally feel cold? Psychological Science, 19, 838-842
77. Zwolinski J., (2012). Psychological and neuroendocrine reactivity to ostracism. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 108-125