Sebilo: 19th century hairdos and ancient specularite mining in southern Africa

International Journal of African Historical Studies

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 103-131

  Robbins, Lawrence H ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85020566582     PISSN: 03617882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. For an overview of Tsodilo Hills, see Alec Campbell, Larry Robbins, and Michael Taylor, eds., Tsodilo Hills, Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, and Gaborone: The Botswana Society, 2010).
2. Alec Campbell, James Denbow, and Edwin Wilmsen, "Paintings Like Engravings," in Thomas Dowson and David Lewis Williams, eds., Contested Images (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press 1994), 131-158.
3. Alec Campbell and Larry Robbins, "Rock Art at Tsodilo," in Campbell, Robbins, and Taylor, eds., Tsodilo Hills, 96-115.
4. Lawrence Robbins, Michael Murphy, George Brook, Andrew Ivester, Alec Campbell, Richard Klein, Richard Milo, Kathlyn Stewart, William Downey, and Nancy Stevens, "Archaeology, Paleoenvironment, and Chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Desert, Botswana," Journal of Archaeological Science 27 (2000), 1085-114.
5. Lawrence Robbins, Alec Campbell, George Brook, Michael Murphy, and Robert Hitchcock, "The Antiquity of the Bow and Arrow in the Kalahari Desert: Bone Points from the White Paintings Rock Shelter, Botswana," Journal of African Archaeology 10 (2012), 7-20.
6. James Denbow, "Excavations at Divuyu, Tsodilo Hills," in Edwin Wilmsen, ed., Retrieving Botswana's Past: Essays in Honour of Alec Campbell, special volume, Botswana Notes and Records 43, (2011), 76-94.
7. Edwin Wilmsen, "Nqoma: An Abridged Review," Botswana Notes and Records 43 (2011), 95-113.
8. James Denbow and Edwin Wilmsen, "The Advent and Course of Pastoralism in the Kalahari," Science 234 (1986), 1509-1515.
9. James Denbow, "A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari," Journal of African History 27 (1986), 3-29.
10. For details see Duncan Miller, The Tsodilo Jewellery: Metal Work From Northern Botswana, (Capetown: University of Cape Town Press 1996), 4-124.
11. David Lewis-Williams and Thomas Dowson, Images of Power (Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers, 1989).
12. Wilmsen and Denbow (2010), "Early Villages at Tsodilo: The Introduction of Livestock, Crops and Metalworking," in Campbell, Robbins and Taylor, eds., Tsodilo Hills, 72-81.
13. Thurstan Shaw, Nigeria, Its Archaeology and Early History (London: Thames and Hudson, 1978).
14. Archaeology News, http://www.archaeology.org, September 17, 2014
15. Jarrett Lobell and Samir Patel, "Bog Bodies Rediscovered," Archaeology 63 (2010), 22-29.
16. Siberian Times, (siberiantimes.com), Aug. 14, 2012.
17. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology (www.Iceman.it/en/oetzi-the iceman).
18. Olga Soffer, James Adovasio, and David Hyland, "The 'Venus' Figurines, Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic," Current Anthropology 41 (2000), 511-36.
19. Alec Campbell, Robert Hitchcock, and Michael Bryan, "Rock Art at Tsodilo, Botswana," South African Journal of Science 76 (1980), 476-78.
20. For the first excavations, see Lawrence Robbins, Alec Campbell, Michael Murphy, and Troy Ferone, "Prehistoric Mining and New Discoveries of Rock Art at the Tsodilo Hills," Nyame Akuma, Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists 40 (1993), 1-5.
21. Michael Murphy, Lark Murphy, Alec Campbell, and Lawrence Robbins, "Prehistoric Mining of Mica Schist at the Tsodilo Hills, Botswana," Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 94, 5 (1994), 87-92.
22. Lawrence Robbins, Michael Murphy, Alec Campbell, and George Brook, "Intensive Mining of Specular Hematite in the Kalahari ca. A.D. 800-1000," Current Anthropology 39 (1998), 144-50.
23. Duncan Miller, Nirdev Desai, and Julia Lee-Thorp, "Indigenous Gold Mining in Southern Africa: A Review," South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 8 (2000), 91-99.
24. Also see Lorraine Swan, Early Gold Mining on the Zimbabwean Plateau, Studies in African Archaeology 9 (Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, 1994).
25. Adam Kiehn, George Brook, Michael Glascock, Jonathan Dake, Lawrence Robbins, Alec Campbell, and Michael Murphy, "Fingerprinting Specular Hematite from Mines in Botswana, Southern Africa," in Michael Glascock, Robert Speakman, and Rachel Popelka-Filcoff, eds., Archaeological Chemistry, Analytical Techniques and Archaeological Interpretation (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society Symposium Series 968, 2007), 460-79.
26. Michael Murphy, Larry Robbins and Alec Campbell, "The Prehistoric Mining of Specularite," in Campbell, Robbins, and Taylor, eds., Tsodilo Hills, 82-93.
27. Robbins et al., "Intensive Mining of Specular Hematite in the Kalahari ca. A.D. 800-1000."
28. Peter Beaumont, "The Ancient Pigment Mines of Southern Africa," South African Journal of Science 68 (1973), 141.
29. Willem Ten Rhhyne, "The Journal of Wilhelm Ten Rhyne in which is Given an Account of Saldanha Bay and Dassen Island and Principally of the Cape of Good Hope and the Natives of that Place Called Hottentots," in Isaac Schapera, ed., The Early Cape Hottentots (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1933), 113.
30. John Coetzee, White Writing, on the Culture of Letters in South Africa (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), 1-35.
31. Francesco d'Errico, Karen van Niekerk, Y. Coquinot, Zenobia Jacobs, Stein- Erik Lauritzen, Michael Menu, and Renata Garcia-Moreno, "A 100, 000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa," Science 334 (2010), 219-22.
32. See for example, Thomas Huffman's discussion in Snakes & Crocodiles, Power and Symbolism in Ancient Zimbabwe (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1996), 6-7
33. Peter Mitchell's comments in The Archaeology of Southern Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 36-37.
34. Jan Boyens, "The Late Iron Age Sequence in the Marico and Early Tswana History," South African Archaeological Bulletin 28 (2003), 63-78.
35. Ian Hodder, The Archaeological Process, an Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999) 46.
36. William Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, vol. 2 (1824; reprint, London: Batchworth Press, 1953).
37. Beaumont lists all of the translated names, "The Ancient Pigment Mines," 141.
38. Thackeray, Thackeray, and Beaumont, "Excavations at the Blinkklipkop," 17-25.
39. Edna and Frank Bradlow eds., William Somerville's Narrative of His Journeys to the Eastern Cape Frontier and to Lattakoe 1799-1802, Second Series 10, (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1979).
40. Petrus Borcherds, Auto-Biographical Memoir of Petrus Borchardus Borcherds, Esq. (1861; reprint: Cape Town: Africana Connoisseurs Press, 1963);
41. William Lichtenstein, Foundation of the Cape, About the Bechuanas, translated by Dr. O.H. Spohr of an unpublished manuscript (1807; reprint Ueber der Beetjuanas, Cape Town: A.A. Balkema, 1973).
42. See Isaac Schapera and John Comaroff, The Tswana (London: Kegan Paul International, 1991), 30.
43. Isaac Schapera, Tribal Innovators, Tswana Chiefs and Social Change 1795-1940 (London: Athlone Press, 1970).
44. Edwin Wilmsen, Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
45. See Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 262.
46. Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 362.
47. Henry Lichtenstein, Travels in Southern Africa, vol. 2 (1815, reprint, Cape Town: The Van Riebeeck Society, 1930), 391.
48. John Campbell, Journal of Travels in South Africa, 188;
49. Alfred Dolman, In The Footsteps of Livingstone (London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1924), 192.
50. David Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1858), 122.
51. Roger Stewart and Brian Warner, "William John Burchell: The Multi-Skilled Polymath," South African Journal of Science 108 (2012), 1-9.
52. Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 182.
53. Robert Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa (London: John Snow, 1842), 504.
54. Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 400-401.
55. Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd, Specimens of Bushman Folklore (London: George Allen, 1911), 375, 377.
56. Andrew Bank, Bushmen in a Victorian World (Cape Town: Double Story Books, 2006). In Chapter 11
57. Thackeray, Thackeray, and Beaumont, "Excavations at the Blinkklipkop Specularite," 24.
58. John Campbell, Travels, Second Journey, 112.
59. See Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, Chapters 9-11 for the different ethnicities he encountered and their locations.
60. Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 404.
61. Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 182.
62. Beaumont, "The Ancient Pigment Mines," 141.
63. Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 228.
64. Anthony Humphreys, "The Occurrence of Ostrich Egg Shells Filled with Specularite in the Northern Cape," South African Journal of Science 70 (1974), 48.
65. Leon Jacobsen, "A Pottery Cache From the Bethanie District, South West Africa," Cimbebasia 2, 10 (1977), 228-33.
66. Wilmsen et al., "Mining and Moving Specular Haematite in Botswana."
67. Edwin Wilmsen, David Killick, Phenyo Thebe, and James Denbow, "The Social Geography of Pottery in Botswana as Reconstructed by Optical Petrography," Journal of African Archaeology 7 (2009), 3-39.
68. Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 183.
69. John Campbell, Journal of Travels in Southern Africa, 194. Also see Schapera, Tribal Innovators, 4.
70. Sunet Swanepoel, ed., Resistance in the Northern Cape in the Nineteenth Century (Kimberley, So. Africa: McGregor Museum, 2012), 1-137.
71. Wilmsen, "Nqoma, An Abridged Review," 109.
72. Brenna Henn, Christopher Gignoux, Matthew Jobin, Julie Granka, J. Macpherson, Jeffrey Kidd, Laura Rodriguez-Botigue, Sohini Ramachandran, Lawrence Hon, Abra Brisbin, Alice Lin, Peter Underhill, David Comas, Kenneth Kidd, Paul Norman, Peter Parham, Carlos Bustamante, Joanna Mountain, and Marcus Feldman, "Hunter-Gatherer Genomic Diversity Suggests a Southern African Origin for Modern Humans," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011), 5154-162.
73. Edwin Wilmsen and James Denbow, "Early Villages at Tsodilo: The Introduction of Livestock, Crops and Metalworking," in Campbell, Robbins and Taylor eds., Tsodilo Hills, 79.
74. Edwin Wilmsen, David Killick, Phenyo Thebe, and James Denbow, "The Social Geography of Pottery in Botswana as Reconstructed by Optical Petrography," Journal of African Archaeology 7 (2009), 36.
75. Lawrence Robbins, George Brook, Michael Murphy, Alec Campbell, Nathan Melear, and William Downey, "Late Quaternary Archaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Data from Sediments at Rhino Cave, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana," Southern African Field Archaeology 9 (2000), 17-31;
76. George Brook, Bruce Railsback, Alec Campbell, Lawrence Robbins, Michael Murphy, Greg Hodgins, and Joseph McHugh, "Radiocarbon Ages for Coatings on Cupules Ground in Quartzite Bedrock at Rhino Cave in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana, and Their Paleoclimatic Significance," Geoarchaeolgy 26 (2010), 1-22.
77. Alec Campbell, "Tshokgam, The Python Spring," in Campbell, Robbins and Taylor, eds., Tsodilo Hills, (2010) 27.